of life” finds a parallel at Revelation 22:17, which says: “The spirit and the bride keep on saying: ‘Come!’ And let anyone hearing say: ‘Come!’ and let anyone thirsting come; let anyone that wishes take life’s water free.” The “bride” is clearly identified in the Scriptures as the anointed Christian congregation, espoused to the heavenly Bridegroom, Christ Jesus. (Eph. 5:25-27; 2 Cor. 11:2; Rev. 19:7-9; 21:9-11) The invitation to “take life’s water free” presented by the heavenly “bride” class is obviously open to an unlimited number of persons, “anyone that wishes.” Likewise unnumbered are the “great crowd,” the vision at Revelation 7:9 thereby harmonizing with that at Revelation 22:17.

The whole sum of the evidence, therefore, points to the “great crowd” as representing all those persons not of the heavenly “bride” class (or 144,000 sealed ones) but who stand approved at the time of the “great tribulation” and are preserved alive on earth.—See CONGREGATION (The Christian Congregation of God); EARTH (Purpose); HEAVEN.

GREAT SEA

That immense body of water separating Europe and Africa, with Asia to its E. While the Hebrews called it the Great Sea, today it is commonly called by its Latin name, Mediterranean, meaning ‘in the middle of the land,’ for it is practically landlocked. This circumstance, and the fact that hot winds off the Sahara Desert blow over it, result in a proportionately higher evaporation rate and this, in turn, gives the water a higher specific gravity. That is why the lighter water of the Atlantic flows in at the surface through the Straits of Gibraltar and the heavier Mediterranean water empties out at the bottom. Ocean shipping may pass in and out of this “inland” sea only through narrow gateways—through the Straits of Gibraltar to the W, through the Dardanelles and Bosporus to the NE and, during the past century, through the Suez Canal to the SE.

It is not amiss today to call the Mediterranean the Great Sea, as ancient people did from the time of Moses onward, for it certainly measures up to all this name implies. (Num. 34:6, 7) It is about 2,300 miles (c. 3,700 kilometers) long, over 1,000 miles (1,609 kilometers) wide at its greatest breadth, and it covers an area of more than 1,100,000 square miles (2,849,000 square kilometers). Its deepest point is over 14,000 feet (c. 4,270 meters).

The Italian and Greek peninsulas, jutting down from the N, create the Tyrrhenian, Ionian, Adriatic and Aegean Seas, thus adding to its irregular shape and greatly increasing the length of its coastline. About mid-distance E and W, it pinches down to a width of less than eighty miles (c. 129 kilometers) between Sicily and North Africa, and there the water is also comparatively shallow.

Ezekiel’s prophecy speaks of “very many” fish in the Great Sea. (Ezek. 47:10) Fine coral and an abundance of sponge are found in these waters, in addition to more than 400 varieties of fish.

Bible writers not only used the name “Great Sea” (Josh. 1:4; 9:1, 2; 15:12, 47; 23:4; Ezek. 47:15, 19, 20; 48:28), but they also referred to it by other comprehensive terms. To them this body of water was the “western sea,” forming as it did the western boundary of Palestine. (Deut. 11:24; 34:1, 2) From the location of Jerusalem it was viewed as the “western sea” in contrast with the “eastern sea,” that is, the Dead Sea. (Joel 2:20; Zech. 14:8) Or it was called “the sea of the Philistines” (Ex. 23:31) or simply “the Sea.”—Num. 34:5.

From time immemorial Phoenicians and other bold seafaring people traversed the Great Sea, discovered a number of its islands, and carried on trade between many of its port cities. The Bible mentions such islands as Arvad, Cauda, Chios, Cos, Crete, Cyprus, Malta, Patmos, Rhodes, Samos, and Samothrace. Also, some of the coastal cities and sites on these islands and along the continental shores of the eastern section of the Great Sea are listed in the Bible, namely: Acco (Ptolemais), Achzib, Adramyttium, Alexandria, Amphipolis, Ashkelon, Attalia, Cnidus, Dor, Fair Havens, Gebal, Lasea, Patara, Phoenix, Puteoli, Rhegium, Salamis, Salmone and Syracuse.

Jesus Christ visited the seaport regions of Tyre and Sidon (Mark 7:24, 31); Peter was in Joppa and Caesarea (Acts 10:5, 6, 24); Paul was in Paphos, Troas, Neapolis, Cenchreae, Ephesus, Assos, Mitylene and Miletus. (Acts 13:13; 16:11; 18:18, 19; 20:14, 15) The Great Sea is noted for its fierce storms that have resulted in numerous shipwrecks and much loss of life. Among the more fortunate were those who survived with Jonah and Paul on their famous voyages.—Jonah 1:3-16; Acts 27:14, 15, 39-44.

[Map on page 685]

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LOCATIONS ALONG THE GREAT SEA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

AFRICA

SAHARA DESERT

GREAT SEA (MEDITERRANEAN)

TARSHISH

Cadiz

Straits of Gibraltar

GULF OF SIDRA (SYRTIS)

MALTA

SICILY

ITALY

TYRRHENIAN SEA

Rome

Puteoli

Rhegium

Syracuse

IONIAN SEA

ADRIATIC SEA

GREECE

CRETE

Amphipolis

Cenchreae

Phoenix

Fair Havens

Lasea

Salmone

CAUDA

AEGEAN SEA

SAMOTHRACE

CHIOS

SAMOS

PATMOS

COS

RHODES

Neapolis

Dardanelles

Troas

Assos

Adramyttium

Mitylene

Ephesus

Miletus

Cnidus

Patara

Attalia

Bosporus

BLACK SEA

ASIA MINOR

CYPRUS

Paphos

Salamis

ARVAD

Gebal

Sidon

Tyre

Achzib

Acco (Ptolemais)

Dor

Caesarea

Joppa

Ashkelon

Alexandria

Suez Canal

GREECE, GREEKS

These names come from Graikoiʹ, the name of a tribe in NW Greece. The Italians applied the name (Latin, Graeci) to the inhabitants of Greece as a whole. Eventually even Aristotle in his writings used the term in a similar way.

Another earlier name, “Ionians,” appears from the eighth century B.C.E. onward in Assyrian cuneiform records, as well as in Persian and Egyptian accounts. This name comes from that of Javan (Heb., Ya·wanʹ), son of Japheth and grandson of Noah. Javan was the Japhetic ancestor of the early peoples of Greece and the surrounding islands, as well as, evidently, of the early inhabitants of Cyprus, parts of southern Italy, Sicily, and Spain.—Gen. 10:1, 2, 4, 5; 1 Chron. 1:4, 5, 7; see JAVAN; ELISHAH; KITTIM; RODANIM; TARSHISH No. 1.

While “Ionian” now applies geographically to the