14:6 Ky; J^{7,8,10,13,16,18,22,24}

14:6 Ky; J^{7,8,10,13,16,18,22,24}

14:6 Ky; J^{7,8,10,13,16,22,24}

14:8 *Ky; J^{7,8,10,13-16,18}

14:8 *Ky; J^{7,8,10,13-16,18}

14:8 *Ky; J^{7,8,10,13-16,18}

14:11 Ky; J^{7,8,10-18,22-25}

15:11 *Ky; J^{7,8,10-18,20,22,23,25}

1 CORINTHIANS

1:31 Ky; J^{7,8,10-14,16-18,22-24}

2:16 Ky; J^{13,14,16-18,22-24}

3:20 Ky; J^{7,8,10-14,16-18,20,22-24}

4:4 Ky; J^{7,8,10,17,18,23,24}

4:19 *Ky; J^7,8,10,22,23

7:17+ *Ky;

10:9+ *Ky; J^18,22,23

10:21 Ky; J^7,8,10,24

10:21 Ky; J^7,8,10,24

10:22 *Ky; J^7,8,10,14

10:26 *Ky; J^{7,8,10,11,13,14,16-18,20,22,23}

11:32 *Ky; J^13,16,18

14:21 Ky; J^{7,8,10-14,16-18,22-24}

16:7 *Ky; J^{7,8,10,13,14,16-18,22,23}

16:10 Ky; J^{7,8,10,13,14,16-18,24}

2 CORINTHIANS

3:16 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16,22,24}

3:17 *Ky; J^7,8,13,14,16

3:17 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16,22,24}

3:18 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16,22,24}

3:18 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16,22,24}

6:17 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22-24}

6:18 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22-24}

8:21+ Ky; J^7,8,24

10:17 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

10:18 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

GALATIANS

3:6 *Th; J^7,8

EPHESIANS

2:21 Ky; J^{7,8,13,16-18,22-24}

5:17+ *Ky; J^7,8

5:19 *Ky; J^7,8,13,16,23

6:4 Ky; J^7,8,22,24

6:7 *Ky; J^7,8

6:8 Ky; J^22,24

COLOSSIANS

1:10+ *Ky; J^7,8

3:13+ *Ky; J²³

3:16+ *Th; J^{7,8,13,14,16,17}

3:22+ *Ky; J^18,22

3:23 *Ky; J^{7,8,17,18,22,23}

3:24 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

1 THESSALONIANS

1:8+ *Ky; J^{7,8,17,18,22,23}

4:6 Ky; J^{7,8,17,18,22-24}

4:15 Ky; J^7,8,17,18,24

5:2 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

2 THESSALONIANS

2:2 *Ky; J^18,22,23

2:13+ Ky; J^13,16,24

3:1 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

2 TIMOTHY

1:18 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

2:19 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,20,22-24}

2:19 Ky; J^18,22-24

4:14 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,16-18,22,23}

HEBREWS

2:13 *Th; J^{3,7,8,17,20,22}

7:21 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

8:2 *Ky; J^{7,8,13-16,18,22,23}

8:8 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

8:9 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

8:10 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22,24}

8:11 *Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22,23}

10:16 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,22-24}

10:30 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

12:5 Ky; J^{7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

12:6 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

13:6 Ky; J^{3,7,8,11-18,20,22-24}

JAMES

1:7 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

1:12+ J^7,8,13,16,17

2:23 *Th; J^14,17,20,22

2:23 Th; J¹⁷

3:9+ *Ky; J^18,23

4:10 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

4:15 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

5:4 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22-24}

5:10 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

5:11 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16,18,22-24}

5:11 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

5:14 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22}

5:15 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

1 PETER

1:25+ Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,20,22,23}

3:12 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,20,22-24}

3:12 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,20,22,24}

2 PETER

2:9 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

2:11+ Ky; J^{7,8,13,16-18,22-24}

3:8 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

3:9 Ky; J^{7,8,13,16-18,22-24}

3:10 Ky; J^{7,8,13,16-18,22-24}

3:12+ *Th; J^7,8,17

JUDE

vs 5+ Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22,23}

vs 9+ Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22-24}

vs 14 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

REVELATION

1:8 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

4:8 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22,24}

4:11 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16,18}

11:17 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

15:3 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

15:4 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

16:7 Ky; J^{13,14,16-18,22,23}

18:8+ Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

19:6 Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22-24}

21:22 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,23}

22:5 Ky; J^{7,8,11-14,16-18,22-24}

22:6 *Ky; J^{7,8,13,14,16-18,22,24}

Following is a list of the 72 places where the name “Jehovah” occurs, not in the main text of the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, but only in the footnotes.

Mt 22:32; Mr 11:10; Lu 1:2; 2:11, 29, 38; 4:4, 18; Joh 5:4; Ac 2:30; 7:30, 37; 10:22; 13:43, 50; 14:25; 19:23; 20:25; 22:17; 26:7; Ro 7:6; 10:17; 11:8; 1Co 7:17; 10:28; 11:23; Ga 2:6; 3:20; 5:10, 12; Php 4:1, 4, 5, 10, 18; Col 3:15; 1Th 4:9, 16, 17, 17; 5:27; 1Ti 2:2, 10; 3:16; 4:7, 8; 5:4, 8; 6:2, 3, 6, 11; 2Ti 1:16, 18; 2:14, 22, 24; Tit 2:12; Heb 4:3; 9:20; 10:30; 1Pe 2:13; 3:1, 15; 5:3; 2Pe 1:3; 2Jo 11; Re 11:1, 19; 16:5; 19:1, 2.

“Jah,” the shorter form of the divine name, occurs in the Greek expression hal·le·lou·i·aʹ, a transliteration of the Hebrew ha·lelu-Yahʹ, “Praise Jah, you people!” Re (4 times) Re 19:1, 3, 4, 6.—See Ps 104:35 ftns.

The Hebrew word ʼAdho·naiʹ without an additional suffix always refers to Jehovah God, denoting his sovereign power. Therefore, it is appropriate to render it as “Sovereign Lord.” ʼAdho·naiʹ occurs 439 times in BHK and BHS. We have restored the original reading in 133 places where the original reading “Jehovah” was changed by the Sopherim to ʼAdho·naiʹ. (See App 1B.) Therefore, this reduces from 439 to 306 the number of places where ʼAdho·naiʹ occurs. In these 306 places the New World Translation renders ʼAdho·naiʹ as “Sovereign Lord.”

The expression ʼAdho·naiʹ Yehwihʹ, “Sovereign Lord Jehovah,” is found 285 times in BHK and BHS, namely, in Ge 15:2, 8; De 3:24; De 9:26; Jos 7:7; Jg 6:22; Jg 16:28; 2Sa 7:18, 19, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29; 1Ki 2:26; 1Ki 8:53; Ps 71:5, 16; Ps 73:28; Isa 7:7; Isa 25:8; Isa 28:16; Isa 30:15; Isa 40:10; Isa 48:16; Isa 49:22; Isa 50:4, 5, 7, 9; Isa 52:4; Isa 56:8; Isa 61:1, 11; Isa 65:13, 15; Jer 1:6; Jer 2:22; Jer 4:10; Jer 7:20; Jer 14:13; Jer 32:17, 25; Jer 44:26; Eze 2:4; Eze 3:11, 27; Eze 4:14; Eze 5:5, 7, 8, 11; Eze 6:3, 3, 11; Eze 7:2, 5; Eze 8:1; Eze 9:8; Eze 11:7, 8, 13, 16, 17, 21; Eze 12:10, 19, 23, 25, 28, 28; Eze 13:3, 8, 8, 9, 13, 16, 18, 20; Eze 14:4, 6, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23; Eze 15:6, 8; Eze 16:3, 8, 14, 19, 23, 30, 36, 43, 48, 59, 63; Eze 17:3, 9, 16, 19, 22; Eze 18:3, 9, 23, 30, 32; Eze 20:3, 3, 5, 27, 30, 31, 33, 36, 39, 40, 44, 47, 49; Eze 21:7, 13, 24, 26, 28; Eze 22:3, 12, 19, 28, 31; Eze 23:22, 28, 32, 34, 35, 46, 49; Eze 24:3, 6, 9, 14, 21, 24; Eze 25:3, 3, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; Eze 26:3, 5, 7, 14, 15, 19, 21; Eze 27:3; Eze 28:2, 6, 10, 12, 22, 24, 25; Eze 29:3, 8, 13, 16, 19, 20; Eze 30:2, 6, 10, 13, 22; Eze 31:10, 15, 18; Eze 32:3, 8, 11, 14, 16, 31, 32; Eze 33:11, 25, 27; Eze 34:2, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 30, 31; Eze 35:3, 6, 11, 14; Eze 36:2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 32, 33, 37; Eze 37:3, 5, 9, 12, 19, 21; Eze 38:3, 10, 14, 17, 18, 21; Eze 39:1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 17, 20, 25, 29; Eze 43:18, 19, 27; Eze 44:6, 9, 12, 15, 27; Eze 45:9, 9, 15, 18; Eze 46:1, 16; Eze 47:13, 23; Eze 48:29; Am 1:8; Am 3:7, 8, 11, 13; Am 4:2, 5; Am 5:3; Am 6:8; Am 7:1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6; Am 8:1, 3, 9, 11; Am 9:8; Ob 1; Mic 1:2; Zep 1:7; Zec 9:14.

The expression Yehwihʹ ʼAdho·naiʹ, “Jehovah the Sovereign Lord,” is found five times in BHK and BHS, namely, in Ps 68:20; 109:21; 140:7; 141:8; Hab 3:19.

The expression ʼAdho·naiʹ Yehwihʹ tseva·ohthʹ, “Sovereign Lord, Jehovah of armies,” is found 16 times in BHK and BHS, namely, in Ps 69:6; Isa 3:15; Isa 10:23, 24; Isa 22:5, 12, 14, 15; Isa 28:22; Jer 2:19; Jer 46:10, 10; Jer 49:5; Jer 50:25, 31; Am 9:5.

The title ʼElo·himʹ, when preceded by the definite article ha, gives the expression ha·ʼElo·himʹ. This expression occurs 376 times in M. In 368 places it refers to the true God, Jehovah, and in 8 places it refers to other gods.

Zorell^Heb, p. 54, says: “In the Holy Scriptures especially the one true God, Jahve, is designated by this word; a) האלהים ὁ θεός Ge 5:22; Ge 6:9, 11; Ge 17:18; Ge 20:6; Ex 3:12; Ex 19:17 and in several books written in prose; יהוה הוא האלהים ‘Jahve is the [one true] God’ De 4:35; 4:39; Jos 22:34; 2Sa 7:28; 1Ki 8:60 etc.”—Brackets his.

The New World Translation renders ha·ʼElo·himʹ as “the [true] God” in all 368 places where it refers to Jehovah. Following is a list of these 368 places: Ge 5:22, 24; Ge 6:2, 4, 9, 11; Ge 17:18; Ge 20:6, 17; Ge 22:1, 3, 9; Ge 27:28; Ge 31:11; Ge 35:7; Ge 41:25, 28, 32, 32; Ge 42:18; Ge 44:16; Ge 45:8; Ge 48:15, 15; Ex 1:17, 21; Ex 2:23; Ex 3:1, 6, 11, 12, 13; Ex 4:20, 27; Ex 14:19; Ex 17:9; Ex 18:5, 12, 16, 19, 19; Ex 19:3, 17, 19; Ex 20:20, 21; Ex 21:6, 13; Ex 22:8, 9; Ex 24:11, 13; Nu 22:10; Nu 23:27; De 4:35, 39; De 7:9; De 33:1; Jos 14:6; Jos 22:34; Jos 24:1; Jg 6:20, 36, 39; Jg 7:14; Jg 13:6, 6, 8, 9, 9; Jg 16:28; Jg 18:31; Jg 20:2, 27; Jg 21:2; 1Sa 4:4, 8, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22; 1Sa 5:1, 2, 10, 10, 11; 1Sa 6:20; 1Sa 9:7, 8, 10; 1Sa 10:3, 5, 7; 1Sa 14:18, 18, 36; 2Sa 2:27; 2Sa 6:2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 12, 12; 2Sa 7:2, 28; 2Sa 12:16; 2Sa 14:17, 20; 2Sa 15:24, 24, 25, 29; 2Sa 16:23; 2Sa 19:27; 1Ki 8:60; 1Ki 12:22, 22; 1Ki 13:4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 14, 21, 26, 29, 31; 1Ki 17:18; 1Ki 18:21, 24, 24, 37, 39, 39; 1Ki 19:8; 1Ki 20:28; 2Ki 1:9, 11, 12, 13; 2Ki 4:7, 16, 21, 22, 25, 25, 27, 27, 40, 42; 2Ki 5:8, 14, 15, 20; 2Ki 6:6, 9, 10, 15; 2Ki 7:2, 17, 18, 19; 2Ki 8:2, 4, 7, 8, 11; 2Ki 13:19; 2Ki 19:15; 2Ki 23:16, 17; 1Ch 5:22; 1Ch 6:48, 49; 1Ch 9:11, 13, 26, 27; 1Ch 13:5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 12, 14; 1Ch 14:11, 14, 15, 16; 1Ch 15:1, 2, 15, 24, 26; 1Ch 16:1, 1, 6, 42; 1Ch 17:2, 21, 26; 1Ch 21:7, 8, 15, 17; 1Ch 22:1, 2, 19, 19; 1Ch 23:14, 28; 1Ch 24:5; 1Ch 25:5, 5, 6; 1Ch 26:20, 32; 1Ch 28:3, 12, 21; 1Ch 29:7; 2Ch 1:3, 4; 2Ch 3:3; 2Ch 4:11, 19; 2Ch 5:1, 14; 2Ch 7:5; 2Ch 8:14; 2Ch 9:23; 2Ch 10:15; 2Ch 11:2; 2Ch 13:12, 15; 2Ch 15:18; 2Ch 18:5; 2Ch 19:3; 2Ch 22:12; 2Ch 23:3, 9; 2Ch 24:7, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27; 2Ch 25:7, 8, 9, 9, 20, 24; 2Ch 26:5, 5, 7; 2Ch 28:24, 24; 2Ch 29:36; 2Ch 30:12, 16, 19; 2Ch 31:13, 14, 21; 2Ch 32:16, 31; 2Ch 33:7, 13; 2Ch 35:8; 2Ch 36:16, 18, 19; Ezr 1:3, 4, 5; Ezr 2:68; Ezr 3:2, 8, 9; Ezr 6:22; Ezr 8:36; Ezr 10:1, 6, 9; Ne 4:15; Ne 5:13; Ne 6:10; Ne 7:2; Ne 8:6, 8, 16, 18; Ne 9:7; Ne 10:28, 29, 29; Ne 11:11, 16, 22; Ne 12:24, 36, 40, 43; Ne 13:1, 7, 9, 11; Job 1:6; Job 2:1, 10; Ps 87:3; Ps 90:Sup; Ec 2:24, 26; Ec 3:11, 14, 14, 15, 17, 18; Ec 5:1, 2, 2, 6, 7, 18, 19, 20; Ec 6:2, 2; Ec 7:13, 14, 26, 29; Ec 8:12, 15, 17; Ec 9:1, 7; Ec 11:5, 9; Ec 12:7, 13, 14; Isa 37:16; Isa 45:18; Jer 35:4; Eze 31:9; Da 1:2, 9, 17; Da 9:3, 11; Jon 1:6; Jon 3:9, 10, 10; Jon 4:7.

In the following eight places ha·ʼelo·himʹ refers to other gods: Ex 18:11; Ex 22:20; De 10:17; Jg 10:14; 2Ch 2:5; Ps 86:8; Ps 136:2; Jer 11:12.

The title ʼEl, when preceded by the definite article ha, gives the expression ha·ʼElʹ. This expression occurs 32 times in M in the singular and it always refers to the true God, Jehovah. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar (GK), § 126 e, renders ha·ʼElo·himʹand ha·ʼElʹ as “the one true God.”

The New World Translation renders ha·ʼElʹ as “the [true] God” in all 32 places where it occurs in M in the singular, namely, in Ge 31:13; Ge 35:1, 3; Ge 46:3; De 7:9; De 10:17; De 33:26; 2Sa 22:31, 33, 48; Ne 1:5; Ne 9:32; Job 13:8; Job 21:14; Job 22:17; Job 31:28; Job 33:6; Job 34:10, 37; Job 40:9; Ps 18:30, 32, 47; Ps 57:2; Ps 68:19, 20; Ps 77:14; Ps 85:8; Isa 5:16; Isa 42:5; Jer 32:18; Da 9:4.

The plural of ʼel is ʼe·limʹ. In M ʼe·limʹ occurs once preceded by the definite article, namely, in Ex 15:11, where it refers to other gods.

The title ʼA·dhohnʹ, “Lord; Master,” when preceded by the definite article ha, “the,” gives the expression ha·ʼA·dhohnʹ, “the [true] Lord.” The use of the definite article ha before the title ʼA·dhohnʹ limits the application of this title exclusively to Jehovah God.

In M the expression ha·ʼA·dhohnʹ occurs nine times, namely, in Ex 23:17; Ex 34:23; Isa 1:24; Isa 3:1; Isa 10:16, 33; Isa 19:4; Mic 4:13; Mal 3:1.

The plural of ʼa·dhohnʹ is ʼadho·nimʹ. In M the expression ha·ʼadho·nimʹ, “the lords,” occurs twice, namely, in De 10:17; Ps 136:3.

ALMIGHTY. Heb., Shad·daiʹ, plural to denote excellence, occurs 41 times and is translated “Almighty” or “Almighty One.” (Ge 49:25; Ps 68:14) The corresponding word in the Christian Greek Scriptures is Pan·to·kraʹtor and means “Almighty,” or, “Ruler Over All; One Who Has All Power.” (2Co 6:18; Re 15:3) The expression ʼEl Shad·daiʹ, “God Almighty,” occurs seven times in M and indicates that Jehovah has irresistible power.—Ge 17:1; Ex 6:3.

ANCIENT OF DAYS. Aram., ʽAt·tiqʹ Yoh·minʹ, meaning “One Advanced [or, Aged] in Days.”—Da 7:9, 13, 22.

CREATOR. Heb., Boh·reʼʹ. (Isa 40:28; 42:5) GRAND CREATOR.—Ec 12:1.

FATHER. Heb., ʼAv; Gr., Pa·terʹ; Lat., Paʹter; as Creator (Isa 64:8); as giver of everlasting life to all those who exercise faith. (Joh 5:21) The expression “Holy Father” is used exclusively with reference to Jehovah.—Joh 17:11. Compare Mt 23:9.

GOD. Heb., ʼEl, without the definite article, probably meaning “Mighty One; Strong One.”—Ge 14:18.

GOD. Heb., ʼElohʹah, singular of ʼElo·himʹ, without the definite article. It occurs 41 times in Job and 16 times in other books.—Job 3:4.

GOD. Heb., ʼElo·himʹ, without the definite article. In The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. XXI, Chicago and New York, 1905, p. 208, Aaron Ember wrote: “That the language of the O[ld] T[estament] has entirely given up the idea of plurality in אלהים [ʼElo·himʹ] (as applied to the God of Israel) is especially shown by the fact that it is almost invariably construed with a singular verbal predicate, and takes a singular adjectival attribute. . . . אלהים [ʼElo·himʹ] must rather be explained as an intensive plural, denoting greatness and majesty, being equal to The Great God. It ranks with the plurals אדנים [ʼadho·nimʹ, “master”] and בעלים [beʽa·limʹ, “owner; lord”], employed with reference to human beings.” ʼElo·himʹ draws attention to Jehovah’s strength as the Creator and occurs 35 times in the creation account.—Ge 1:1-2:4.

GOD OF GODS (LORD OF LORDS).—De 10:17; Da 2:47.

GOD OF TRUTH. Heb., ʼEl ʼemethʹ, indicating that Jehovah is true and faithful in all his dealings.—Ps 31:5.

GRAND GOD. Aram., ʼElahʹ rav.—Da 2:45.

HAPPY GOD. Gr., ma·kaʹri·os The·osʹ.—Compare 1Ti 1:11.

HOLY GOD. Heb., ʼElo·himʹ qedho·shimʹ.—Jos 24:19.

HOLY, HOLY, HOLY. Heb., qa·dhohshʹ, qa·dhohshʹ, qa·dhohshʹ. This expression as applied to Jehovah includes holiness, cleanness, purity and sacredness to the superlative degree.—Isa 6:3; Re 4:8.

INDEFINITELY LASTING GOD. Heb., ʼEl ʽoh·lamʹ.—Ge 21:33.

INSTRUCTOR. Heb., Moh·rehʹ. (Job 36:22) GRAND INSTRUCTOR.—Isa 30:20.

I SHALL PROVE TO BE WHAT I SHALL PROVE TO BE.—See Ex 3:14 ftn.

JEALOUS. Heb., Qan·naʼʹ, meaning “Insisting on Exclusive Devotion.”—Ex 34:14; see also Eze 5:13.

JEHOVAH GOD.—Ge 2:4. See App 1A.

JEHOVAH OF ARMIES. This expression with minor variations occurs 283 times in M. It also occurs twice in the Christian Greek Scriptures where Paul and James quoted or alluded to prophecies in the Hebrew Scriptures. (See Ro 9:29; Jas 5:4.) The expression “Jehovah of armies” indicates the power held by the Ruler of the universe, who has at his command vast forces of spirit creatures.—Ps 103:20, 21; 148:2; Isa 1:24; Jer 32:17, 18. See App 1E.

KING OF ETERNITY. Gr., Ba·si·leusʹ ton ai·oʹnon.—Compare 1Ti 1:17.

KING OF THE NATIONS. Heb., Meʹlekh hag·goh·yimʹ.—Jer 10:7.

LIVING GOD. Heb., ʼElo·himʹ, with the plural adjective chai·yimʹ (De 5:26); or with the singular adjective chai (Isa 37:4, 17); Gr., The·osʹ zon.—Compare Heb 3:12.

MAJESTY. Gr., Me·ga·lo·syʹne, denoting his lofty, superior position. (Compare Heb 1:3; 8:1.) MAJESTIC ONE. Heb., ʼAd·dirʹ.—Isa 33:21.

MAKER. Heb., ʽO·sehʹ. (Ps 115:15; Jer 10:12) GRAND MAKER.—Isa 54:5.

MOST HIGH. Heb., ʽEl·yohnʹ.—De 32:8; Ps 9:2; 83:18.

MOST HOLY ONE. Heb., Qedho·shimʹ, plural to denote excellence and majesty.—Pr 30:3.

OVERSEER OF YOUR SOULS.—1Pe 2:25.

THE ROCK. Heb., hats·Tsurʹ. (De 32:4) Figuratively used to describe Jehovah’s qualities as perfect, just, faithful, righteous and upright; as father (De 32:18); as a stronghold (2Sa 22:32; Isa 17:10); as a secure height and refuge (Ps 62:7; 94:22); as a source of salvation.—De 32:15; Ps 95:1.

SAVIOR. Heb., Moh·shiʹaʽ (Isa 43:11; 45:21); Gr., So·terʹ.—Compare Lu 1:47.

SHEPHERD.—Ps 23:1; 1Pe 2:25.

SOVEREIGN LORD.—Ge 15:2; Lu 2:29. See App 1E.

SUPREME ONE. Aram., ʽEl·yoh·ninʹ.—Da 7:18, 22, 27.

THE [TRUE] GOD. Heb., ha·ʼElo·himʹ.—See App 1F.

THE [TRUE] GOD. Heb., ha·ʼElʹ.—See App 1G.

THE [TRUE] LORD. Heb., ha·ʼA·dhohnʹ.—See App 1H.

In 15 passages in M certain words are stigmatized or dotted. Some Hebrew manuscripts exhibit vertical or horizontal strokes instead of dots, or puncta. The 15 places where the extraordinary points occur are: Ge 16:5; 18:9; 19:33; 33:4; 37:12; Nu 3:39; 9:10; 21:30; 29:15; De 29:29; 2Sa 19:19; Ps 27:13; Isa 44:9; Eze 41:20; 46:22. See our footnotes for a discussion of these passages.

The exact meaning of the dots is disputed. Some consider them to be marks of erasure. Others think the dots indicate that in some collated manuscripts the words thus stigmatized were missing, so that the reading is doubtful. Still others think the dots are simply a device to aid the reader to remember some explanation that the ancient Hebrews had connected with these words. Also, there are those who argue that the dots were intended to guard against the omission by copyists of elements in the Hebrew text which, at first glance or after comparison with parallel Scripture passages, seemed to be superfluous.

Concerning the extraordinary points, Gins.^Int, pp. 320, 321, says: “It will thus be seen that the points were regarded by the ancient authorities as marking the letters and words in question as spurious and that the Prophet Elias [Elijah], who is to solve all doubts and difficulties, will give his decision on them when he appears. The practice of using dots to stigmatize words as spurious was not restricted to those days. Later scribes continued the example of the ancient Sopherim, as may be seen by the student of Hebrew MSS.”

Eighteen Emendations of the Sopherim

In the margin of certain Hebrew manuscripts of the Masoretic text there are notations that read: “This is one of the eighteen emendations of the Sopherim,” or similar expressions. These emendations (corrections) were made with good intentions because the original passage appeared to show either irreverence for God or disrespect for his earthly representatives. Following is a list of the Eighteen Emendations of the Sopherim, according to Gins.^Int, pp. 347-363: Ge 18:22; Nu 11:15; 12:12; 1Sa 3:13; 2Sa 16:12; 20:1; 1Ki 12:16; 2Ch 10:16; Job 7:20; 32:3; Ps 106:20; Jer 2:11; La 3:20; Eze 8:17; Ho 4:7; Hab 1:12; Zec 2:8; Mal 1:13.

Other Emendations of the Sopherim

According to Gins.^Int, pp. 362, 363, the St. Petersburg Codex of 916 C.E. registers two more alterations made by the Sopherim, namely, in Mal 1:12; 3:9. In those two places we have restored the text to the original reading. Our footnotes indicate the original reading as well as the actual reading in M.

Emendations in the Text but Not Recorded in the Masoretic Notes

According to Gins.^Int, p. 363, there are “a few passages into which changes have been introduced by the authorised redactors of the text, but which are not expressly mentioned in the official Lists. Foremost amongst these are instances in which the original reading described blasphemy or cursing God. Such profane phrases were deemed offensive to the ears of the devote[d] worshippers when the Scriptures were read publicly before the congregation.” We have restored the text to the original reading in the following seven places: 2Sa 12:14; 1Ki 21:10, 13; Job 1:5, 11; 2:5, 9. Our footnotes indicate the original reading as well as the actual reading in M.

See Appendix 1B.