Ba Huguenot Balubuka

“Ukupitila mu Mfumu na Namfumu, . . . Tulebilisha ukuti, baProtestanti bonse aba ciFrench abakafwaya Ukuuba, no Kuileta mu Bufumu Bwesu ubu, bakaba mu Kucingililwa kwa Bufumu Bwesu . . . Kabili Tukabombesha mu Nshila shonse ishingabomba pa kuti Twingabatungilila no Kubaafwa . . . ukuti imikalile yabo muli ubu Bwikashi ikabawamine no kubangukila.”

E MASHIWI yaba mu cipoope ca kwa William na Mary, imfumu na namfumu ku England. Lelo mulandu nshi baProtestanti ba ciFrench, nelyo baHuguenot, nga fintu baishilemukulaitwa, bafwaile ukuuba no kucingililwa mu fyalo fya ku nse ukusha France? Mulandu nshi ilelo twingafwaila ukwishiba pa lwa kufulumuka kwabo ukufuma mu France ukwacitike imyaka mupepi na 300 iyapitapo?

Ubulaya bwaliko mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16 bwalyonawilwe ku nkondo no kukansana kwa fya mipepele. Ubu bwafya tabwashileko France, umo Inkondo sha fya mipepele (isha mu 1562-1598) shaleelwikwa pa kati ka baKatolika na baProtestanti. Nangu cibe fyo, mu 1598, King Henry 4 uwa ku France aasaine icipangano ca kutekelesha ifintu, icaleitwa Icipangano ca Nantes, icasuminishe abaHuguenot ba ciProtestanti ubuntungwa bumo ubwa mipepele. Uku kusuminishiwa kwa mwi funde ukwa mabumba ya fya mipepele yabili kwali ukwaibela mu Bulaya. Pa nshita inono kwalipwishishe imbuli sha fya mipepele ishaonawile France uwaliko mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16 pa myaka ukucila pali 30.

Nangu cingati Icipangano ca Nantes capangiilwe “ukwikalilila no kukanatelulwa,” caishiletelulwa mu 1685 ukupitila mu Cipangano ca Fontainebleau. Uwa mano ya buntunse umuFrench Voltaire pa numa aishilelondolola uku kutelula nga “cimo ica fya bulanda fyakulisha ifyacitikapo mu France.” Icafuminemo mu kwangufyanya fye, ca kuti uku kutelulwa kwa cipangano kwalengele abaHuguenot mupepi na 200,000 ukufulumukila mu fyalo fimbi. Nangu cibe fyo, uku kufulumuka kwaletele amafya ayasendele inshita iitali. Lelo mulandu nshi cilya cipangano cabalilepo icatekeleshe imipepele caishiletelulwa?

Calikeenwe Ukufuma na pa Kutendeka

Nangu line Icipangano ca Nantes calibombele mwi funde pa myaka mupepi na 90, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale asosele ukuti kale kale “calilekele ukulabomba lintu catelwilwe mu 1685.” Cine cine, icipangano tacakwete intendekelo yakosa. Ukufuma pa kubala, calengele ukuti kube iciitwa “inkondo ya pa kanwa” iyaliko pa kati ka bashimapepo ba ciKatolika na baaleitwa ukuti ba “R.P.R.” (abaleitunga ukuba ba Reformed Religion) Ukutula ilyo capangilwe mu 1598 ukwisafika fye na muli ba 1630, ukukaana Icipangano ca Nantes kwali kwa pa fikansa fya pa lwalaala ifyaliko pa kati ka baProtestanti na baKatolika na pa mulandu wa kufumya impapulo sha fya mapepo. Nangu cibe fyo, ukukanatekelesha ifintu kwaishile mu mbali shalekanalekana.

Pa numa ya kulwisha baProtestanti ukufuma mu 1621 ukufika mu 1629, ubuteko bwa ciFrench bwalyeseshe ukubapatikisha ukuba mwi bumba lya ciKatolika ukubomfya inshila ishingi isha mutitikisha. Uyu mutitikisha waishilebipisha pa nshita ya kuteka kwa kwa Louis 14, “Imfumu ya Kasuba.” Ifunde abikileko ilya kupakasa abantu e lyalengele ukuti Icipangano ca Nantes citelulwe.

Ukukosha Amafunde

Insambu sha ciProtestanti isha bekashi shaile shilefumishiwapo panono panono, nge nshila imo iya kukoseshamo amafunde. Pa kati ka 1657 na 1685, mupepi na mafunde 300, ayo ilingi line yalepangwa na bashimapepo, yapangilwe ukulwisha abaHuguenot. Ayo mafunde yasanshile imbali fye shonse isha mikalile ya baHuguenot. Ku ca kumwenako, abaHuguenot tabasuminishiwe ukubomba imilimo yalekanalekana, pamo nga bushing’anga, buloya, nangu bunacifyashi. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo, alandile pa lwa bunacifyashi ukuti: “Cali shani ukuti balekeleshe ubumi mu maboko ya muHuguenot uo ubuyo bwakwe bwali kufwaya ukulofya imiteekele ya bupolitiki bwa fya mipepele?”

Umutitikisha waishilecilapo ukubipa mu 1677. UmuHuguenot onse uwasangilwe aleesha ukwalula Katolika aali no kulipilishiwa amapaundi ya ciFrench 1000. Indalama Ubuteko bwalepoka ukupitila mu misonko yakalalampunga shalebomfiwa ku kusonga abaHuguenot ukwalukila kuli buKatolika. Mu 1675 bashimapepo ba ciKatolika bapeele King Louis 14, amapaundi ya ciFrench amamilioni 4.5, ukumweba ukuti: “Nomba ufwile ukulangisha ukutasha kobe ukupitila mu kubomfya amaka yobe ukulofya umupwilapo abo abasangukila icisumino ca ciKatolika.” Iyi nshila ya mucenjelo iya “kushita” abaalealulwa yalengele ukuti abantu mupepi na 10,000 basanguke baKatolika mu myaka fye itatu.

Mu 1663 ukusanguka Protestanti wali mulandu. Kwali no kubinda abaHuguenot ukukanaikala iciikaleikale. Ica kumwenako ca mutitikisha wabipisha ca kuti abana ba myaka 7 baalesangulwa baKatolika ukwabula insambu sha bafyashi babo. Abafyashi baProtestanti baalepatikishiwa ukulipilila abana babo pa masomo baalepokelela ukufuma kuli baJesuit nelyo bakafundisha bambi aba ciKatolika.

Icibombelo cimbi balebomfya mu kutitikisha abaHuguenot caali Kabungwe ka mu bumfisolo aka Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement (Company of the Holy Sacrament). Aka kaali kabungwe ka ciKatolika ako kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Janine Garrisson atila kaalebomba “imilimo iingi” iyasalangene France onse. Kaafikile na mu mekashi yakwete imibele isuma, takaabulishe indalama nelyo ifyebo pa lwa balwani. Garrisson atila kakwete imicenjelo iingi pamo nge yi: “Ukupitila mu kutitikisha no kufulunganya imibombele yabo, no kupitila mu kubakopeka no kubaseebanya, aka kabungwe ka Compagnie kalyeseshe inshila shonse isha kunenwinamo baProtestanti bonse.” Nangu ni fyo, baHuguenot abengi tabafumine mu France pali iyi nshita ya kupakasa. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Garrisson atila: “Cintu cayafya ukumfwikisha umulandu baProtestanti abengi bashafulumwike mu Bufumu lintu bamwene ubulwani bulekulilako.” Nangu cibe fyo, ukulubulwa kwi pele pele kwaishileba ukwakabilwa.

Ifintu Fyaba nge fyo Fyali pa Kubala

Icalubwile King Louis 14 ku kulwa ne fyalo fimbi, cipangano ca mutende ica Peace of Nymegen (ica mu 1678) ne ca kuleke nkondo ica Truce of Ratisbon (ica mu 1684). Katolika umo aishilebe mfumu bushilya bwa mumana wa Channel mu England mu February 1685. King Louis 14 aali no kushukila uku kwaluka kwa fintu ukupya. Mu myaka inono iyabangilileko, bashimapepo ba ciKatolika mu France balifumishe amafunde baleti Four Gallican Articles (Amafunde Yane aya ciKatolika), ayacefesheko amaka ya kwa papa. Papa Innocent 11 pali iyo nshita “aamwene Icalici lya ciFrench nge lyalefwaya ukuleta amalekano.” Icafuminemo ca kuti, ukupitila mu kutelula Icipangano ca Nantes, Louis 14 aali na maka ya kuwamyako ishina lyakwe ilyaonaike no kubuukulula ukumfwana kusuma baaleumfwana na papa.

Ifunde lya mfumu kuli baProtestanti lyaishileilanga fye apabuuta. Ifyacitike filango kuti inshila ya kutembatemba (iya kunashanasha no kupanga amafunde) tayabombele. Lubali lumbi, ukubomfya amadragonnadea (e mu kutila, ukupakasa ukubomfya imilalo ya fita) kwalibombele bwino. E co mu 1685, Louis 14 aasaine Icipangano ca Fontainebleau, icatelwile Icipangano ca Nantes. Ukupakasa kwabamo lukaakala ukwaishile ukupitila muli uku kutelula kwalengele abaHuguenot ukuculisha ukucila ifyo baalecula ilyo Icipangano ca Nantes cishilabako. Cinshi baali no kucita nomba?

Bushe Baali no Kufisama, Ukulwa, Nelyo Ukufulumuka?

AbaHuguenot bamo basalilepo ukulapepa mu bumfisolo. Pa mulandu wa kuti ififulo baalelonganinapo e lyo no kupepela pa lwalaala fyalibindilwe, bayalukiile kwi ‘Calici lya mu ciswebebe,’ nelyo ukulapepela mu bumfisolo. Baalecite fyo nangu cingati abaalelongana muli uyo musango baali no kupingwilwa ukufwila mu cifungo, ukulingana ne funde ilyafumine mu July 1686. BaHuguenot bamo balishiile icisumino cabo, ukutontonkanya ukuti inshita imbi cikesayanguka ukwalukila ku buHuguenot. Abayalwike muli uyo musango baali ni baKatolika ba mwi shina fye abo inkulo shali no kukonkapo shali no kupashanya.

Ubuteko bwalyeseshe ukukosha uku kwaluka. Pa kuti abapya abaaleyalulwa bengile incito, baali no kulangisha satefiketi uwasainwapo no mupatili uwalelangilila ukuti ni baKatolika, kabili umupatili aaleconga abeshile kwi calici. Nga ca kuti abana tabaabatishiwe no kukushiwa nga baKatolika, baali no kupokwa ukubafumya ku bafyashi babo. Amasukulu yakabile ukulundulula amasomo ya buKatolika. Kwali ukubombesha kwa kulemba amabuuku ayaleafwilisha imipepele ya baKatolika, ayo bapeele baProtestanti, abo baaleita ati “abantu be Buuku [ibuuku lya Baibolo].” Ubuteko bwalipulintile amabuuku ukucila pali milioni umo no kuyatuma mu ncende umo abengi bayalukiile kuli buKatolika. Baalikoseshe amafunde ica kuti nga umo uwaali umulwele akeene ukusefya kwa baKatolika kabili pa numa aisapola, aali no kupingwilwa ukufwila mu cifungo nelyo mu cibwato ca nkondo. Kabili nga aisafwa, umubili wakwe walepooswa fye nge fisooso, ne fipe fyakwe fyalepokwa.

AbaHuguenot bamo baibimbile mu kulwisha kwa kubomfya ifyanso. Mu citungu ca Cévennes, icaishibikwa pa mulandu wa kutemwa ifya mipepele, abaHuguenot abashilika abaaleitwa ukuti baCamisard baishilepondokela ubuteko mu 1702. Pa kucincintila ukubelamina abantu no kwipaya abantu pa nshita ya bushiku uko baCamisard baalecita, abashilika ba buteko balyoceele imishi. Nangu cingati ukusansa kwa limo limo ukwalecitwa na baHuguenot kwalitwalilile pa nshita yalepako, ilyo calefika mu 1710 imilalo ya maka iya kwa King Louis yalipwishishe baCamisard.

Cimbi ico baHuguenot baacitile cali kufulumukila ku France. Uku kukuuka kwaitwa ukuti kusalangana kwashininkishiwa. Pa mulandu wa kuti ubuteko bwalibapokele ifyuma fyabo, ifyo ne Calici lya ciKatolika lyapokeleko, abaHuguenot abengi baali abacuula lintu baakuukile. E co tacayangwike ukufulumuka. Ubuteko bwa ciFrench bwalibombelepo mu kwangufyanya pa calecitika, ukulonda abalefyuka no kulaceeceeta amato. Abapuupu ba pali bemba balesansa amato ayalefuma ku France, pantu balelipililwapo pa kwikata abalefyuka. AbaHuguenot abaalesangwa balefulumuka baalelimunwa icabipisha. Icabipisheko caali ca kuti inengu ishalebombela umwaleikala abantu shaleesha ukufwailisha amashina ya balepanga ukufulumuka no ko bali no kufulumukila. Ukwikata bakalata, ifipepala fya bufumfuntungu ne micenjelo fyaishileseeka.

Icubo

Ukufulumuka baHuguenot baafulumwike ukufuma ku France no kupokelelwa baapokeleelwe mu fyalo baafulumukiileko kwaishibikwe nge Cubo. AbaHuguenot bafulumukile ku Holland, Switzerland, Germany, na England. Pa numa bamo baile ku Scandinavia, America, Ireland, West Indies, South Africa, na Russia.

Ifyalo ifingi ifya ku Bulaya fyalipangile ifipangano ifyalekoselesha baHuguenot ukukuukila ku fyalo fimbi. Pa fyo baabalaile ukubapeela nga baakuukile pali ukusangulwa abana calo apa fye, ukukanasonka imisonko, no kuba mu mibombele ya fya bukwebo ukwabula ukulipilishiwa. Ukulingana na kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Elisabeth Labrousse, baHuguenot abengi baali “balumendo . . . bashimakwebo, baali bekashi bakosa abakwete imibele isuma.” E co lintu France afikile pa kukwata amaka ayakalamba, alufishe bakabomba balamuka abaishibe imilimo ya butukushi iingi. Ee, “ifikwatwa, ifyuma na mano ya kubombelamo imilimo” fyaile ku fyalo fimbi. Imilandu ya fya mipepele ne ya fya mapolitiki na yo ine yalyafwilisheko abaHuguenot ukusange cubo. Lelo bubi nshi ubwasendele inshita iitali pa kuti bupwe ubwaishilefuma muli uku kukuukila ku fyalo fimbi?

Ukutelula Icipangano ca Nantes no kupakasa kwalecitwa na balinshi kwabalamwine icipyu ca fyalo fyonse. Pa kuti abe kateka wa calo ca Netherlands, William uwa ku Orange akoseshe itontonkanyo lya kulwisha ubuFrench. Ukupitila mu kwaafwa kwa baHuguenot abaali mu bulashi, aishileba kabili kateka wa calo ca Great Britain, ukupyana James walenga 2 uwa ciKatolika. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Philippe Joutard alondolola ukuti “Ifunde lya kwa Louis walenga 14 ilya buProtestanti e limo pa fyalengele sana ukuti James walenga 2 afumishiwe pa bufumu, e lyalengele [no] kupangwa kwa cipangano ca Augsburg league. . . . [Ifi] ifyakucitika fyapangile ukwaluka mu fyacitikila Ubulaya, ifyalengele ukuti abaNgeleshi baleteeka abaFrench.”

AbaHuguenot babombele umulimo wa mu bwikashi bwa mu Bulaya uukalamba. Babomfeshe ubuntungwa bwabo ubupya ku kulembe fitabo ifyayafwilishe ukumumunga amano ya buntunse ayalelanda pa Kutumpuluka ne mfundo sha kutekelesha ifintu. Ku ca kumwenako, Protestanti wa ciFrench apilibwile ifitabo fya kwa John Locke umuNgeleshi uwa mano ya buntunse, ifyalesabankanya imfundo ya nsambu sha cifyalilwa. Bakalemba ba ciProtestanti bambi balekomaila pa bucindami bwa buntungwa bwa kampingu. Iyi mfundo yasambilishe ukuti ukumfwila bakateka kwalikwete umwa kupeleela kabili te kuti babomfwile nga ca kuti batoba ifipangano fyaliko pa kati kabo na bantu. Muli fyo, nga fintu kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Charles Read alondolola, ukutelula Icipangano ca Nantes “e mulandu umo uushingatwishikwa pa milandu yalengele ukuti kubeko Ukwaluka kwa buFrench.”

Bushe Kwali Amasambililo Yasambililweko?

Ukulolesha ubuyanuma ubwafumine mu kupakasa na bantu bashaifulila abacindama abo ubuteko bwalufishe, Marquis de Vauban, impandamano mu fya nkondo iya kwa King Louis 14, acincishe King Louis ukubwesha Icipangano ca Nantes, ukusoso kuti: “Uwingaalula fye imitima ya bantu ni Lesa epela.” E co mulandu nshi Ubuteko bwa ciFrench bushasambilileko amasambililo no kwalula ifyo yapangile ukucita? Ukwabulo kutwishika cimo icalengele cali ca kuti King Louis aletiina ukunenuna ubuteko. Ukulundapo, cali ni pa mulandu wa kutungilila ukubweluluka kwa ciKatolika no kutekelesha kwa fya mipepele ukwali mu France wa mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 17.

Ifintu ifyacitike pa mulandu wa kutelula Icipangano fyalilenga bamo ukwipusha ukuti, “Mishobo inga iya fikulilo fyalekanalekana iingasuminishiwa mu bwikashi no kutekeleshiwa?” Cine cine, nga fintu bakalemba ba malyashi ya kale baalandapo, cintu cailanga fye apabuuta ukuti uulepituluka mu lyashi lyacitikila abaHuguenot te kuti abwelepo fye ukwabulo kuti atontonkanye pa fyo “amaka yengacita na pa fyo yengabomfiwa bubi bubi.” Mu njikalo sha lelo ishileya shilefulamo abantu aba mishobo iingi kabili aba mipepele yalekanalekana, ukulubulwa kwa baHuguenot kwaba ca kucinkulako icishaibipila pa lwa cicitika lintu amapolitiki ayasongwa na macalici yacindikwa ukucila ifingawamina abantu.

[Futunoti]

[Akabokoshi pe bula 28]

Ukubomfya Abashilika Baipangasha

ne Fyanso ku Kwalula BaHuguenot

Bamo bamwene aba badragoon nga “bamishonari bashaiwamina.” Nangu cibe fyo, balengele abaHuguenot ukukanaikala ku matwi tondolo, kabili limo limo abantu mu mishi yonse nga baumfwa ukuti bafika balealukila kuli buKatolika. Lelo bushe aba badragoon baali ni bani?

Badragoon baali bashilika abaipangeshe ne fyanso abaleikala mu mayanda ya baHuguenot pa kuti bengalacusha abaleikalamo. Ukubomfya baDragoon muli iyi nshila kwaishibikwe ukuti budragonnade. Pa kuti balundepo ubucushi babikile pa ndupwa, impendwa ya bashilika abaletumwa ku kuyaikala pa ng’anda imo yalecila pa fyo ulo lupwa lwingabapayanishisha. Badragoon balisuminishiwe ukucusha indupwa, ukubafufya utulo, no kubonawila ifipe. Nga ca kuti abekala muli yo ng’anda bakaana icisumino ca baProtestanti, badragoon balefumapo babasha.

Budragonnade bwalibomfiwe ku kwalula abantu mu 1681 mu Poitou, West France, incende yafulilemo baHuguenot. Mu myeshi fye iinono, abantu ukufuma pali 30,000 ukufika kuli 35,000 balyalwilwe. Inshila imo ine yalibomfiwe mu 1685 mu njikalo shimbi isha baHuguenot. Mu myeshi iinono, abantu ukufuma pali 300,000 ukufika kuli 400,000 balikene buProtestanti. Ukulingana na kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Jean Quéniart, ukutunguluka kwa budragonnade “kwalengele ukuti Ukutelula [Icipangano ca Nantes icaletekelesha ifintu] kucitike, pantu nomba camoneke icayanguka ukucitelula.”

[Abatusuminishe]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

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Ici cipoope ca mu 1689 calengele baProtestanti ba ciFrench abalefwaya ukulubulwa ku mutitikisha wa fya mipepele ukusange cubo

[Abatusuminishe]

Ukusuminishiwa na The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

[Icikope pe bula 26]

Ukutelula Icipangano ca Nantes, mu 1685 (Intendekelo ya kutelula icipangano yalangwa)

[Abatusuminishe]

Documents conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

[Icikope pe bula 26]

Amatempele ayengi aya baProtestanti yalyonawilwe

[Abatusuminishe]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris