of lawless persons, the apostle Paul wrote: “Clear away the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, according as you are free from ferment. For, indeed, Christ our passover has been sacrificed. Consequently let us keep the festival, not with old leaven, neither with leaven of injuriousness and wickedness, but with unfermented cakes of sincerity and truth.” (1 Cor. 5:7, 8) Since Jesus Christ was sacrificed only once (compare Hebrews 9:25-28) as the reality of the Passover lamb, the entire life course of the Christian, comparable to the festival of unfermented cakes, should be free from injuriousness and wickedness. There must be a willingness to remove what is sinful to maintain personal and congregational purity and thus to ‘keep the festival with unfermented cakes of sincerity and truth.’

TRYPHAENA

(Try·phaeʹna) [dainty].

A Christian woman in Rome whom Paul greets in his letter and commends for her hard labor. (Rom. 16:12) Tryphaena and Tryphosa, with whom she is listed, may have been fleshly sisters, for it was not unusual for family members to have names derived from the same root word, as in this case. Both names were common among women of Caesar’s household; but the record is silent as to whether these two women belonged to that household.—Phil. 4:22.

TRYPHOSA

(Try·phoʹsa) [delicate].

A Christian woman of Rome greeted and commended by Paul.—Rom. 16:12; see TRYPHAENA.

TSADHEH

, or, as commonly anglicized, sadhe [צ; final, ץ].

The eighteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, later also used, outside the Hebrew Scriptures, as a number to denote ninety. It is one of the five Hebrew letters that have a different form when used as the final letter of a word.

There is no equivalent to this letter in the English alphabet. It has a strong hissing sound similar to the sound of “ts” in English. In the Hebrew, it appears as the initial letter in each of the eight verses in Psalm 119:137-144.

TUBAL

(Tuʹbal).

One of the seven sons of Japheth. (Gen. 10:2; 1 Chron. 1:5) The name is thereafter used as referring to a people or land and usually in association with Meshech, the name of another of Japheth’s sons. Tubal, along with Javan and Meshech, engaged in trading with Tyre, dealing in slaves and copper articles. (Ezek. 27:13) Tubal was included in Ezekiel’s dirge over Egypt as being among the “uncircumcised” ones with whom the Egyptians would lie in Sheol, because of the terror they had wrought. (Ezek. 32:26, 27) They also are included among those uniting with “Gog of the land of Magog” who is called the “head chieftain of Meshech and Tubal” and who comes storming out of “the remotest parts of the north” in a fierce attack against Jehovah’s people. (Ezek. 38:2, 3; 39:1, 2; see GOG No. 2.) In another prophecy, Jehovah foretells that he will send envoys to proclaim his glory to Tubal, Javan and other lands.—Isa. 66:19.

Tubal thus lay to the N of Israel but not so distant as to be out of commercial contact with Tyre in Phoenicia. Most authorities consider the name to refer to the same people as the Tabal or Tabali of Assyrian inscriptions, where Tabal and Mushku (evidently Meshech) are frequently mentioned together. Herodotus, some centuries later, also listed them together as the Ti·ba·re·noiʹ and the Moʹskhoi. On this basis the land of Tubal is considered to have been situated (at least in Assyrian times) to the NE of Cilicia in eastern Asia Minor. The existence of copper mines in this region coincides with the Bible account.

TUBAL-CAIN

(Tuʹbal-Cain).

Son of Lamech by his second wife Zillah; therefore, a descendant of Cain and half brother of Jabal and Jubal. He had a sister named Naamah. (Gen. 4:17-22) Tubal-cain was “the forger of every sort of tool of copper and iron,” which can be taken to mean that he either invented, founded or was prominent in the occupation.

TURBAN

See HEADDRESS.

TURNING AROUND

See REPENTANCE.

TURQUOISE

(turʹquoise).

A semiprecious, opaque, porous gemstone, ranging in color from pale sky blue to dull green. It is composed of hydrous phosphate of aluminum with traces of copper (the blue color source) and iron (the green color source). When the blue stones are heated or exposed to the weather, they turn green, which sometimes happens when the stones lose their natural moisture with the passing of time. This may account for the seeming popularity of green turquoise stones in ancient times. The early Egyptians used turquoise for jewelry, and it is found on the Sinai Peninsula as nodules in a red sandstone. The name “turquoise” comes from an Old French word meaning “Turkish stone,” indicating Turkey as its source for the European market at one time.

Turquoise is easy to engrave because it is a comparatively soft stone. The high priest Aaron wore an engraved turquoise stone on his “breastpiece of judgment.” Inscribed upon it was the name of one of Israel’s twelve tribes and it was positioned first in the second row of stones on the breastpiece. (Ex. 28:2, 15, 18, 21; 39:11) The figurative “covering” worn by the king of Tyre is depicted as being adorned with turquoise along with every other sort of precious stone. (Ezek. 28:12, 13) Edom was Tyre’s “merchant” for turquoise, for which Tyre was willing to give some of its stores in exchange.—Ezek. 27:2, 16.

TURTLEDOVE

[Heb., tor, tohr; Gr., try·gonʹ].

A small wild pigeon, usually with strong migratory habits. The Hebrew name evidently imitates the plaintive cry of “tor-r-r tor-r-r” made by the bird, and this sound is also essentially duplicated in the Latin name turtur.

The varieties of turtledove most frequently found in Palestine are the “common turtledove” and the “collared turtledove,” the latter so named from a narrow black collar at the back of the neck.

Another variety, the “palm turtledove,” does not migrate, spending the whole year in the tropical climate of the Dead Sea valley. The other types, however, do migrate annually, and this is evidently indicated by the reference to the turtledove and other birds and to “the time of each one’s coming in” at Jeremiah 8:7. The turtledove was an unerring harbinger of spring in Palestine, arriving there from the S in early March and ‘making its voice heard in the land.’—Song of Sol. 2:12.

A shy, gentle bird, the turtledove relies on speedy flight as a means of escaping its enemies. (Ps. 74:19) During their season turtledoves are quite abundant throughout Palestine, and, since they feed on grain, seeds and clover, they are easily captured by ground snares. Abraham included a turtledove in his offering at the time Jehovah ‘concluded a covenant’ with him (Gen. 15:9, 10, 17, 18), and thereafter the Mosaic law either specified or allowed for the use of turtledoves in certain sacrifices and purification rites. (Lev. 1:14; 5:7, 11; 12:6, 8; 14:22, 30; 15:14, 15, 29, 30; Num. 6:10, 11) Mary offered either two turtledoves or two pigeons at the temple following Jesus’ birth.—Luke 2:22-24; see DOVE; PIGEON.

TUTOR

[Gr., pai·da·go·gosʹ, a servant who took the child to school, or a child conductor, or a child leader].

The tutor of Bible times was generally, not the actual teacher, but the one who accompanied the child to and from school and possibly in other activities as well. He would turn the child over to the instructor. This continued from childhood to perhaps puberty, or longer. He was to keep the child from physical or moral harm. (So, too, the old French tuteur and Latin tutor mean, literally, a protector or guardian.) However, the duties of the pedagogue involved the matter of discipline also, and he might be charged with instructing the child in matters of conduct. The tutors were sometimes slaves, or were sometimes paid tutors, and their discipline could be severe.

Therefore, Galatians 3:24, 25 points out that “the Law has become our tutor leading to Christ, that we might be declared righteous due to faith. But now that the faith has arrived, we are no longer under a tutor.” The Law was strict. It revealed the Jews to be transgressors and condemned them. (Gal. 3:10, 11, 19) It, in effect, handed over the Jews who were properly disciplined to their Instructor, Jesus Christ. The apostle Paul says: “Before the faith arrived, we were being guarded under law, being delivered up together into custody, looking to the faith that was destined to be revealed.”—Gal. 3:23.

The apostle Paul told the Corinthians: “For though you may have ten thousand tutors in Christ, you certainly do not have many fathers; for in Christ Jesus I have become your father through the good news.” (1 Cor. 4:14, 15) Paul had initially brought the message of life to Corinth and hence was like a father to the congregation of Christian believers there. Though others might subsequently care for their interests, like tutors to whom children are entrusted, this did not change Paul’s relationship to the Corinthians. The “tutors,” such as Apollos, might have genuine interest in the congregation, but Paul’s interest had an added factor due to his having experienced the labor of spiritual parenthood with them.—Compare Galatians 4:11, 19, 20; see EDUCATION; INSTRUCTION; SCHOOL.

TWELVE, THE

See APOSTLE.

TYCHICUS

(Tychʹi·cus) [fortuitous; fortunate].

One of Paul’s aides, a “beloved brother and faithful minister and fellow slave in the Lord” from the District of Asia. (Col. 4:7) Tychicus was a member of Paul’s party returning from Greece through Macedonia into Asia Minor; but whether or not Tychicus went all the way to Jerusalem is not stated. (Acts 20:2-4) Tychicus is one of several persons suggested as being “the brother” who, while in Greece, helped Titus to arrange the collection for the brothers in Judea. (2 Cor. 8:18, 19; 12:18) From his prison in Rome, Paul sent Tychicus with letters to Ephesus and Colossae, promising that Tychicus would tell them more about his state of affairs and be of comfort to them; Onesimus is mentioned in the letter to the Colossians as accompanying him. (Eph. 6:21, 22; Col. 4:7-9) Following Paul’s release from prison, he contemplated sending either Artemas or Tychicus to Crete. (Titus 3:12) When the apostle was back in a Roman prison for the second time, he dispatched Tychicus to Ephesus.—2 Tim. 4:12.

TYRANNUS

(Ty·ranʹnus) [sovereign].

A name connected with the Ephesian school auditorium in which Paul preached for two years after having encountered resistance in the Jewish synagogue.—Acts 19:9, 10.

TYRE

[rock].

The principal Phoenician seaport situated about thirty-two miles (52 kilometers) N of Mount Carmel and twenty-two miles (35 kilometers) S of Sidon. Tyre was known for its great antiquity (Isa. 23:1, 7), but just when it was founded as a colony by the Sidonians is not known. It is first mentioned after the conquest of the Promised Land in 1467 B.C.E., and at that time it was a fortified city. This mention of Tyre was in connection with the boundaries of Asher’s tribal territory. From the start, and all through its history, Tyre apparently remained outside Israel’s borders as an independent neighbor.—Josh. 19:24, 29; 2 Sam. 24:7.

Friendly relations existed at times between Tyre and Israel, notably during the reigns of David and Solomon. Skilled Tyrian workmen engaged in building David’s royal palace with cedar timber sent by Hiram the king of Tyre. (2 Sam. 5:11; 1 Chron. 14:1) The Tyrians also supplied David with cedar later used in the temple’s construction.—1 Chron. 22:1-4.

After David’s death King Hiram of Tyre furnished Solomon materials and assistance for the construction of the temple and other government buildings. (1 Ki. 5:1-10; 7:1-8; 2 Chron. 2:3-14) A half-Israelite son of a Tyrian worker in copper, who himself was a skilled craftsman, was employed in the construction of the temple. (1 Ki. 7:13, 14; 2 Chron. 2:13, 14) For their assistance the Tyrians were paid with wheat, barley, oil and wine. (1 Ki. 5:11, 12; 2 Chron. 2:15) In addition, Solomon gave the king of Tyre twenty cities, though the Tyrian monarch was not overly pleased with the gift.—1 Ki. 9:10-13.

Tyre in time became one of the great sea powers of the ancient world and her mariners and commercial fleet of “Tarshish” ships were famous for their voyages to faraway places. The king of Tyre and Solomon cooperated in a joint shipping venture for the importing of Ophir gold and other precious things.—1 Ki. 9:26-28; 10:11, 22; 2 Chron. 9:21.

In all the dealings the Tyrians had with Israel there is no indication that as a people they were interested in the worship of Jehovah; their association was particularly a commercial one. Racially they were Canaanites and religiously they practiced a form of Baal worship, their chief deities being Melkart and Astarte (Ashtoreth). Jezebel was the daughter of Eth-baal, who was king of the Sidonians (including Tyre) at the time Jezebel married Ahab, the king of the northern kingdom of Israel. Jezebel was infamous in her determination to blot out the worship of Jehovah.—1 Ki. 16:29, 31; 18:4, 13, 19.

CONDEMNED BY GOD

It was not, however, for the personal wickedness of Jezebel and her daughter Athaliah that Tyre came under heavy divine condemnation. Tyre grew to be very great at the expense of other peoples, including Israel. She was a manufacturer of metal objects, glassware and purple dyes, a trading center for the overland caravans, a great import-export depot. Along with this industrial and commercial growth came riches, conceit and pride. Her merchants and tradesmen boasted of being princes and honorable ones of the earth. (Isa. 23:8) Tyre in time also developed an attitude of opposition to Jehovah and conspired with neighboring nations against God’s people. (Ps. 83:2-8) So it was her bold defiance of Jehovah that eventually brought upon the city adverse judgment, downfall and destruction.

In the latter part of the ninth century B.C.E. Jehovah took note of this city’s arrogant attitude. He therefore warned her that she would be paid back in kind for robbing his people of gold, silver and many desirable things used, in turn, to beautify her temples. There was also to be an accounting for Tyre’s having sold God’s people into slavery.—Joel 3:4-8; Amos 1:9, 10.

Later the prophet Isaiah recorded a further pronouncement against Tyre, which indicated that she would be forgotten for “seventy years.” (Isa. 23:1-18) Years thereafter the prophet Jeremiah included Tyre among those nations that were singled out to drink the wine of Jehovah’s rage. (Jer. 25:8-17, 22, 27; 27:2-7; 47:2-4) As the nations mentioned in the prophecy of Jeremiah were to “serve the king of Babylon