First, he would make an attempt (which proved successful) to turn Eve, then Adam, away from subjection to God’s sovereignty. He hoped to establish a rival sovereignty.

As for Eve, the person approached first, she certainly had not appreciated her Creator and God and taken advantage of her opportunity to know him. She listened to the voice of an inferior, ostensibly the serpent, actually the rebellious angel. The Bible does not allude to any surprise on her part at hearing the serpent talk. It does say that the serpent was “the most cautious of all the wild beasts of the field that Jehovah God had made.” (Gen. 3:1) Whether it ate of the forbidden fruit of “the tree of the knowledge of good and bad” and then appeared to be made wise, able to speak, is not stated. The rebellious angel, using the serpent to speak to her, presented (as she supposed) the opportunity to become independent, “to be like God, knowing good and bad,” and succeeded in convincing her that she would not die.—Gen. 2:17; 3:4, 5; 2 Cor. 11:3.

Adam, who also showed no appreciation and love for his Creator and Provider when faced with rebellion in his household, and who showed no loyalty to stand up for his God when put to the test, succumbed to Eve’s persuasiveness. He evidently lost faith in God and His ability to provide for His loyal servant all good things. (Compare what Jehovah said to David after his sin with Bath-sheba, at 2 Samuel 12:7-9.) Adam also seemed to be taking offense against Jehovah, as indicated by his reply when questioned as to his wrong act: “The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me fruit from the tree and so I ate it.” (Gen. 3:12) He did not believe the serpent’s lie that he would not die, as Eve had, but both Adam and Eve deliberately went in a course of self-determination, rebellion against God.—1 Tim. 2:14.

Adam could not say, “I am being tried by God.” Rather, at this point the principle began to go into operation: “Each one is tried by being drawn out and enticed by his own desire. Then the desire, when it has become fertile, gives birth to sin; in turn, sin, when it has been accomplished, brings forth death.” (Jas. 1:13-15) Thus, the three rebels, the angel, Eve and Adam, used the freedom of will with which God had endowed them, to turn from sinless-ness to a course of willful sin.—See PERFECTION; SIN, I.

The point at issue

What was here challenged? Who was reproached and defamed by this challenge of the angel who was later called Satan the Devil, which challenge Adam supported by his rebellious act? Was it the fact of Jehovah’s supremacy, the existence of his sovereignty? Was God’s sovereignty in danger? No, for Jehovah has supreme authority and power, and no one in heaven and earth can take this out of his hand. (Rom. 9:19) The challenge therefore must have been of the rightfulness, the deservedness and righteousness of God’s sovereignty—whether his sovereignty was exercised in a worthy way, righteously and for the best interests of his subjects or not. An indication of this is the approach to Eve: “Is it really so that God said you must not eat from every tree of the garden?” Here the serpent intimated that such a thing was unbelievable—that God was unduly restrictive, withholding something that was the rightful due of the human pair.—Gen. 3:1.

The tree of the knowledge of good and bad

By taking of the fruit of the “tree of the knowledge of good and bad” Adam and Eve expressed their rebellion. The Creator, as Universal Sovereign, was acting wholly within his right in making the law regarding the tree, for Adam, being a created person and not sovereign, had limitations, and needed to acknowledge this fact. For universal peace and harmony, it would devolve upon all reasoning creatures to acknowledge and support the Creator’s sovereignty. Adam would demonstrate his recognition of this fact by refraining from eating the fruit of that tree. As father-to-be of an earth full of people, he must prove obedient and loyal, even in the smallest thing. The principle involved was: “The person faithful in what is least is faithful also in much, and the person unrighteous in what is least is unrighteous also in much.” (Luke 16:10) Adam had the capability for such perfect obedience. There was evidently nothing bad intrinsically in the fruit of the tree itself. (The thing forbidden was not sex relations, for God had commanded the pair to “fill the earth.” [Gen. 1:28] It was an actual tree, as the Bible says.) What was represented by the tree is well expressed in a footnote on Genesis 2:17, in The Jerusalem Bible (1966):

“This knowledge is a privilege which God reserves to himself and which man, by sinning, is to lay hands on, 3:5, 22. Hence it does not mean omniscience, which fallen man does not possess; nor is it moral discrimination, for unfallen man already had it and God could not refuse it to a rational being. It is the power of deciding for himself what is good and what is evil and of acting accordingly, a claim to complete moral independence by which man refuses to recognise his status as a created being. The first sin was an attack on God’s sovereignty, a sin of pride.”

God’s servants charged with selfishness

A further expression of the issue is found in Satan’s statement to God about his faithful servant Job. Satan said: “Is it for nothing that Job has feared God? Have not you yourself put up a hedge about him and about his house and about everything that he has all around? The work of his hands you have blessed, and his livestock itself has spread abroad in the earth. But, for a change, thrust out your hand, please, and touch everything he has and see whether he will not curse you to your very face.” Again, he charged: “Skin in behalf of skin, and everything that a man has he will give in behalf of his soul.” (Job 1:9-11; 2:4) Satan therewith charged Job with being not in harmony with God at heart, as serving God obediently only because of selfish considerations, for gain. Satan thereby slandered God as to his sovereignty, and God’s servants as to integrity to that sovereignty. He said, in effect, that no man could be put on earth that would maintain integrity to Jehovah’s sovereignty if he, Satan, was allowed to put him to the test.

Jehovah permitted the issue to be joined. Not, however, because he was unsure of the righteousness of his own sovereignty. He needed nothing proved to himself. It was out of love for his intelligent creatures that he allowed time for the testing out of the matter. He permitted men to undergo a test under Satan, before all the universe. And he gave his creatures the privilege of proving the Devil a liar, and of removing the slander, not only from God’s name, but also from their own. Satan, in his egotistic attitude, was ‘given up to a disapproved mental state.’ In his approach to Eve he had evidently been contradictory in his own reasoning. (Rom. 1:28) For he was charging God with unfair, unrighteous exercise of sovereignty, and at the same time was evidently counting on God’s fairness: he seemed to think that God would consider Himself obliged to let him live on if he proved his charge concerning the unfaithfulness of God’s creatures.

Settlement of the issue a vital need

The settling of the issue was actually a matter vital to all who live, as respects their relationship to God’s sovereignty. For, once settled, such issue would never need to be tried again. It seems apparent that Jehovah desired that full knowledge of all the questions connected with this issue be thoroughly made known and understood. The action that God took engenders confidence in his unchangeableness, it enhances his sovereignty and makes it even more desirable and firmly established in the minds of all who choose it.—Compare Malachi 3:6.

A moral issue

The question, then, is not one of might, of raw strength; it is primarily a moral issue. However, because of God’s invisibility, and because Satan has exerted every effort to blind men’s minds, Jehovah’s power or even his existence has at times been questioned. (1 John 5:19; Rev. 12:9) Men have mistaken the reason for God’s patience and kindness and have themselves become more rebellious. (Eccl. 8:11; 2 Pet. 3:9) Because of this it has taken faith, along with suffering, to serve God with integrity. (Heb. 11:6, 35-38) Nevertheless, Jehovah purposes to make his sovereignty known to all. In Egypt he said to Pharaoh: “In fact, for this cause I have kept you in existence, for the sake of showing you my power and in order to have my name declared in all the earth.” (Ex. 9:16) Likewise God has allowed a time for this world and its god, Satan the Devil, to exist and develop in their wickedness and a time for their destruction. (2 Cor. 4:4; 2 Pet. 3:7) The prophetic prayer of the psalmist was: “That people may know that you, whose name is Jehovah, you alone are the Most High over all the earth.” (Ps. 83:18) Jehovah himself has sworn: “To me every knee will bow down, every tongue will swear, saying, ‘Surely in Jehovah there are full righteousness and strength.’”—Isa. 45:23, 24.

How far the issue reached

How far-reaching was the issue? If man could be induced to sin, and since the rebellious angel had sinned, the question would reach up to and include God’s heavenly creatures, even up to his only-begotten Son, the one closest to Jehovah God. This One, who always did the things pleasing to his Father, would be most anxious to serve for the vindication of God’s name and sovereignty. (John 8:29; Heb. 1:9) God selected him for this assignment, sending him to the earth, where he was born as a male child through the virgin Mary. (Luke 1:35) He was perfect, and maintained that perfection and blamelessness throughout his life, even to a disgraceful death. (Heb. 7:26) Before his death he said: “Now there is a judging of this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out.” Also: “The ruler of the world is coming. And he has no hold on me.” (John 12:31; 14:30) Satan could get no hold so as to break Christ’s integrity, and was judged as having failed, ready to be cast out. Jesus “conquered the world.”—John 16:33.

Jesus Christ God’s Vindicator

So Jesus Christ, in a totally perfect way, proved the Devil a liar, completely settling the question, Will any man be faithful to God under whatever test or trial may be brought against him? Jesus therefore was appointed by the Sovereign God as the Executor of His purposes, the One to be used to destroy wickedness, including the Devil, from the universe. This authority he will exercise, and ‘every knee will bend and every tongue openly acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father.’—Phil. 2:5-11; Heb. 2:14; 1 John 3:8.

In the dominion granted the Son he rules in his Father’s name, ‘bringing to nothing’ all government and all authority and power that stand against Jehovah’s sovereignty. The apostle Paul reveals that Jesus Christ then offers the greatest tribute to Jehovah’s sovereignty, for, “when all things will have been subjected to him, then the Son himself will also subject himself to the One who subjected all things to him, that God may be all things to everyone.”—1 Cor. 15:24-28.

The book of Revelation shows that after the end of Christ’s 1,000-year reign, in which he puts down all authority that attempts to rival Jehovah’s sovereignty, the Devil will be loosed for a short time. He will try to revive the issue, but no long grant of time will be given for that which is already settled. Satan and those following him will be completely annihilated.—Rev. 20:7-10.

Other vindicators

Though Christ’s faithfulness thoroughly proved God’s side of the issue, others are permitted to share in serving for God in this matter. The effects of Christ’s integrity-keeping course, including his sacrificial death, are pointed out by the apostle: “Through one act of justification the result to men of all sorts is a declaring of them righteous for life.” (Rom. 5:18) Christ has been made the Head of a congregational “body” (Col. 1:18), the members of which share in his death of integrity, and he is glad to have them share with him as joint heirs, as associate kings in his Kingdom rule. (Luke 22:28-30; Rom. 6:3-5; 8:17; Rev. 20:4, 6) Faithful men of old, looking forward to God’s provision, maintained integrity, though imperfect in body. (Heb. 11:13-16) And the many others who eventually bend the knee in acknowledgment will likewise do so in heartfelt recognition of God’s righteous, worthy sovereignty. As the psalmist sang prophetically: “Every breathing thing—let it praise Jah. Praise Jah, you people!”—Ps. 150:6.

SOW

See SWINE.

SOWER, SOWING

The ancient method of sowing seed was generally by “broadcasting.” The sower carried grain seed in a fold of his garment or in a container. He dispersed the seed before him with his hand in a long sweeping motion that extended from the seed supply to the opposite side. In Palestine the sowing season extended from about October until the first part of March, depending on the kind of grain sown.

JEHOVAH’S BLESSING ON THE SOWER ESSENTIAL

Jehovah is the One providing the seed and the growing process, as well as the sunshine and rain, by which the field produces many times the quantity that is planted. (2 Sam. 23:3, 4; Isa. 55:10) All mankind, whether righteous or wicked, thus receive benefits from the Creator. (Matt. 5:45; Acts 14:15-17) However, since Jehovah God does not generally exercise specific control over the factors that make growth possible, wicked persons at times may enjoy a bountiful harvest, whereas righteous ones, because of experiencing unfavorable conditions, may have a crop failure.—Compare Job 21:7-24.

On the other hand, when it suits his purpose, Jehovah can bless the sower and bring him abundant crops, or he can cause a scarcity of fruitage, depending upon the sower’s faithfulness and obedience to Him. For example, Jehovah purposed to make Israel a great and numerous nation in the Promised Land, so he blessed his obedient servants bountifully. When Isaac was sojourning in Canaan, even though he was harassed by the natives of the land, Jehovah blessed him so that his sowing resulted in a harvest of up to one hundred measures from one measure sown.—Gen. 26:12.

The spiritual condition of Israel determined the kind of harvest they received. Jehovah said to them before they entered the Promised Land: “If you continue walking in my statutes and keeping my commandments and you do carry them out, . . . your threshing will certainly reach to your grape gathering, and the grape gathering will reach to the sowing of seed.” The crops would be so bountiful that the harvest would not be finished before the time to sow the next crop. (Compare Amos 9:13.) On the other hand, God warned: “If you will not