ROMAN EMPIRE
(See also Byzantine Empire; Caesar; Emperors; Rome [Ancient City]; rulers by name)
(Note centered heading below: Provinces)
abacus: g86 12/8 19
abortion: g88 4/8 26
aqueducts: g 11/14 8-9
Caesarea, Palestine: it-2 535
Europe: g87 12/8 22
Pont du Gard, France: g 11/14 8-9; g91 11/22 31
Rome: g 11/14 8-9; g87 12/8 22
Segovia, Spain: g87 12/8 22-23
archaeological finds:
architecture: it-1 160-161
coins of Caesars: it-1 153; it-2 534, 544, 690; w11 7/1 29; si 336; w88 1/1 30-31
sculpture coloration: g05 3/22 28-29
skeleton of East Asian origin: w11 1/1 29
Timgad (city in North Africa): w14 12/1 8-10; w14 12/15 16
architecture: it-1 160-161
arms:
dart: it-1 170
spear (pilum): it-1 169
army: it-1 175; w04 9/15 15; w88 5/1 27
archers: it-1 157
army officer (centurion): it-1 176-177; w15 4/1 15; w90 5/15 25
auxilia: it-1 221
Christians refused enlistment: sh 347; w88 5/1 28
cohort: it-1 221; w13 2/15 14
frumentarii: it-1 221
Judea: bt 70
legion: it-1 175
legionnaire: it-1 171
manipulus: it-1 221
military camps: it-1 399
military commander (chiliarch): it-1 476; it-2 401-402
Praetorian Guard: it-1 1011; it-2 665-666; w13 2/15 13-15; nwt 1707
prisoners of: it-2 302
religion’s role: sh 60-61
soldiers: it-2 985-986; g04 6/22 15; w91 1/15 31
soldiers’ salarium: it-2 842
spearmen: it-2 1015
baths: w02 10/15 10
beverages:
vinegar (sour wine): it-2 1157; g90 8/8 20
boundaries: it-2 822
limes fortifications: g04 6/22 14-17
Britain: g 2/06 24
capitals:
Constantinople: it-2 533; re 252-253; g92 1/22 11; g89 7/8 21; g89 8/8 22-23; w88 5/1 29
Christianity in: it-1 441-442; it-2 825; w88 5/1 27-28
absorbed: g89 6/22 24
comments by Tacitus: re 101
conversion of pagans: sh 262
emperor worship refused by: it-1 1196; it-2 533, 536; w13 1/15 11; w10 5/15 5-6; w93 1/15 24; rs 275
hated: w98 12/1 11-13
influence of pagan Rome: sh 262-263
legalized: w16.11 23; w93 7/1 9-11; g89 6/22 24
military service refused by: it-1 175-176; rs 272-273
persecution of: it-2 533, 536, 825; w10 5/15 5-6; re 62, 101; w93 11/15 9-11; gm 16; w88 5/1 29
relationship with empire: w94 7/1 19-20
spread: it-1 441; w15 2/15 20-23; w15 6/15 32; re 62; jv 27; w88 5/1 26-28; g88 8/8 5-7
State religion: w16.11 23; w93 7/1 9, 11; sh 274; g89 6/22 27
chronology: it-1 447
citizenship: bt 184; it-1 473; it-2 819; w15 3/1 12; w01 12/15 22; w99 5/15 29-30
for colonies: it-2 629
freedmen, freemen: it-1 870-871; nwt 1699
names of people: w99 5/15 31
penalty for false claim: it-1 477
purchase of: bt 184; it-1 476-477
colonies:
status: it-2 629
commerce:
ancient trade: w09 1/1 21-23
communications: it-1 492-493
compulsory service: w12 4/1 9; w05 2/15 24-25
conquest of Greece: it-1 1004
conquest of Judea (63 B.C.E.): it-1 1232; it-2 45; w01 6/15 30; si 297
conquest of Judea (68-73 C.E.): wp18.2 8-9; it-1 1232; it-2 47-48, 751; w07 4/1 10-11; w06 12/15 18; w96 6/1 16
coins commemorating: it-2 48, 751; w88 1/1 30-31
exile of Jews: it-1 776, 1232; it-2 48
Masada falls (73 C.E.): it-1 570; it-2 751; w90 10/15 3-4
corruption: w00 5/1 4-5
couriers: it-1 516
courts:
accusations: it-1 39
appeal to Caesar: it-1 473; w01 12/15 24
Judea: w16.10 31
use of pebbles for verdicts: it-2 1037; re 46
criminal justice: w01 12/15 22
beating: it-1 272-273
capital offenses: it-2 886
execution on a stake: w22.06 29; w21.04 16; it-1 1190-1191; g 8/12 19; w11 4/1 10
imprisonment: it-2 690
punishments: it-1 552
reproach in theaters: it-2 1089
scourging: cf 68; it-1 272; jy 294; g 8/12 19; w11 11/15 21; g98 12/8 6-7; w91 1/1 9; gt chapter 123
decline: re 252-253; w88 5/1 29
discussion: it-2 822; gl 27; w88 5/1 26-29
disease:
smallpox epidemic: g90 6/22 28
distinctiveness: it-1 269
districts:
Abilene: it-1 24
Cyrenaica: it-1 565
Dalmatia: it-1 570-571
in Bashan: it-1 260
Samaria: it-2 847
Trachonitis: it-1 260; it-2 1118
division into Eastern and Western: re 252; dp 242-244; g89 7/8 21; w88 5/1 29
Eastern Empire: re 252-253; g89 8/8 22-23
religious developments: w93 7/1 9-10
dress and grooming: g03 9/8 3-4
beards: it-1 1020
hair: it-1 1020
rings: it-2 812
effect of Greek culture: w08 12/1 19
effect on Christian Scriptures: w88 5/1 28
entertainment: g 11/06 30; w02 10/15 9-11; g02 10/8 20; g97 5/22 3-4
gambling: w02 10/15 10
games: it-1 888-889
gardens: g97 4/8 5
gladiatorial games: it-1 888; w02 6/15 26-29; g02 10/8 20; g97 5/22 3
closing event: it-1 889; it-2 1089
gladiators: w90 9/15 24
gods: it-1 979; w10 5/15 3-5; w02 10/15 4; w91 7/1 4; sh 60-61, 64-65; g89 3/8 21; g88 8/8 5-6
correspondency to Greek: it-1 1001-1002; w10 5/15 5; sh 43; g89 3/8 24
vices: sh 64
gods by name:
Apollo: sh 64
Bacchus: g96 6/8 15; sh 64
Constantine: w90 1/15 7
Cybele: it-1 979
Diana: sh 65
Febris: it-1 631
Flora: sh 64
Fortuna: g92 6/8 11
Isis: it-1 979
Juno: it-1 979
Mars: sh 60
Mater Matuta: sh 277
Minerva: it-1 979
Saturn: it-1 979
Sol: w90 1/15 7
Venus: sh 64
Victory: sh 60
government: w03 1/15 4; g90 12/22 22
city recorder: it-1 475-476
constable: it-1 502
governor: it-1 992-993; it-2 639, 707-708
Israel: it-1 1232
Judea: bt 184; it-2 639; w16.10 31; w06 9/15 11-12
magistrate: it-1 502; it-2 294; nwt 1703
titles among subject peoples: w88 5/1 27
historians: it-1 457-458
Holy Roman Empire: re 252; dp 243-244; g89 7/8 22; w88 5/1 29
Jerusalem besieged by—
“disgusting thing” (Mt 24:15): it-2 902; w96 6/1 15-16
Pompey (63 B.C.E.): it-1 1232; it-2 45; w01 6/15 30
Jewish revolt (66-73 C.E.): wp18.2 8-9; w07 4/1 9-11; w96 6/1 15-16; w96 8/15 16-17
Jewish coins commemorating: it-2 48; g 9/15 7; w11 11/1 12; w90 10/15 4; w89 3/15 24; w88 1/1 30-31
Masada: w90 10/15 3-7
keys: re 59
law:
adultery: g88 11/22 7
appeal to Caesar: it-1 473; w01 12/15 24
benefit to Christian preaching work: w16.09 14-15; w15 2/15 22-23; w99 8/15 21-22
bribery: w01 12/15 23
citizens exempt from beating: it-1 552
citizens’ rights: bt 184; it-1 473, 477; w01 12/15 22
laesa majestas (injured majesty): it-1 382; it-2 1100
Lex Julia majestatis: it-1 382-383
Lex Porcia: it-1 552; it-2 819
Lex Valeria: it-1 552; it-2 819
oversowing wheat with weeds: w16.10 32
Paul’s ministry: w16.09 14-16; w15 2/15 22-23
sedition: it-2 886
life expectancy: g05 5/22 3
magic prevalent: it-2 294
maps of empire: it-2 533; nwt 1781; g 9/12 15; gl 27; dp 172; w88 5/1 26
Asia trade routes: w09 1/1 20-21
Jews who came to Pentecost 33 C.E.: bt 22; w05 10/15 15; w05 12/1 23
Peutinger Table: w09 1/1 22; g04 11/22 13-15
measures:
stadium: ijwbq article 145; it-2 401; nwt 1793
money:
denarius: it-1 614; nwt 1794; w11 5/1 26; si 336
gold from Spanish mine: g01 1/22 22-23
moral standards: g 4/07 9; sh 262
vice: w97 7/15 9-10
not Babylon the Great: it-1 240
not scarlet-colored wild beast (Re 17): it-1 271
Pax Romana: w15 2/15 20-21; w99 8/15 22; w90 4/1 4
population: g04 5/8 14
census system: w09 12/1 16
postal service: it-1 493
religion: it-2 824-825; w10 5/15 3-5; sh 60-61
Babylonian origins: it-1 979
belief in coming golden age: w94 4/1 4-5
beliefs about the dead: g88 7/8 5
clergy: g89 3/8 21
divination: sh 82
early: g89 3/8 21
emperor worship: it-1 1196; it-2 533, 536, 608; w10 5/15 5-6; w03 5/15 13; rs 275
Etruscan origins: it-1 979
fatalism: g99 8/8 7
hell: w89 10/1 5
influence of Greece: g89 3/8 21, 24
influence on Christendom: bh 223; w05 12/15 7; sh 262-263
New Year’s celebration: bh 223; w05 12/15 7; g90 12/22 14
Pontifex Maximus: sh 65
taurobolium ceremony: sh 65
triads: w88 4/1 19-20
roads: it-1 492-493, 1118; w15 2/15 21; w06 10/15 14-17; w05 1/15 22; gl 27; g98 12/22 21; w88 5/1 26-27
Appian Way: bt 212; it-1 130-131, 1118; w10 1/1 11; w06 10/15 14-17; w04 12/15 16; g98 12/22 21
Egnatian Way (Via Egnatia) (Asia to Rome): it-1 101, 125; it-2 288, 479, 629, 1092; g97 8/22 16-18
travel on: bt 87; w10 11/1 25-26
tunnels: w06 10/15 16
whether all roads led to Rome: w06 10/15 17; g04 11/22 13-15
ruins: w88 5/1 26
rulers: si 340-341; g90 9/8 25-26
Caesars: it-1 381-384; it-2 534, 822; w88 5/1 28-29
crowns: it-1 553
deified: g89 3/8 22
emperors: it-2 822
Pontifex Maximus: sh 271
preached to by Christians: w87 8/1 14
reflect vices of gods: sh 64-65
rulers by name:
Aurelian: w20.05 3; w99 1/15 29-31; dp 240-241
Claudius: it-1 476
Constantine: it-2 822; g 2/14 12-13; re 252; w98 3/15 27; w90 1/15 7; w88 5/1 29
Constantius I: w90 8/15 12
Diocletian: w15 12/15 6; g 12/11 5; w92 6/15 28-30; w90 5/1 14
Julian: w13 4/15 32
Theodosius I: w16.11 23; w93 7/1 9, 11; ti 8
Saturnalia: it-1 979; g93 11/22 11-12; g89 12/8 13; g88 12/8 18-19; g86 12/8 21-22
science: g93 5/8 18
superglue: g 1/09 30
ships:
cargo ship: w10 2/1 23; w09 1/1 21
slaves: bt 24; w18.04 8; w14 4/1 13; w05 12/1 29; g02 6/22 4-5; w98 1/15 30; w92 4/1 4; w92 4/15 23
Christian view: it-2 979; si 242
emancipation: it-1 870-871
photo of collar: w14 4/1 13
standards (emblems; ensigns): w99 5/1 15; w88 5/1 27
symbolized by—
beast with iron teeth (Da 7): it-1 268-269; it-2 533; w12 6/15 11, 14-15; dp 135-136; w88 5/15 24-25
king of the north (Da 11:20-26): dp 232-242, 248-251
legs of iron (Da 2): it-1 1186; dp 55, 57; w86 11/15 5-6
taxes: w21.06 25; w18.06 5; w09 10/1 26-27; w95 8/15 13
head tax: it-1 614
Palestine: it-1 1179; it-2 1070
tax collectors: w21.06 25; w18.06 5; it-2 1070; jy 68; w12 3/1 18; w95 8/15 13
theaters: it-2 1089; g04 3/8 15-16; w02 10/15 9
amphitheaters: it-2 1089
time:
divisions of night: w18.09 22; it-2 499
time of day: it-1 1152; it-2 499
travel: w96 8/15 29
by road: bt 87; w15 2/15 21; w10 11/1 25-26
by sea: bt 86, 204, 208; w15 2/15 21; w10 11/1 26; w99 3/15 29-31
triumphal processions: it-2 1128-1129; w90 7/15 11; w90 11/15 27
use of lead: g92 11/22 8
war:
against Carthage: g 4/09 18; g01 11/8 16-18
battlefield messages: g 8/09 27
world power: w12 6/15 11, 14-15; g 4/11 10-13; w88 5/1 26-29
beginning: dp 171, 248; w88 4/15 25; w88 5/1 28
continued after conquest by Odoacer: w86 11/15 6
end: g01 3/8 6; w88 5/1 29
Provinces
Achaia: it-1 40, 508, 1004; nwt 1692
Asia: it-1 193-195; nwt 1693
Cappadocia: it-1 413
Cilicia: it-1 468
discussion: it-2 707-708
Egypt: it-1 699
Galatia: it-1 879-880; it-2 651
Illyricum: it-1 1184; nwt 1701
Dalmatia district: it-1 570
Judea: it-1 1232
Macedonia: it-1 1004; it-2 288-289, 629, 1092
map: it-1 195
Pamphylia: it-2 573
Pisidia: it-2 645
Pontus: it-2 651