• Ben-Hadad
    Aid to Bible Understanding

    • BEN-HADAD

      (Ben-haʹdad) [son of (the god) Hadad].

      The name of three kings of Syria mentioned in the Bible record. Hadad was the storm god worshiped throughout Syria and other surrounding regions.

      1. The first king of Syria named Ben-hadad in the Biblical account was the son of Tabrimmon and grandson of Hezion. He had entered into a covenant with King Baasha of Israel, but King Asa of Judah, alarmed when Baasha began fortifying Ramah just a few miles N of Jerusalem, bribed Ben-hadad to break his covenant and attack the northern kingdom, thereby forcing Baasha to withdraw. In exchange for the royal treasures of Judah and those from the temple sanctuary, Ben-hadad invaded Israel, overrunning various cities in the territory of Naphtali and in the region of the Sea of Galilee. As expected, Baasha withdrew to his capital in Tirzah. (1 Ki. 15:16-21; 2 Chron. 16:1-6) This action took place about 962-961 B.C.E. (the “thirty-sixth year” at 2 Chronicles 16:1 evidently refers to the thirty-sixth year from the division of the kingdom in 997 B.C.E.).—See ASA No. 1.

      A stele, known as the Melqart Stele, was found in 1939 about four miles (6.4 kilometers) N of Aleppo in northern Syria and, although the inscription is not entirely legible, it is translated by W. F. Albright as saying. “The stele which Bir-Hadad, son of Tab-Ramman son of Hadyan, king of Aram, set up for his lord Milqart, (the stele) which he vowed to him when (lit., and) he hearkened to his voice.” Bir-Hadad is the Aramaic form of Ben-hadad and, if the rest of the translation is correct, this would identify Ben-hadad I very much as the Bible presents him.

      2. The next mention of a Syrian king named Ben-hadad occurs during the reign of King Ahab of Israel (c. 940-919 B.C.E.). Evidently about the fifth year before Ahab’s death (c. 923 B.C.E.) “Ben-hadad the king of Syria” led the combined forces of thirty-two kings, evidently vassals, against Samaria, besieging the city and calling on King Ahab to surrender unconditionally. (1 Ki. 20:1-6) Ahab called a council of the older men of the land, who advised him to resist. Then, while the Syrian forces were preparing for an assault on the city and Ben-hadad and the other kings were drinking themselves drunk in the booths they had erected, Ahab, following divine counsel, used strategy to initiate a surprise attack on the Syrian camp and successfully routed them.—1 Ki. 20:7-21.

      Accepting his counselors’ theory that Jehovah was “a God of mountains” and that therefore the Israelites could be defeated on level land, the following year Ben-hadad led his army to Aphek in the Valley of Esdraelon. The Syrian forces had been reorganized, the thirty-two kings being replaced by governors as heads of the troops, evidently due to considering that the governors would fight more unitedly and obediently, and perhaps also have stronger incentive for winning promotion to higher rank than the more independent kings. Ben-hadad’s religious and military theories, however, proved worthless against the Israelite forces who, though vastly outnumbered, were forewarned by a prophet of the attack and had the backing of the King of the universe, Jehovah God. The Syrian forces were cut to pieces and Ben-hadad fled into Aphek. Ahab, however, let this dangerous enemy go free, with this promise from Ben-hadad: “The cities that my father took from your father I shall return; and streets you will assign to yourself in Damascus the same as my father assigned in Samaria.”—1 Ki. 20:22-34.

      There is considerable difference of opinion as to whether this Ben-hadad is the same Syrian king of Baasha and Asa’s day or whether he is instead a son or grandson of that king. For Ben-hadad I (of Asa’s time) to be the Ben-hadad of Ahab’s and even of Jehoram’s time (c. 917-905) would require a reign of some forty-five years or more. This, of course, is not impossible.

      However, those who hold that the Syrian king of Ahab’s day should be called Ben-hadad II, point to the promise made by Ben-hadad to Ahab, quoted above. (1 Ki. 20:34) On the face of it, it appears to say that Ben-hadad’s father had taken cities from Omri, Ahab’s father, although no conflict between Syria and Israel is recorded during Omri’s reign. The only recorded Syrian seizure of Israelite cities was earlier, during Baasha’s rule, and it was effected by Ben-hadad I, as described under No. 1 above. If this is the seizure referred to, then that would make Ben-hadad I the father (or, in view of the frequently broad use of the term, possibly the grandfather) of the Ben-hadad (II) of Ahab’s reign. On the other hand, Baasha was not Ahab’s “father” nor even his forefather. Some commentators would explain this by saying that “father” in this case may refer to a royal predecessor on the throne even though not related by blood as a lineal ancestor.

      Nevertheless, the fact that Ben-hadad’s promise to Ahab made reference to “Samaria” would appear to limit the Syrian capture of the Israelite cities to the reign of Omri, since Samaria was built by him and thereafter made Israel’s capital. The “streets” assigned apparently relate particularly to trade and commercial relations between the two kingdoms.

      Whatever the circumstances and time of the capture of the Israelite cities, the Scriptural evidence would seem to point to a different Ben-hadad as ruling by Ahab’s time and hence he may be referred to as Ben-hadad II. It appears that the promise of Ben-hadad II to return the cities taken from Israel by his father was not completely fulfilled, for in Ahab’s final year of rule this Israelite king formed an alliance with Jehoshaphat in a vain attempt to recover Ramoth-gilead (E of the Jordan) from the Syrians. Ben-hadad II is evidently the anonymous “king of Syria” who ordered his “thirty-two chiefs of the chariots” to concentrate their attack on Ahab in that battle. (1 Ki. 22:31-37) He must also be the king who sent his leprous army chief Naaman to be cured by Elisha during Jehoram’s reign. The Syrian king worshiped the god Rimmon (whose name forms part of that of Tabrimmon, the father of Ben-hadad I), considered by many to be the same as the god Hadad.—2 Ki. 5:1-19; see RIMMON No. 5.

      Despite the healing service rendered his general, Ben-hadad maintained his animosity toward Israel and sent invading parties into Israel. (2 Ki. 6:8; compare verse 23.) However, Elisha consistently warned the king of Israel in advance as to the route of the invading parties so that Ben-hadad began to suspect the presence of a traitor among his own servants. Learning that Elisha was the one informing the king of Israel about ‘the things that Ben-hadad spoke in his inner bedroom,’ the Syrian king sent a heavy military force to capture Elisha at Dothan. Elisha, however, caused the troops to be miraculously stricken with a form of blindness, and led them right into the middle of the Israelite capital, Samaria. This experience, perhaps along with the merciful treatment and release granted the Syrians there, brought a halt to the marauding activity, though it did not eliminate Ben-hadad’s aggressive attitude.—2 Ki. 6:9-23.

      Still bent on overthrowing the Israelite kingdom, Ben-hadad later massed his forces and besieged Samaria, provoking famine conditions of the gravest kind. (2 Ki. 6:24-29) Yet, when Jehovah one evening caused the Syrian camp to hear the sound of a large approaching army, they hastily concluded that Jehoram had hired the Hittites and Egyptians to rescue him and thereupon they fled back to Syria in the darkness, leaving behind all their equipment and provisions.—2 Ki. 7:6, 7.

      Ben-hadad II was on his sickbed when Elisha traveled to Damascus carrying out the divine commission given to his predecessor Elijah. (1 Ki. 19:15) Sending forty camel loads of gifts to the prophet, Ben-hadad inquired as to the possibilities of recovery from his illness. Elisha’s answer, delivered to Hazael, showed that the king would die, with Hazael taking the kingship. The following day Hazael caused Benhadad to suffocate to death and then Hazael took the throne as king.—2 Ki. 8:7-15.

      Ben-hadad II appears to be the Hadadezer (Assyr., Adad-ʼidri) referred to in the inscriptions of Shalmaneser III of Assyria. Some scholars suggest that Hadadezer was Ben-hadad’s “throne name,” similar to the name “Pul” used for Tiglath-pileser III, and the name Zedekiah given to Mattaniah when he was made king by Nebuchadnezzar. (2 Ki. 15:19; 24:17) Others offer the view that Ben-hadad’s full name was Ben-hadadezer and that both Ben-hadad (as in the Hebrew Scriptures) and Hadadezer (or Adad-ʼidri as in the Assyrian cuneiform texts) were shortened forms of this name. At any rate, an inscription of Shalmaneser III seems to confirm this identification when, after relating a conflict with the Syrians, it states: “Hadadezer (himself) perished. Hazael, a commoner (literally: son of nobody), seized the throne.”

      3. The son of Hazael, king of Syria. (2 Ki. 13:3) Ben-hadad III was evidently associated with his father in the oppression of Israel in the days of Jehoahaz (c. 876-860 B.C.E.), and in the Syrian capture of Israelite cities. Jehovah, however, raised up “a savior” for Israel, apparently in the persons of Jehoahaz’ son Jehoash (c. 860-844 B.C.E.) and his successor Jeroboam II (c. 844-803 B.C. E.). (2 Ki. 13:4, 5) In fulfillment of Elisha’s final prophecy, Jehoash recaptured “from the hand of Ben-hadad the son of Hazael the cities that he had taken from the hand of Jehoahaz,” defeating the Syrian forces on three occasions. (2 Ki. 13:19, 23-25) Jeroboam II followed up his father’s victories over Syria, returning Israel’s boundaries to their former state, thus serving as a “savior” for Israel. (2 Ki. 14:23-27) Benhadad III is not mentioned in connection with Jeroboam’s conquests, and may not have been living by that time.

      The Zakir Stele, discovered in 1903, describes a punitive effort launched by “Birhadad son of Hazael, king of Aram,” at the head of a coalition of Syrian kings against “Zakir king of Hamath and Luʽash,” thereby adding archaeological testimony to the existence of Ben-hadad III, son of Hazael.

      The expression “the dwelling towers of Ben-hadad” used by the prophet Amos (who prophesied during Jeroboam II’s reign) to refer to the royal palaces in Damascus (Amos 1:3-5; compare 2 Kings 16:9), continued to be used in a similar way by Jeremiah some two centuries later.—Jer. 49:23-27.

  • Benjamin
    Aid to Bible Understanding

    • BENJAMIN

      (Benʹja·min) [son of the right hand].

      1. Jacob’s twelfth son and the full brother of Joseph. Benjamin appears to be the only son born to Jacob in the land of Canaan, the other sons being born in Paddan-aram. (Gen. 29:31–30:25; 31:18) Rachel gave birth to Benjamin, her second son, while on the way from Bethel to Ephrath (Bethlehem), achieving the difficult childbirth at the cost of her life. While dying, she called this son Ben-oni, meaning “son of my sorrow”; but her bereaved husband thereafter named him Benjamin, meaning “son of the right hand.”—Gen. 35:16-19; 48:7.

      From the time of his birth nothing further is told us about Benjamin until after his brother Joseph’s being sold into slavery in Egypt. As Jacob’s youngest son by his beloved wife Rachel (Gen. 44:20), Benjamin was obviously the object of great affection by his father, particularly so now that Jacob assumed Joseph to be dead. Jacob was therefore extremely reluctant to let Benjamin go with his brothers to Egypt, doing so only after much persuasion. (Gen. 42:36-38; 43:8-14) It should be noted that, although Judah at this time referred to Benjamin as a “boy,” Benjamin by now was actually a grown man, perhaps in his early thirties, inasmuch as his brother Joseph was now nearly forty. (Gen. 41:46, 53; 45:6) The record at Genesis 46:8, 21 presents Benjamin as the father of children at the time of Jacob’s taking up residence in Egypt. Nevertheless, he was Jacob’s beloved “child of his old age,” upon whom the elderly parent leaned in many more ways than one. (Gen. 44:20-22, 29-34) Joseph also manifested deep affection for his younger brother.—Gen. 43:29-31, 34.

      The genealogy of Benjamin’s descendants is presented in several places, some apparently more complete than others. Genesis 46:21 lists ten persons as “sons of Benjamin” and the absence of the names of several of these in succeeding lists has led some to suggest that certain sons may have died at an early age or may not have fathered sons who produced family lines. There are evidently some variations in spelling of the names in these lists (compare Ehi, Ahiram, Aharah), and some of those listed at Genesis 46:21 may be merely descendants. (Num. 26:38-40; 1 Chron. 7:6; 8:1) Objections have been raised to the possibility of Benjamin’s having so many sons or even having grandsons by this time, yet it should be kept in mind that the reference to them as among “the souls who came to Jacob into Egypt” does not necessarily require that they be born before actual entry into the country. They may have ‘come into Egypt’ by being born there during the seventeen years of Jacob’s residence in Egypt prior to his death, even as Joseph’s two sons born there are listed among “the souls of the house of Jacob who came into Egypt.” (Gen. 46:26, 27) By the time of his father’s death Benjamin was apparently in his late forties and hence of ample age to have grand-children.

      The parental blessing pronounced upon Benjamin as one of the heads of the twelve tribes of Israel is considered below.—Gen. 49:27, 28.

      2. The name Benjamin also designates the tribe descended from Jacob’s son. At the time of the exodus from Egypt it was the next smallest (after Manasseh) as to male population of all the tribes. (Num. 1:36, 37) In the census taken later on the Plains of Moab, the tribe of Benjamin had moved up to seventh place. (Num. 26:41) When encamped in the wilderness, the tribe occupied a place on the W side of the tabernacle, along with the tribes descended from Joseph’s sons Manasseh and Ephraim, and this three-tribe division occupied third place in the order of march.—Num. 2:18-24.

      Within Canaan, the territory assigned to the tribe of Benjamin lay between that of the tribes of Ephraim and Judah, while the territory of Dan bordered it on the W. Its frontier in the N ran from the Jordan River near Jericho, crossed the mountainous terrain by Bethel and continued westward to a point near Lower Beth-horon; proceeding from there the western frontier ran down to Kiriath-jearim, then, on the S, turned eastward and passed Jerusalem through the Valley of Hinnom, wound down the rugged eastern slopes to the Jordan again at the N end of the Dead Sea, the Jordan River thus forming its eastern boundary. (Josh. 18:11-20; compare Judah’s N boundary at Joshua 15:5-9 and the S boundary of “the sons of Joseph” at Joshua 16:1-3.) From N to S the area measured about twelve miles (19 kilometers) and from E to W about twenty-eight miles (45 kilometers). With the exception of the portion of the Jordan valley around the Jericho oasis, the territory was hilly and broken, though having some