Besides being used to denote the general area of the abdomen (Judg. 3:21, 22; Prov. 13:25), the word is used several times in connection with the formation of a child in its mother’s body. (Gen. 25:23, 24; Job 1:21; Ps. 127:3; Eccl. 11:5; Isa. 44:2; Hos. 9:11) Children are the fruitage of the womb, located in the belly. However, another Hebrew word, reʹhhem (raʹhham), specifically refers to the womb, as can be noted at Job 31:15: “Did not the One making me in the belly make him, and did not just One proceed to prepare us in the womb?”—See also Genesis 49:25; Psalm 22:10; Proverbs 30:16.

“Belly” is also used as an architectural term at 1 Kings 7:20, referring to a protuberance, a “rounded projection.”

In the Christian Greek Scriptures the word koi·liʹa means a “cavity” and is variously rendered “belly” (1 Cor. 6:13; Phil. 3:19), “womb” (Luke 1:15, 41), “intestines” (Matt. 15:17) and “inmost part” (John 7:38), according to the context.

“Belly” is used figuratively to denote fleshly appetite or desire (Rom. 16:18; Phil. 3:19), and as a source of speech or argument. (Job 15:2; 32:19) Jonah referred to himself as being in the common grave of mankind when he said, in the fish’s belly, “Out of the belly of Sheol I cried for help,” because he was as good as dead unless Jehovah would deliver him miraculously.—Jonah 2:2; see BOWELS; WOMB.

BELSHAZZAR

(Bel·shazʹzar) [Akkad., Bel-shar-usur; Bel protect the king].

The firstborn son of Nabonidus, and coregent of Nabonidus in the last years of the Babylonian Empire. He is mentioned in the Bible account only by the prophet Daniel and for long his position as “king of Babylon” was denied by Bible critics. (Dan. 5:1, 9; 7:1; 8:1) However, archaeological evidence in the form of ancient texts has since demonstrated forcefully the historicity of the Bible account.

There is some historical evidence indicating that Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus through his wife Nitocris, a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar. Belshazzar’s being thus a grandson of Nebuchadnezzar would harmonize with the Biblical references to Nebuchadnezzar as the “father” of Belshazzar (the term “father” also being used to mean grandfather), and to Belshazzar as Nebuchadnezzar’s “son” (also used for grandson). (Dan. 5:11, 18, 22; compare the usage at Genesis 28:10, 13.) This was not only a Biblical practice but also a Neo-Babylonian custom. (Assyrian inscriptions refer to certain kings as ‘sons’ of their predecessors even though not actually related by blood.)

A cuneiform tablet dated as from the accession year of Neriglissar, who followed Amel-Marduk (Evil-merodach) on the Babylonian throne, refers to “Belshazzar, the chief officer of the king,” in connection with a money transaction. Some scholars believe this to refer to the Belshazzar of the Bible, thereby indicating that he attained to some prominence even before Nabonidus’ coming to the throne. The connection is by no means certain, however.

In 1924 publication was made of the decipherment of an ancient cuneiform text described as “A Persian Verse Account of Nabonidus” and through it valuable information was brought to light clearly corroborating Belshazzar’s kingly position at Babylon and explaining the manner of his becoming coregent with Nabonidus. Concerning Nabonidus, conquest of Tema in his third year of rule, a portion of the text says: “He entrusted a camp to his eldest, firstborn son; the troops of the land he sent with him. He freed his hand; he entrusted the kingship to him. Then he himself [Nabonidus] undertook a distant campaign; the power of the land of Akkad advanced with him; towards Tema in the midst of the Westland he set his face.” Thus, Belshazzar definitely exercised royal authority from Nabonidus’ third year on, and this event likely corresponds with Daniel’s reference to “the first year of Belshazzar the king of Babylon.”—Dan. 7:1.

In another document, the Nabonidus Chronicle, the statement: “The king (was) in the city of Tema. The son of the king, the princes (and) his troops (were) in the land of Akkad [Babylonia],” is repeated with regard to Nabonidus’ seventh, ninth, tenth and eleventh regnal years. The record concerning the intervening and the succeeding years of Nabonidus are lacking, but it is apparent that he spent much of his reign away from Babylon, and, while not relinquishing his position as supreme ruler, he entrusted administrative authority to his son Belshazzar to act during his absence. This is evident from a number of texts recovered from the ancient archives proving that Belshazzar exercised royal prerogatives, issuing orders and commands. Matters handled by Belshazzar in certain documents and orders were such as would normally have been handled by Nabonidus, as supreme ruler, had he been present. However, Belshazzar remained only second ruler of the empire and thus he could offer to make Daniel only “the third one in the kingdom.”—Dan. 5:16.

Those who wielded sovereign power in Babylonia were expected to be exemplars in reverencing the gods. There are six cuneiform texts concerning events from the fifth to the thirteenth years of Nabonidus’ reign that demonstrate Belshazzar’s devotion to Babylonian deities. As acting king in Nabonidus’ absence, Belshazzar is shown in the documents to have offered gold, silver and animals to the temples in Erech and Sippar, thereby comporting himself in a manner consistent with his royal position.

On the night of October 5-6, 539 B.C.E. (Gregorian calendar, or October 11-12, Julian), Belshazzar celebrated a great feast for a thousand of his grandees, as chapter 5 of Daniel relates. (Dan. 5:1) Babylon was then menaced by the besieging forces of Cyrus the Persian and his ally Darius the Mede. According to Jewish historian Josephus (who, in turn, quotes the Babylonian Berossus), Nabonidus had holed up in Borsippa after having been defeated by the Medo-Persian forces on the field of battle. If so, this would leave Belshazzar as the acting king in Babylon itself. The holding of a feast when the city was in state of siege is not so unusual when it is remembered that the Babylonians confidently regarded the city’s walls as impregnable. Historians Herodotus and Xenophon also state that the city had abundant supplies of necessary items and hence was not concerned with shortages. Herodotus describes the city as in a festive mood on that night, with dancing and enjoyment.

During the feast and under the influence of wine, Belshazzar called for the vessels from the temple of Jerusalem to be brought so that he and his guests and his wives and concubines might drink from them while praising the Babylonian gods. Obviously, this request was due to no shortage of drinking vessels, but, rather, it constituted a deliberate act of contempt by this pagan king in reproach of the God of the Israelites, Jehovah. (Dan. 5:2-4) He thereby expressed defiance of Jehovah, who had inspired the prophecies foretelling Babylon’s downfall. While Belshazzar seemed lighthearted about the siege set by the enemy forces, he was now severely shaken when a hand suddenly appeared and began writing on the palace wall. His knees knocking, he called upon all his wise men to provide an interpretation of the written message, but to no avail. The record shows that “the queen” now gave him sound counsel, recommending Daniel as the one able to give the interpretation. Basing their conclusions on the general tone of her conversation with Belshazzar and on her knowledge of things relating to the earlier times of Nebuchadnezzar, certain scholars consider “the queen” to be, not Belshazzar’s wife, but his mother, believed to be Nebuchadnezzar’s daughter, Nitocris.

Daniel, by inspiration, revealed the meaning of the miraculous message, predicting the fall of Babylon to the Medes and the Persians. Though Daniel’s interpretation was certainly not encouraging, and although the aged prophet had condemned Belshazzar’s blasphemous act in using vessels of Jehovah’s worship in praising see-nothing, hear-nothing, know-nothing gods, Belshazzar held to his offer and proceeded to invest Daniel with the position of third ruler in the doomed kingdom.

Belshazzar did not live out the night, being killed as the city fell during the night of October 5-6, 539 B.C.E., when, according to the Nabonidus Chronicle, “the troops of Cyrus without fighting entered Babylon.” (Dan. 5:30) In his history, Xenophon (c. 434-c. 355 B.C.E.) also connects Belshazzar’s death with the actual capture of Babylon. With the death of Belshazzar and the apparent surrender of Nabonidus to Cyrus, the dynasty beginning with Nabopolassar and his son Nebuchadnezzar came to a close, and with it ended the dominion of Mesopotamia by Semitic rulers.—See CYRUS; NABONIDUS.

BELT

See DRESS.

BELTESHAZZAR

(Bel·te·shazʹzar) [protect his life].

The Babylonian name given to Daniel after he was taken captive in 617 B.C.E.—not to be confused with Belshazzar. (Dan. 1:7) The name is in the form of an invocation to Bel and hence was selected, as Nebuchadnezzar said, “according to the name of my god.” (Dan. 4:8; 5:12) The purpose was evidently to effect Daniel’s naturalization and alienate him from the worship of Jehovah. However, the Babylonians continued to speak of him also by his name Daniel.—Dan. 4:18, 19; 5:12, 13; see DANIEL No. 2.

BEN

[Heb., ben, “son of”].

1. A Levite musician of David’s day who accompanied the ark of the covenant to Jerusalem.—1 Chron. 15:15, 18.

2. The Hebrew prefix ben often occurs in names such as Benjamin (son of the right hand) or Benammi (son of my people). It is equivalent to bar in Aramaic names such as Barnabas (son of comfort). (Acts 4:36) It is frequently used also to define relationships other than parental, such as race, “sons [b^enehʹ] of Israel,” “sons [b^enehʹ] of the Cushites” (2 Chron. 35:17; Amos 9:7); location, “sons [b^enehʹ] of the jurisdictional district” (Ezra 2:1); or condition, “sons [b^enehʹ] of youth,” “sons [b^enehʹ] of unrighteousness.”—Ps. 127:4; Hos. 10:9.

BENAIAH

(Be·naiʹah) [Jah has built].

1. Son of a Levitical chief priest named Jehoiada, and father of at least two sons, Ammizabad and Jehoiada. (1 Chron. 27:5, 6, 34) Benaiah was a mighty warrior of great valor and courage, “distinguished even more than the thirty” mighty men of David’s forces though “to the rank of the three he did not come.”—2 Sam. 23:20-23.

Benaiah demonstrated his prowess in a threefold way: by striking down two of Moab’s powerful heroes, by fearlessly descending into a water pit and killing a lion, and by overcoming exceptional odds to slay an Egyptian giant with the victim’s own spear. (1 Chron. 11:22-24) David put this courageous man over his personal bodyguard. (1 Chron. 11:24, 25) The Cherethites and Pelethites, headed by Benaiah, remained loyal to the king during the rebellions of Absalom and Adonijah. (2 Sam. 8:18; 15:18; 20:23; 1 Ki. 1:8, 10, 26; 1 Chron. 18:17) Additionally, Benaiah was appointed over the third rotating division of the army, a force of 24,000 men. (1 Chron. 27:5, 6) In David’s old age Benaiah and the Cherethites and Pelethites supported the coronation of Solomon. (1 Ki. 1:32-40) Later, under Solomon’s reign he was assigned to carry out the execution of Adonijah, Joab and Shimei, and was also put in command of the army by Solomon.—1 Ki. 2:24, 25, 28-46; 4:4.

2. One of David’s mighty men, commander of the eleventh rotational army division; a Pirathonite of the tribe of Ephraim.—2 Sam. 23:30; 1 Chron. 11:31; 27:14.

3. A Levite musician who played his stringed instrument accompanying the ark of the covenant when it was brought to Jerusalem and placed in the tent David had prepared for it.—1 Chron. 15:18, 20; 16:1, 5.

4. A priest who played a trumpet when the Ark was brought to Jerusalem during David’s reign.—1 Chron. 15:24; 16:6.

5. A Levite descendant of Asaph.—2 Chron. 20:14.

6. A Simeonite, possibly a contemporary of King Hezekiah.—1 Chron. 4:24, 36-43.

7. A Levite appointed by Hezekiah to help care for the bounteous contributions to Jehovah’s house.—2 Chron. 31:12, 13.

8. Father of Pelatiah, one of the wicked princes seen in Ezekiel’s vision.—Ezek. 11:1, 13.

9, 10, 11, 12. Four men who, at Ezra’s admonition, dismissed their foreign wives and sons. These four were descendants of Parosh, Pahath-moab, Bani and Nebo respectively.—Ezra 10:25, 30, 35, 43, 44.

BEN-AMMI

(Ben-amʹmi) [son of my people, that is, son of my relatives].

Son of Lot by his younger daughter, hence half brother of Moab. Modern findings attest to the common use of the name during this period. Ben-ammi was forefather of the Ammonites.—Gen. 19:31-38; see AMMON.

BENE-BERAK

(Benʹe-beʹrak) [sons of lightning].

A city of Dan, presently identified with Ibn Ibraq, now a suburb in the NE of Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Joppa). (Josh. 19:45) The Arabic name Ibn Ibraq corresponds to the Hebrew Bene-berak. In the Taylor Prism of Sennacherib that emperor’s account of the Assyrian campaign against Hezekiah states that he “sacked Beth-dagon, Joppa, Banai-barqa [Bene-berak], Azuru. . . .”

BENE-JAAKAN

(Benʹe-jaʹa·kan) [sons or children of Jaakan].

A station of the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness. (Num. 33:31, 32) Jaakan appears to be the Akan of Genesis 36:27 and 1 Chronicles 1:42 (where the Masoretic text reads “Jaakan”). The account in the book of Numbers states that the Israelites “pulled away from Moseroth and went camping in Bene-jaakan. After that they pulled away from Bene-jaakan and went camping in Hor-haggidgad.”

At Deuteronomy 10:6 reference is made to Beeroth Bene-jaakan in connection with “Moserah” (singular of Moseroth), probably indicating that Beeroth Bene-jaakan (wells of the sons of Jaakan) is the same location as Bene-jaakan. However, the account at Deuteronomy lists the direction of travel of the Israelites in reverse order from the Numbers account, stating that “the sons of Israel pulled away from Beeroth Bene-jaakan for Moserah.” In view of the many years spent in the wilderness it is quite possible that the Israelites passed twice through this region. As The Pentateuch and Haftorahs (Deuteronomy) commentary on Deuteronomy 10:6 suggests: “A probable explanation is that the Israelites, after journeying in a southern direction to the land of Edom, had to turn sharply to the north. . . . They may have had to retrace their steps for a short distance, and revisit some of the places they had passed through, this time in the reverse order.” It is to be noted that the record of Deuteronomy (10:6) refers to Aaron’s death immediately after referring to the station of Moserah, whereas the Numbers account (33:31-39) describes the Israelites’ travels to Ezion-geber and then NW to Kadesh before dealing with the matter of the death of Aaron. This, together with the long period of years involved, would certainly allow for a measure of backtracking, if such were the case.

Bene-jaakan (Beeroth Bene-jaakan) is usually identified with a site a few miles N of Kadesh-barnea.—See BEEROTH BENE-JAAKAN.