The Promise of Solar Power

An array of mirrors is focused on a spot on a 200-foot (61-m) “power tower.” It is capable of producing heat of more than 1,000 suns, reaching temperatures of 4200 degrees F (2300 degrees C)

IN AN ERA of energy shortages, it has not gone unnoticed that the sun is an unfailing source of energy, showering its beneficent light and warmth over all the inhabited earth. It maintains the earth at a comfortable average temperature. It furnishes the energy for plant growth, and thus for all life. These benefits are so obvious that many take them for granted.

But we have come to rely on other forms of energy for many uses for which the sun’s radiation is not directly useful. If other sources of energy dwindle and fail, would it be possible to heat our homes and factories with sunbeams? Could we transform the sun’s rays in some way to provide electricity for our lights, to run our motors, and for our radios and television sets? Could we bottle up the sun’s energy in tanks to fuel our automobiles and airplanes?

These possibilities are now being seriously considered. Scientists in many laboratories are doing basic research on ways to utilize the sun’s energy. There is no doubt that the potential is there. The sun’s radiation falling on an area only 16 miles (26 km) square in Arizona carries energy equal to that generated by all the electric power plants in the U.S. What, then, are the problems?

The first problem we face is that sunlight is inherently diffuse. Any collector of limited size receives relatively little energy. But even this diffuse power is sufficient for some uses. Buildings planned to admit sunlight can capture enough heat to save much of the fuel needed for heating. Water can be heated in roof tanks hot enough for bathing, for washing dishes, or for the laundry.

Another limitation inherent in solar power is that it is not always there when we want it. It is turned off at sunset. Clouds, too, shut off the sun’s power. The intensity of sunlight, the number of daylight hours and the amount of cloudy weather all vary with the latitude and the seasons. For many uses, acceptance of solar power will depend on finding ways to store up energy while the sun shines and to use it at night or on cloudy days.

One simple way to store solar energy is to heat water during the day and keep it in insulated tanks for use at night. The hot water can also be circulated through radiators to heat the house. During bad weather, such a system would have to be supplemented from another source. But as an auxiliary heating system, it is already being put to use to reduce the need for gas or electricity.

Going beyond this elementary application are more sophisticated ways to use the sun’s heat. By concentrating the sun’s rays, it is possible to reach much higher temperatures. Who has not tried the experiment of putting a piece of paper under a magnifying glass at the focus of the sun’s rays and watching it smolder and burst into flames? This principle is applied on a large scale, using curved mirrors, to concentrate the sun’s rays to a dazzling white heat on a small area, hot enough to melt the most refractory materials. In such a solar furnace in southern France, a boiler mounted at the focal point is used to generate electricity supplied to the national power system. The manufacturer offers to sell solar power plants with a 1,000-kilowatt capacity.

A more elaborate system of this kind has been built near Albuquerque, New Mexico, to study its economic potential for full-size power plants. An array of mirrors is focused on a spot on a 200-foot (61-m) “power tower.” Each mirror is four feet (1.2 m) square, and 25 of them are mounted in a square pattern on a “heliostat.” As the sun moves across the sky, the heliostat must be tilted in synchronism with the sun’s motion to keep its reflected beam on the target. There are 222 such heliostats set in a triangular field north of the tower. A computer guides each one separately, according to its distance and direction.

When they are focused together on the tower, all the sunlight falling on two acres (0.8 ha) is concentrated on an area of about five square feet (0.5 m²). The heat of more than a thousand suns reaches a temperature of 2,300 degrees C (4,200 degrees F). In early tests, the heliostat beams quickly melted a hole through a steel plate.

After tests with a water boiler in the tower, it is planned to build a 10,000-kilowatt solar power station at Barstow, California, where it can be tied into the power grid in southern California, perhaps as early as 1981.

Electricity from Sunlight

Meanwhile, other scientists are working toward the longer-range goal of converting sunlight directly into electricity. The principle itself is not new. We have been using devices based on the photoelectric effect for years. For example, a photocell in a camera tells the correct lens opening to use for the brightness of the scene before it. The light generates a tiny electric current, which moves a needle on a dial. To scale this up to enough current to do useful work is a formidable undertaking, but one that offers great rewards.

How can light generate electricity in a photocell? The secret lies in the use of a semiconducting element. An element that is a good conductor, such as most metals are, has its electrons very loosely attached to the atoms. They move about freely to carry current. In insulators, the electrons are tightly bound in their orbits, and are not free to move. Semiconductors are in between; the electrons are bound, but not tightly, so that just a little push will free them and let them move about.

Pure silicon is a poor conductor. However, slight amounts of impurities make it a much better conductor. For example, a trace of an element like arsenic, which has five outer electrons, one more than silicon’s four, supplies free electrons to the crystal. Or a little boron, which has only three outer electrons, causes a deficiency. The missing electrons are called holes. Another electron can easily jump into a hole from an adjacent atom, giving the same effect as if the hole were moving, and a positive current flowing.

The first kind of impure silicon is called n-doped silicon, because it has excess electrons (negative). The second kind is called p-doped, because it has excess holes (positive). If these two kinds of silicon are put face to face they form an n-p junction. Electrons will flow in only one direction across this junction. This is the basis of the transistor, which has replaced yesterday’s bulky vacuum tubes with today’s tiny silicon chips.

Now suppose we take two sheets, one each of n and p silicon, and put them together. Instead of the transistor chip, we now have a solar voltaic cell. If this is exposed to the sun, the energy in the photons, the individual packets of sunlight, is absorbed and serves to set electrons free from the silicon atoms. If the two sides of the cell are connected to form a circuit, electrons will flow from the n side to the p. This electric current can be put to work. It is electricity made from sunlight.

Not all the energy in the sunlight can be recovered as electricity. The energy in a photon of sunlight varies from 1.5 to 3.0 electron-volts, as the color ranges from red to violet. But it takes only about 1.0 electron-volt to free the electron in the silicon crystal, so the rest of the energy is lost as heat. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a single silicon cell is about 22 percent. The most efficient cells actually made so far are about 15 percent efficient. It is hoped that, by combining different elemental types of semiconductors in several layers, as much as 50 percent conversion of the energy in sunlight can be achieved.

Applications of Solar Cells

Solar electric cells have already found an important niche in modern technology, being used to supply power to space vehicles. They are ideally suited to this application. In interplanetary travel they are exposed all the time to full sunlight (in orbit, more than half the time). Clouds do not get in the way, and they are not battered by rain or wind. Their cost is absorbed in budgets for space research.

So we find that the most striking feature in the silhouette of the Skylab or the Vikings that went to Mars is the large solar vanes extended from them. The solar power cells have proved reliable and durable. The power plant in the Viking orbiter was still producing 600 watts two years after it arrived at Mars. Its performance in this demanding task certainly recommends it. The meticulous care and extravagant cost of manufacturing solar cells to guarantee such perfection can well be lavished on a Viking. But their present cost will have to be reduced to less than a 20th to make them economically attractive for electric power on earth. This might appear to put the prospect of solar electric power far in the future, but the tremendous cost reductions that we have seen in other semiconductor devices offer hope for earlier success. Workers in many laboratories are actively pursuing research toward automatic processes to make solar cells cheaper. Enthusiastic supporters claim that the sun could be supplying 20 percent of the energy needed in the U.S. by the year 2000.

Solar electric power has one feature that stands in sharp contrast to many other ways of producing electricity. It is inherently modular. That is, the basic unit of production is a single small module. To get more power, one merely joins more modules together. This is not true of steam-generated electricity. It takes a large plant to make power cheaply by burning oil or coal. This is also true with nuclear power, and it will be overwhelmingly true of fusion power. But sun-generated electricity promises to be just as cheap from small plants as from large ones.

This opens a provocative question: Might it be possible to do away with the extensive power networks that are essential in the present system? Perhaps the power plant of the future will be more of a community or neighborhood project, or even adapted to isolated individual dwellings. This thought is disturbing to those who have organized the production of electricity around huge regional, even national networks. It is understandable that industrial leaders who sense a threat to their vast investment in the present system might not be enthusiastic in support of such a radical innovation. If these were not dragging their feet, some claim, solar power could be developed more rapidly.

Other advantages of direct solar electricity are clearly attractive. It will be clean, noiseless and reliable. There are no moving parts and there is nothing to wear out. It is simple to use. It causes no pollution. Its power supply is free and as renewable as sunlight from one day to the next. Do you wonder that the promise of such an energy source stirs advocates to demand every effort to be directed toward its early fulfillment?

[Blurb on page 6]

The sunshine falling on 16 square miles in Arizona equals the energy generated by all the electric power plants in the U.S.

[Blurb on page 7]

Enthusiastic supporters claim that the sun could supply 20 percent of the commercial energy needed in the U.S. by the year 2000

[Blurb on page 7]

Advantages of direct solar electricity: no pollution, no noise, nothing to wear out, and the power supply as free and as renewable as sunlight from one day to the next

[Box on page 8]

Solar Power from Space

The most incredible idea of all to tap sunshine for electric power is one that might come out of a science-fiction movie. A huge array of solar panels, as much as 50 km² (20 square miles) total in area, would be assembled out in space. This energy-collecting station would be put in orbit 36,000 km (22,300 miles) high, where it would be stationary over a selected point on the equator. The power generated would be beamed by microwaves to a receiving antenna on the ground, 10 km (6 miles) in diameter. The five million kilowatts produced would be about enough for New York city. This proposal offers one clear advantage over earthbound solar collectors. The space power plant would operate 24 hours a day, and cloudy weather would not interfere with either the collection of energy or its transmission by microwaves.

But such a gargantuan construction does not lie within the scope of present space-age technology. To develop the rockets and to transport the materials and workmen into space would cost many billions of dollars. And one wonders whether the stray microwaves would be a hazard to people near the receiving station. Also, what effect might it have on the ionosphere and the weather, on radio and television? Astronomers complain that these bright objects in the sky would permanently stop their exploration of deep space, because for this they need a dark sky. Utility executives might favor this scheme, because you would still have to depend on their distribution system.

But if you could store energy overnight, you might prefer to take your solar power direct from the sun as it shines on your house, avoiding this elaborately contrived detour. After all, by the time solar satellites become a reality, you may be able to collect enough sun power for your household use with as little as 30 square feet (3 m²) of solar cells on your roof.

Power From Rain and Wind

BESIDES the direct methods of drawing on the sun’s energy, there are many ways to capture it indirectly. Running water has been used for more than 1,000 years to turn mills for grinding grain, thickening cloth, lifting water, and many other purposes. The water is carried back from the sea to the stream’s headwaters by the natural processes of evaporation and rainfall, all powered by the sun’s radiation. Thus it is continually renewable, a dependable source year after year.

The damming of large and small rivers has provided the means for a continuous supply of energy throughout the seasons, for generation of hydroelectric power. In some countries, running water is so abundant that it is the most important source of power. Norway gets almost all its electric power from falling water. But world wide, in comparison with other energy sources, it is less important. Only about 5 percent of mankind’s total consumption of energy is hydroelectric. In many parts of the world, much of the potential water power has already been harnessed, and not much can be added to quench the growing demand for energy.

The windmill is another age-old way of drawing energy from the environment. This also depends on the sun, because it creates the weather and the climatic differences that determine which way and how strong the wind blows.

Windmills used to be a familiar landmark in many parts of the world. The picturesque windmills of the Netherlands pumped water out of dike-enclosed lowlands. In the 18th century, they also supplied power for sawmills, grindstones, and for thriving industrial centers. Millions of windmills once dotted the plains of the central and western United States. They were used mostly to pump water from wells, but also as a source of electric power. In the 20th century, windmills were largely replaced by gasoline engines.

But now, with petroleum losing its dominant position, wind power bids to reclaim its popularity. Giving impetus to the renewed interest is the realization that the potential of the wind is much greater than had been believed. A University of California scientist claims, in a recent report, that, on a worldwide basis, man’s total need for energy could be supplied 20 times over with power only from the wind. Even in the United States, if the wind resources were fully exploited, there would be enough to supply 75 percent of the power now used. In many locations, the energy in the wind averages almost as much as that in the sunlight.

There is great variety in the form of machines being designed and tested to gain power from the wind. There are propellers with two or three blades, mounted on what looks like a small wingless airplane at the top of a tall tower. Such a machine with 63-foot (19-m) blades is now generating up to 200 kilowatts, enough for one sixth of the 1,300 homes in Clayton, New Mexico, when the wind blows​—which it does 90 percent of the time. In 1978, the power cost three times as much as power from petroleum, but larger machines and mass production are expected to bring down the cost, even while petroleum is rapidly becoming more expensive.

Similar machines are being tested in several locations, and a 2,000-kilowatt generator, the largest yet, has been built on a mountaintop near Boone, North Carolina. A cluster of windmills is to be erected in a windy mountain pass in central California by a private firm. If it is an economic success, hundreds more will be set up at strategic locations.

Another type of windmill has curved blades attached top and bottom to a vertical shaft. Its appearance is something like a giant eggbeater. It does not have to be turned into the wind. As with other types, it works above a certain minimum wind speed, usually about eight miles (13 km) per hour, and can be shut off to prevent damage when the wind blows too fast.

Yet another unconventional machine has a stationary cylindrical tower with vertical vanes on all sides. These are opened at an angle on the windward side of the tower and closed on the leeward side. The wind entering the tower is directed into a spiral circulation pattern and moves upward, forming a miniature tornado. The low pressure in the center draws air in from the bottom through a relatively small-bladed turbine turning at high speed.

Still other designs are being invented and developed. The field is open for innovative ideas on how to get electricity from the wind, and no one can now predict which will finally produce the cheapest power. So vigorous research goes ahead on many competing designs.

One factor to be weighed in comparing wind power with other sources is the aesthetic one. An occasional windmill might be considered picturesque, but long rows of windmills could become a blemish on the landscape. There is also some concern that they may interfere with local television reception.

The present outlook is for wind power to come back at least to its former importance, and probably to share an even larger part of the energy picture. According to various estimates, between one and 10 percent of U.S. energy might be supplied by the wind by the year 2000.

Leveling the Peaks and Valleys

When the sun is not shining, or the wind dies down, the power from any device depending on them will be shut off. If this is an incremental part of another power system, say a hydroelectric or a coal-fired plant, this variability is no problem. The operators will simply adjust the output from the main generators to compensate for the varying solar or wind power in the same way as they do to meet changing demands during the day.

For some purposes, solar energy could be used by itself on a basis of “making hay while the sun shines.” If it is used to pump water into a reservoir, or in the electrochemical manufacture of aluminum, or the production of hydrogen, operations could proceed when the sun shines and be shut down when it does not.

But for many uses, some means of storing energy must be provided. Electricity can be stored in batteries, as we have long done in our automobiles. However, the number and bulk of the ordinary lead-acid cells needed to serve the power requirements of an average home would be cumbersome and expensive. Fortunately, recent research promises new types of solid-electrolyte batteries that may be able to store large quantities of electric energy in a small volume.

If such batteries become a reality, electric automobiles will be much more practical than they are today. The motorist would keep his car plugged into the power outlet at home or in the parking lot where he works or shops. With improvements in solar cells as well as in batteries, it may become practical to mount solar panes on the car top, to charge the batteries while the car is traveling as well as while parked. Such an automobile is now being tested in Florida. An enterprising inventor in California has even attached a battery to solar cells mounted in the wings of a light airplane, and demonstrated that it will fly on sun power.

For large power plants, it may be more practical to convert energy to other forms for storage. For instance, excess power generated during sunny days, or when the wind blows, could be used to pump water uphill into a reservoir. Then, by reversing the flow, the power could be used at night or during a period of calm. Another proposal is to pump air under pressure into natural underground spaces. Or mechanical energy could be stored in the rotational momentum of giant flywheels. This diversity of ideas indicates that there will be changes in the ways we use energy if solar and wind power become common.

Bottled Sunshine

Photochemical production of fuels by sunlight is another way to use solar energy. A natural process of this kind is photosynthesis. Green plants use the sun’s light to make energy-rich compounds such as carbohydrates. Man’s earliest use of solar energy was burning firewood to cook his food and warm his domicile.

By fermentation, another natural process, alcohol can be made from many plant materials and extracted for use as fuel. From 10 to 20 percent alcohol can be mixed with gasoline in automobiles without altering the engine. Engines can also be converted to burn pure alcohol. Up till now, alcohol has been more expensive than gasoline, but the picture is changing, and motorists have begun using the mixture called “gasohol.” Brazil has undertaken an intensive project to produce alcohol and become independent of petroleum imports. For commercial production, various kinds of quick-growing plants are being studied in a search for more economical processes. Such methods for using solar energy are classified under the term “bio-mass.”

Some forward-looking scientists would like to use sunlight to decompose water directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Of course, this can be done by electrolytic decomposition, but they are looking for a photochemical method. What is needed is a suitable catalyst for the reaction, something that will work the way chlorophyll serves to produce sugar from water and carbon dioxide. If this can be found, compressed hydrogen may come to be used as a fuel for automobiles in the future.

Such fuels as alcohol or hydrogen, produced with sunlight, have a great advantage over hydrocarbons. They do not pollute the environment. Furthermore, they do not disturb the balance of carbon dioxide in nature as do fossil fuels, because each year’s supply is cycled from and back to the atmosphere.

[Blurb on page 10]

One scientist claims that man’s total need for energy could be supplied 20 times over by the wind

[Blurb on page 10]

In some areas the energy from wind averages almost as much as that from the sun

[Blurb on page 11]

It may become practical to mount solar panes on the tops of electric cars, to charge batteries while the car is being driven or while parked

[Blurb on page 11]

Alcohol can be made from plant materials and used as fuel; it burns without polluting

[Box on page 12]

Power from Inside the Earth

Besides nuclear energy, there is another source of energy that does not come from the sun, either now or in the past. It is the earth’s own internal heat. It has long been known by those who drill deep holes into the earth that the deeper you go the hotter it gets. There are also local hot spots near the surface. The spectacle of a volcanic eruption, spewing molten rock down its sides, is the most dramatic demonstration of this. A lesser manifestation is that of geysers, which spurt steam and boiling water high into the air. Milder yet are the hot springs that attract people to spas.

Scientists believe that the earth’s heat resulted from the gravitational compression of the metallic and rocky materials of which it is made. Presumably all parts of the earth have been molten at one time or another; the crust cooled off but the interior is still hot. The remaining heat is always flowing toward the surface, faster in some places than others. This primordial heat is augmented by the radioactive decay of such elements as potassium, uranium and thorium in the earth’s crust.

At those places where the earth’s heat is accessible, it provides a useful source of energy. At Larderello, Italy, there are steam vents that have been harnessed to electric generators since 1904. A larger plant near Geyserville, California, generates over 500,000 kilowatts from dry steam.

Superheated water drawn from a bed of hot rocks is also a source of steam when it is piped to the surface and the pressure is relieved. New Zealand and Mexico have tapped hot water for power production. The first plant of this kind in the United States is now being built near El Centro, California. It is to produce 50,000 kilowatts, and it is estimated that the geothermal field there will support expansion to 10 times that capacity.

Geothermal energy is so vast that it is practically limitless in comparison with man’s needs. But it can be tapped at relatively few locations. Its useful potential at present is quite small compared with the thousand times greater potential of sunlight and wind, which are available over all the earth’s surface.

Energy Prospects for the Future

WHAT does the future hold for an energy-hungry world? Which of the many sources we have looked into will we be using in the years to come?

The answer to the question depends on how far ahead you want to look. We must have in mind, too, that mankind now stands on the brink of a “great tribulation” that will bring far-reaching changes to human society.

If you are an older person, you may be most interested in what the next decade or so will bring. On the near time scale, there is no escape from increasing shortages. The era of cheap, plentiful energy is gone. You may not expect to see it again in your lifetime. The petroleum is running out. Nuclear energy might have been ready to fill much of the gap, but political disputes have held it back. Coal offers the only immediate relief, but reluctance to act to open new mines and provide transport means that the crisis can only worsen.

The desperate scramble to get a bigger share of the dwindling supplies of petroleum is aptly symbolized by the quarrels and violence among individuals lining up at filling stations. This same attitude prevails in confrontations between nations. Angry accusations are exchanged between oil-producing countries, exploiting their newfound wealth, and frustrated industrial countries. Each blames the other for the accelerating spiral of inflation. On the producers’ side, leaders meet and argue about how much to raise the price. On the users’ side, allies meet and quarrel about how to divide a pie that is not big enough for all. No remedy appears. It would appear that the situation can only become worse.

If you are a younger person, you may be interested to look farther ahead. What is the outlook for energy 25 or 50 years from now? From the information in the foregoing articles, you may well conclude that the energy picture will be bright again by then. If the problems that beset nuclear energy can be solved, it is possible that it may fill a large part of the need. But it seems more likely that solar power, whether collected directly as heat or electricity, or acquired indirectly through wind machines, may be a major source of energy in the next century.

But when we speak of the 21st century, you may wonder whether mankind can survive through the 20th century to enjoy the promised bounty. You see lawlessness increasing at every level of human society, sometimes to the brink of anarchy. Each narrow-interest group clamors for its asserted rights in disregard of broader national interests. Nations find it more difficult to make agreements and easier to abrogate them.

In this setting, the energy crisis aggravates further the “anguish of nations, not knowing the way out” of the problems that Jesus Christ foretold would overwhelm the world in this century. (Luke 21:25) Faltering efforts by national leaders to solve the energy problem wane into paralysis. Their failure confirms indisputably the Bible’s statement that man does not have the ability to govern himself. (Jer. 10:23) The problems are too big for him. Only through the rule of the earth by God’s kingdom will come the solution to man’s problems, including the question of energy.

The Bible shows that the “fear and expectation of the things coming upon the inhabited earth” are well founded. (Luke 21:26) These coming things include the complete end of man’s political, economic and religious organizations, making way for the rule of the earth by Jehovah’s kingdom under Christ.

Energy in Paradise

If you are one who accepts the Bible’s point of view, the question about future sources of energy has a meaning for you that goes far beyond the immediate crisis. You are interested in what man will use for 1,000 years ahead, yes, on into eternity.

It is not our purpose here to speculate on details that only the future will disclose. However, reasoning on Bible principles indicates that some forms of energy are more compatible than others with the life-style we expect to prevail in the new system of things.

First, consider that the earth is to be made a paradise. Nothing will be allowed to mar the beauty or cause pollution of that worldwide Edenic garden.​—Luke 23:43; Rev. 11:18.

We have seen how the widespread use of coal defaces the countryside, both where it is mined and where it is burned. Also, commercial mining of coal is physically dangerous and deleterious to the health of the miners. The present-day fouling of the air is caused largely by excessive use of petroleum fuels. Chemists have discovered that the great variety and complexity of hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum provide a starting point for the synthesis of all kinds of useful and marvelous substances. It really shows an utter lack of appreciation for this natural treasure to destroy it by ruthlessly burning it.

Remember, too, that nothing will be allowed to cause harm or even the fear of disaster to earth’s inhabitants. (Mic. 4:4) The potential for harm inherent in the use of nuclear power would seem to make it undesirable for the new earth.

Considering that man is to live forever upon the earth, we would expect his energy to be drawn from sources that will not be used up faster than they are formed. (Ps. 37:29; Eccl. 1:4) This also would preclude the extensive burning of coal or oil, as well as the fission of uranium. It favors instead the use of renewable energy sources. In Ecclesiastes 1:5-7, the cycles of nature are highlighted, by which everything is maintained and renewed. Man’s energy should logically be secured from things that fit in with these natural cycles, things that will never run out. Note that in these verses of Ecclesiastes, sunlight, wind and running water are each specifically mentioned as things that are continually available. (Note also Job 38:24-27.) Each of these can be used as sources of power that are constantly renewed. Moreover, they are clean. They do not pollute the natural surroundings. The means of using them can be blended harmoniously into the landscape.

Another point to consider is that commercial exploitation of natural resources for profit will not survive the end of this system of things. The incentive to develop various sources of energy will be, not the love of money, but love for fellowman. (1 Tim. 6:10; Matt. 22:39) This principle will put an entirely different outlook on the comparative desirability of various energy sources from that which prevails in the present economic system.

Finally, and above all, everyone alive will acknowledge his dependence on Jehovah for life and for all the good things that make life enjoyable. Jehovah is the ultimate Source of every kind of energy, and this source is infinite and inexhaustible. (Isa. 40:28-31) As “the Father of the celestial lights,” he is the Creator of the sun, which provides light and heat unceasingly as his loving gift to mankind.​—Jas. 1:17; Ps. 74:16.

Jehovah invented the nuclear process that gives the sun its power. He understands and controls it perfectly. He has fueled it for billions of years ahead. Before the fuel burns out, he can replace it just as easily as we take off an old garment and put on a new one. (Ps. 102:25, 26) There would be no crisis in solar energy.

Because Jehovah is eternal, his promise of eternal life to his obedient subjects is not an empty one. He can sustain his creation to time indefinite, even forever. (Ps. 104:5) Under his beneficent rule, we will never have to worry about where we will find energy for the future.

[Blurb on page 14]

The incentive to develop various sources of energy will be, not the love of money, but love for fellowman

[Blurb on page 14]

Jehovah is the ultimate source of every kind of energy, and this source is infinite and inexhaustible