MUTATIONS

(See also Evolution; Genetics; Radiation)

causes: ce 100; g55 8/8 20; g51 3/22 14; w50 421; ew 23

nuclear radiation: g55 8/8 20-22; lg 83; g51 3/22 14; w50 421-422; ew 23-25

evolution theory: ce 23, 99-111; g83 3/8 13; g81 9/22 24; g75 6/8 30; g74 9/22 22-24; g73 2/8 6; g73 10/22 12-15; w69 215; g69 2/8 19; ev 16-21, 60-68; g67 4/22 17-19; g67 7/8 16; ms 183; w64 588; g63 6/8 31; g62 2/22 4; g62 11/22 10; g55 4/8 6; g55 8/8 21-22; lg 83-84; g51 3/22 13-15; g51 12/8 23-24; w50 421-422; ew 21-26

frequency: ce 100; g73 10/22 14

meaning of term: ce 99; g55 4/8 6; g55 8/8 20; lg 83; g51 3/22 13; ew 22-23

parts involved: ce 99

peppered moth: ce 105-107

resistant germs: ce 107

most not mutations: w81 2/15 10

resistant insects: ce 107

results:

fruit-fly experiments: ce 104-105

never anything new: ce 103-107

to organism’s viability: ce 100-101

Quotations

an accident, a random change, in any delicate mechanism can hardly be expected to improve it: ce 102

for every successful or useful mutation, there are many thousands which are harmful: ce 100-101; g73 10/22 13

I cannot make myself think that these ‘slips’ of heredity have been able to build the entire world: ce 110-111

if a thousand mutations were combined in one specimen, there would still be no new species: ce 105; g73 10/22 12-13

most mutations harmful: g73 10/22 13; g55 8/8 22; lg 84

mutation seems to be a destructive rather than a constructive process: ce 101

no useful mutations have appeared: lg 84; w50 422

theory may be relegated to limbo of discarded hypotheses: lg 84; g51 12/8 23

upon rigorous examination and analysis, any dogmatic assertion that gene mutations are the raw material for any evolutionary process involving natural selection is an utterance of a myth: ce 111; g73 10/22 14-15