EGYPT (Ancient)
(See also Exodus [From Egypt]; Pharaoh; Pyramids)
40-year desolation (Eze 29:1-16): it-1 698; w07 8/1 8
Abraham’s visit: w20.08 4; it-1 29, 694; w01 8/15 20-21
advertising: g88 2/8 3
agate: it-1 56
agriculture: it-1 57-58, 687
flax: it-1 839-840
granaries: it-2 1038; g 3/09 29
harvest: it-2 108
Alexandria: g05 1/8 14; g05 6/8 28; g01 12/8 29; g97 5/22 28; g94 1/8 10, 12
library: g05 1/8 12-14; g05 5/22 19
amusements: it-1 102
games: it-1 887
ancestry of Egyptians: it-1 103, 686-688; it-2 418, 471, 585
appearance of Egyptians:
beards: it-1 267, 1020; w15 11/1 9
hair: it-1 1020; w15 11/1 9; g 11/10 16
head shaving: it-1 246, 267, 1020
archaeological finds: it-1 149-150; g00 5/8 29
Abraham referred to: it-1 150; g 11/10 16-17; si 333; w88 2/1 26
Amarna tablets: it-1 150, 401, 405, 696, 1067; it-2 41; w08 12/15 22; w88 2/1 26
barber at work: w15 11/1 9
“Book of the Dead”: it-1 533, 691; w88 2/1 25
Ebers Papyrus: w98 4/1 16; ba 20
Elephantine documents: it-1 150, 699; w88 3/15 29
execration texts: it-1 103
funerary boats for Pharaoh Cheops (Giza): g88 3/8 30
Labyrinth: g99 12/22 20-21
letter from brat: w97 6/15 22
paintings and model of weaving work: it-1 482
Papyrus Rylands 457 (John): ijwbq article 12
potsherds: it-2 657
Roman census (104 C.E.): w09 12/1 16
Rosetta Stone: it-1 688; g89 10/22 17-18; g88 6/8 31
Semitic slaves: w20.03 30
silver bowl of king of Kedar: it-1 927; it-2 144
stela with name Putiphar: it-2 657
temple at Karnak: mrt article 10; it-1 149-150, 158, 534, 692; it-2 506; g 11/10 16-17; w08 7/1 24; si 65, 332-333; w88 2/1 26
temple at Luxor: it-1 533
temple at Zoan (Tanis): it-2 1239
tomb for sons of Ram(e)ses II: g95 11/22 28
tomb of Nefertari: g96 7/22 29
tomb of Tutankhamen: g05 9/22 27; w01 4/15 3; w89 3/15 3
wine making (Karnak [Thebes]): it-2 107; w12 8/1 26
workers’ health: g93 7/8 28
army: it-1 693-694
Exodus of Israelites: it-1 173, 782; w94 3/15 29
military camps: it-1 398
Assyria conquers: it-1 697-698, 758; it-2 370, 506
Babylon conquers: it-1 238, 698
baking: it-1 243-244; g92 10/22 28
bread: w86 2/15 16
use of leaven: it-2 229-230
baskets: it-1 261
battle of Carchemish: it-1 418, 768-769; jr 24; si 161; w88 2/1 27
boats: it-2 932
bricks: it-1 366-367; w12 1/1 22; g 11/10 15-16; w87 11/15 30-31
burial customs: it-1 691; g88 7/8 4-5
embalming: it-1 721-722; w02 3/15 29-31
ten-day cycles: it-2 1176
capitals:
Alexandria: it-1 71
Bubastis (Pibeseth): it-1 697; it-2 637
Memphis (Noph): it-1 782; it-2 369-370, 723; g 11/10 17; w03 7/1 32
No (No-Amon, Thebes): it-1 97; it-2 506, 585; g 11/10 17; w03 7/1 32
chronology: it-1 450-451; w88 2/1 25
inscriptions: it-1 451
king lists: it-1 450
Manetho: it-1 450
cities:
Alexandria: it-1 71-72; w05 6/15 10; w88 2/1 27; w88 4/15 23
On (Heliopolis): it-2 554-555
Tahpanes: it-2 1062
Zoan (Tanis): it-2 1238-1239
clothing: it-1 693; g03 9/8 3-4
anklets: it-1 112
earrings: it-1 666
headdress: it-1 1053
rings: it-2 812
commerce:
horses and chariots: g 11/10 16
criminal justice:
prisons: w14 11/1 14-15
‘delivered into the hand of a hard master’ (Isa 19:4): ip-1 201-202; w88 2/1 27
discussion: it-1 686-699; w88 2/1 23-27
dovecotes: w92 7/15 32
drugs: g93 3/8 29
education: it-1 692
Ethiopia dominated by: it-1 560
Ethiopia dominates: it-1 560
food: it-1 693
bread: w15 2/1 13
fish: it-1 838
onion: it-2 556
games: it-1 887
gardens: g97 4/8 4-5
glass: g95 11/22 25
gods: it-1 531-533, 689-691, 946, 975-976; it-2 370, 529-530; g89 2/8 21; w88 2/1 24-25
chart “Egypt’s Gods and the Ten Plagues”: sh 62
humiliated by Jehovah: it-1 976; it-2 436, 530, 582; w93 7/15 3-5; jv 15-16; sh 62-64; g89 2/8 22-23; w88 2/1 11-12
mother-son: it-2 529
Pharaohs: it-1 532, 976; it-2 624-625; w14 4/15 8
triads: it-1 96, 532, 689, 806-807, 975; it-2 529; w13 2/15 9; re 250; sh 57, 59; ti 2, 10-11; g89 2/8 21; w88 6/1 18
gods by name:
Amon-Ra (Ra): it-1 96-97, 532-534, 689, 835, 975-976; it-2 506, 530, 554, 582, 624; sh 57, 62; g89 2/8 23; w88 2/1 11
Anubis: it-1 946, 1169; sh 50, 53
Apis: it-1 690, 975-976; it-2 370; sh 62-63; w88 2/1 24
Banaded: sh 63
Bast(et): it-1 1169; it-2 637
Bes: g89 2/8 23
Buto: g89 2/8 23
Geb: it-1 975; g89 2/8 22
Hapi: it-1 976; it-2 502, 530; sh 62; g89 2/8 22
Hathor: it-1 976, 1169; sh 59, 62-63; g89 2/8 23
Heqt: it-1 874, 976; it-2 530; sh 62-63
Horus: it-1 532, 690, 806-807, 975-976, 1169; it-2 529, 624; sh 53, 57, 59, 62-63, 277; g89 2/8 21-23; w88 2/1 24; g88 6/8 31
Isis: it-1 975-976, 979; it-2 529; g99 8/8 6; w91 7/1 3-4; sh 57, 59, 62, 277; g89 2/8 21-22
Min: it-1 976; sh 62; g89 2/8 23
Mnevis: it-1 374
Mut: it-1 532
Nekhebet: it-2 1164
Nut: it-1 533, 975-976; g89 2/8 23
Osiris: it-1 690, 975-976; it-2 529, 582; g99 12/22 21; sh 50, 53, 57, 59; g89 2/8 21-22; w88 2/1 24
Ptah: it-1 975-976; it-2 370; sh 62; g89 2/8 22
Rep(h)a: it-2 778
Reshpu: it-1 976; sh 62; g89 2/8 23
Seb: it-2 778
Sebek: sh 63; g89 2/8 22
Sekhmet: it-1 976; g89 2/8 23
Set: it-1 975; w02 10/15 4
Shu: g89 2/8 23
Tefnut: g89 2/8 23
Tem: it-1 976
Thoth: it-1 690, 976, 1169; it-2 430; sh 50, 62; g89 2/8 22-23; w88 2/1 24
Uatchit: it-2 898
gold mines: g99 12/8 29
government: it-1 692-693
hieroglyphics: it-1 688; it-2 1213; g88 6/8 31
demotic form: it-1 688
hieratic form: it-1 688
history: it-1 694-699
inaccuracy: it-1 450-451, 777; g89 2/8 24
no mention of Exodus: it-1 451, 777, 785; g04 4/8 8-9; g89 2/8 24
homes: it-1 693; w15 5/1 12; w14 11/1 12
Hyksos period: it-1 694-696
ice production: g98 2/8 31
Israelites in exile (607 B.C.E.): it-1 416, 698-699; it-2 585, 1062; w03 5/1 10
altars: it-1 85
Jeremiah taken and prophesies: it-2 1062; jr 30; si 128
“pillar to Jehovah” (Isa 19:19): it-2 642
Israelites in first century: bt 25
Israel’s relationship with: it-1 696-699; rr 78, 80-81
reliance on Egypt condemned: w07 11/15 14; ip-1 302-308, 317-320
Israel’s sojourn: it-1 535, 696, 1228; w14 11/15 19-20; bm 8, 10; my story 27; bp 6-7; si 20-21
administration: it-1 1228
brickmaking: it-1 261-262, 366, 535; w12 1/1 22; g 11/10 15-16; w02 6/15 8-9; w87 11/15 30-31
decree to kill newborn males: it-1 779; it-2 397
effect on Israel’s later life: it-1 696
Egyptian view of shepherds: it-1 694
gardens irrigated: it-1 890
Goshen: it-1 989
historicity: w20.03 30; it-1 535, 777-778; g 5/12 16-17
Hyksos tradition: it-1 694-696
influence of Egyptian religion: it-1 690
Jacob’s move to Egypt: it-1 460, 1246; it-2 109; my story 25; si 17, 294
Josephus’ account: it-1 778
Manetho’s account: it-1 695-696, 778
mortar-making: it-2 434
no Egyptian record: it-1 451, 696, 785; g04 4/8 8-9
slavery: lfb 46; w02 6/15 8-9
time period: it-1 460, 776-777; g05 3/22 30; si 286
value: it-1 785
Jacob’s sojourn: it-1 460, 530, 1246-1247; it-2 109; si 17, 294
Joseph’s (son of Jacob) day: it-1 694-695
accuracy of Bible’s description: it-1 149; g 11/10 15
divine providence for famine: w86 2/15 16
famine: it-1 809; it-2 109-110; w15 5/1 12-13; g05 7/22 8
Joseph made second ruler: it-2 108
Joseph’s experiences: ijwis articles 4-5; w15 2/1 12-15; w15 5/1 12-15; w14 11/1 12-15; bm 8; si 16-17; w87 5/1 13-14
Joseph sold as slave: it-2 106-107; w14 11/1 12-13
keys: it-2 148
language: it-1 688
law: it-1 692-693
equal rights for women: it-1 50
lighthouse of Pharos: g99 1/22 20-21; g98 2/22 11
maps: it-1 531; w88 2/1 23
marriage: it-1 693
masonry: it-2 350
medicine: mrt article 9; it-1 630-631, 693; w98 4/1 16; ba 20
mines: it-2 406
Moses:
early life: it-2 434-435
‘instructed in wisdom of Egyptians’ (Ac 7:22): it-1 531; w12 6/15 21; w07 3/15 19; w02 6/15 10
magic-practicing priests: it-1 1251, 1254-1255; it-2 294; w96 1/15 24
mummies:
falcons: it-1 806-807
fish: it-1 837
medical scans of: g88 9/8 29
prosthetic toe: g00 1/22 29
Valley of the Mummies: g00 2/8 28
music:
flute: it-1 842
harp: it-1 1039
sistrum: it-2 975-976
mythology:
creation myths: it-1 922
names:
“field of Zoan” (Ps 78:12, 43): it-2 1238-1239
“land of Ham”: it-1 686
Nebuchadnezzar conquers: it-1 238, 698
prophesied: it-2 370, 1062; jr 161; si 136
Nile River: it-1 531, 534; it-2 500-502; w88 2/1 23-24
economic importance: it-1 687; it-2 501-502
map: it-2 501
oases: it-1 687
obelisks: g 4/07 14-15
city of On: it-2 554-555
papyrus: it-2 573-574; g86 5/22 20
use for boats: w21.05 31; it-2 574, 932
people: it-1 687-688; it-2 585
Persia subjugates: it-1 698-699
plagues: ijwis article 7; it-1 976; it-2 647; lfb 50-55; w04 3/15 26; my stories 31-32; si 21-22
first, Nile becomes blood: it-1 838, 976; it-2 502
fourth, gadflies: it-1 878, 976
fifth, pestilence on livestock: it-1 976
seventh, hail: w19.10 6; it-1 839-840, 976, 1020
eighth, locusts: it-1 976; it-2 261
ninth, darkness: it-1 976; it-2 1043
tenth, firstborn dies: w19.10 6-7; it-1 835, 976; it-2 582; w04 3/15 25-26; si 22
angels involved: it-2 712
effect on Egyptians and Israelites: mwb20.07 2; it-2 436, 1041
gods humiliated: it-1 976; it-2 436, 530, 582; w93 7/15 3-4; sh 62-64; g89 2/8 22-23; w88 2/1 11-12
Jehovah’s Godship proved: it-2 662
Jehovah’s warnings: w19.10 6-7
why ten: it-2 513
pottery kilns: it-2 151
products: it-1 687
pyramids: it-1 158, 692; it-2 370; w14 1/1 4
Dahshûr: g97 7/8 29
Giza: it-1 691-692; it-2 370
Israelites not used to build: w87 11/15 30-31
Khufu (Cheops) at Giza: it-1 158, 692
Snefru (father of Khufu [Cheops]): g97 7/8 29
Step Pyramid of King Djoser at Saqqara: it-1 158, 530; it-2 370
theory that stones were cast in place: g87 12/8 29
Raamses (Rameses): it-1 780-782; it-2 723, 1238-1239
Rahab (sea monster) (Isa 30:7; 51:9, 10): it-2 728; ip-2 172-173; ip-1 303-304
regions:
Lower Egypt: it-1 686
Middle Egypt: it-1 686
Pathros: it-2 584-585
Shur: it-2 938
Upper Egypt: it-1 686; it-2 584-585
religion: it-1 531-533, 689-691; w94 5/1 3-4; g89 2/8 21-22
animal worship: it-1 531-532, 690, 975, 1169; it-2 370; g89 2/8 21; g88 6/8 31
astrology: it-1 533
beliefs about the dead: it-1 533, 691; g05 12/8 22-24; ie 6; w94 4/1 4; w88 2/1 24-25
birds: it-1 1012
bulls: it-1 374
contrast to Israel’s: w88 2/1 24-25
crux ansata: it-1 975; it-2 530; w11 3/1 19; rs 91; w87 8/15 24
fatalism: g99 8/8 6
goats: it-1 966
hell: it-1 1087; w89 10/1 4
idolatry: it-1 1169
immortality of the soul: wp17.4 6; w90 5/1 22; sh 53; w88 2/1 24-25; g88 7/8 5, 9
influence on Greece: it-1 966-967; w90 5/1 22; g89 3/8 21
Labyrinth: g99 12/22 20-21
magic-practicing priests: w96 1/15 24
Memphis: it-2 370
moon worship: it-2 430
priests: it-1 96-97; it-2 506, 555, 684, 688
scarabs: w88 2/1 24
serpent worship: it-2 530, 898
sun worship: it-2 554-555
represented by first head of wild beast (Re 13:1): w12 6/15 9
“river of Egypt” (Ge 15:18): it-2 815, 928
“river of Egypt” (1Ch 13:5): it-2 815, 927-928; w05 10/1 10
roads:
paved road through desert: g95 2/22 29
road to Philistia and Damascus: it-1 1117
Roman province: it-1 699
rulers: it-1 692
Akhenaton: it-1 696
Alexander the Great: it-1 70, 699; g89 3/8 22; w88 4/15 23
Amasis (Ahmose) II: it-1 698, 1140
Amenhotep III: it-1 532
crown: it-1 553
dynasties: w88 2/1 25
Hatshepsut: it-1 777; it-2 720
Hophra (Apries): it-1 698, 1140
Horemheb: it-1 532
Hyksos: it-1 694-696
Menes: it-2 585
Merneptah: it-1 150, 696; g 5/12 18; g 11/10 18; w06 7/15 24
Necho(h): it-1 205, 418, 698, 768-769; it-2 482-483
Pharaohs: it-2 624-625; w88 2/1 25-26
Ptolemaic dynasty: it-1 699; w88 4/15 25
queens: it-2 720
Ramses (Rameses) II: it-1 532, 692, 696; it-2 723, 1239; g96 7/22 29; g95 11/22 28
Seti I: it-1 534
Shishak (Sheshonk I): mrt article 10; it-1 149-150, 697, 952; it-2 637, 934; g 11/10 16-17; w08 7/1 24; si 65
So: it-2 983
Thutmose III: it-1 777; it-2 720
Tirhakah (Taharqa): it-1 532, 697; it-2 370, 1109
Tutankhamen: it-1 532; it-2 812
scribes: it-2 876, 885-886; w07 3/15 18-19
sculpture:
nearly all religious: g88 6/8 31
shepherds detested by: it-1 694; w04 1/15 29
Sphinx:
near Giza: it-1 691
symbolic: it-1 699; ip-1 201-206
‘great city called Sodom and Egypt’ (Re 11:8): it-1 699; re 167-170
‘not an escapee’ from king of the north (Da 11:42, 43): dp 278, 280; w93 11/1 20-21
time of day: it-1 1152