ARCHAEOLOGY
(See also Bible Authenticity; Bible Manuscripts; Clay Tablets; Cuneiform; Dating [Scientific]; Potsherds; Writing)
(Note centered headings below: List by Artifact; List by Person; List by Place; Quotations)
ancient use of term “king”: it-1 283; gm 45; w86 2/1 27
antiquity of writing: it-1 919
Baal: it-1 230, 739, 948; w09 11/1 15; w03 7/15 27; si 47; w89 3/15 25
Ras Shamra (Ugarit) texts: it-1 228, 976-977; w03 7/15 25-27; si 47
Bible: it-1 147-156; g 11/07 15-18; si 332-337; gm 43-54
Acts (book): it-1 43-44, 153-154, 476; si 200, 340-341
comments by Nelson Glueck: g 1/11 11
comments by Professor William F. Albright: it-1 312; la 13; gm 53-54
comments by Sir Frederic Kenyon: si 337; w86 7/1 29
confirmation not essential: it-1 154-156, 959; it-2 36; g02 10/8 18-19
confirmed by archaeology: it-1 959; w15 5/1 9; w05 3/15 29; ba 14-15; w92 5/15 4-5; gm 42-49, 63-65; g86 11/8 30-31
depended upon by archaeologists: w86 2/15 23
Jesus buried despite execution on stake: w22.06 29
Kings (books): it-2 173-174
seeming discrepancies: gm 49-54
child sacrifice:
Aztecs: g87 2/8 25
Canaanites: it-1 403, 739; w97 4/1 17-18; g89 1/22 4-5; g89 2/22 20
Israelites: g89 1/22 5
Phoenicians: it-1 739; g01 11/8 15-16; w95 8/15 32; w90 12/1 6; w86 10/1 25
covenant example on tablets: it-1 520
cross: w87 8/15 28-29
dating of finds:
claimed pre-Flood: it-2 1212
methods: it-1 155, 456; g86 9/22 17-27
paleography: w09 10/1 20; g 2/08 19-22; ba 8
diagram of excavation: it-1 959
discussion: it-1 147-156
effect of retreating glaciers: g04 7/8 28
Babylonian epic: g89 1/8 7
comment by archaeologist: Lmn 7
gold: w96 10/15 8-9
Hebrew language: it-1 1069-1070
Hurricane Mitch (1998) uncovers finds (Nicaragua): g99 6/22 29
limitations: it-1 151, 154-156; it-2 36; gm 50-52
archaeologists’ interpretations: it-1 154-155, 456-457; w00 3/1 28
inscription decipherment: it-1 155-156
inscription reliability: it-1 155; w11 11/1 23-24
meaning of term: si 332
oldest commercial advertising: g88 2/8 3
potsherds (ostraca): it-2 657-658; w07 11/15 12-14
“queen of the heavens”: it-2 721
satellite photography finds sites of interest: g 6/12 28
Similaun Man (Alps): g95 5/8 3-9
stealing artifacts:
Mesopotamia: g98 4/22 29
synthetic stone: g98 12/8 28
tombs: g05 12/8 20-24
dolmens (Europe): g98 5/8 25-27
Vikings: g05 12/8 22
Witness view: w89 3/15 22
List by Artifact
Amarna tablets: it-1 150, 401, 405, 696, 1067; it-2 41, 721; w08 12/15 22; w88 2/1 26
Antikythera Mechanism: g 3/09 24-26; g 9/07 21
Arch of Constantine: g 2/14 13
Arch of Titus: wp18.2 8-9; it-2 1128-1129; si 336-337
photos: it-2 536, 752; g 4/11 13; si 337
portrayal of temple lampstand: it-2 180, 198
Ashtoreth figurines: w08 6/1 10
Babylonian chronicles: it-1 453-454; w11 11/1 23; gm 48; w88 3/1 29
astronomical diary (B.M. 32238): w11 11/1 24
battle of Carchemish (B.M. 21946): it-1 418
fall of Nineveh (B.M. 21901 [Gadd Chronicle]): it-1 205, 958
Jehoiachin replaced by Zedekiah (B.M. 21946): it-1 452-453, 952; it-2 326, 480
seventh year of Cambyses II (B.M. 33066): w11 10/1 28
Babylonian King List A: it-2 1101
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III: it-1 203, 388; it-2 173
Jehu: it-2 24-25, 554, 908; w11 11/15 4; si 69; w88 2/15 26
certificate of divorce: w08 9/1 25
Code of Hammurabi: w87 11/1 12
discovery: it-1 703; g89 2/22 18
law on stealing: re 13
coins: si 336
by Archelaus: it-2 538
by Herod the Great: it-2 538
commemorating Rome’s conquest of Judea (70 C.E.): it-2 48, 751; w88 1/1 30-31
commemorating the Jews’ revolt against Rome (66 C.E.): it-2 48; g 9/15 7; w11 11/1 12; w93 2/15 9; w90 10/15 4; w89 3/15 24; w88 1/1 30-31
governor “Beyond the River”: w93 6/15 32
inscription of Herod Agrippa II: it-1 1098
Laodicea called “a mother city of Canaan”: it-2 635
likeness of Alexander the Great: w07 4/15 13; la 13
likeness of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes): it-2 335; w96 1/15 28
likeness of Claudius, inscription of a proconsul of Cyprus: it-2 690
likeness of Constantine the Great: g89 6/22 25
likeness of Domitian: it-1 1098; it-2 534
likeness of god Melkart(h): it-2 532; w11 11/1 12; ip-1 256
likeness of Tiberius Caesar: it-1 153; it-2 534, 544; w11 7/1 29; si 336
likeness of Titus (emperor): it-2 534; g 4/11 12-13
likeness of Vespasian: it-2 48; w88 1/1 31
name Tyre: it-2 1135
Phoenician ship: w08 11/1 27
Praetorian camp: w13 2/15 14
Colosseum (Rome): it-2 536, 1089; g91 4/8 24-27
cosmetic containers: w12 12/1 25
Cyrus Cylinder: it-1 148, 566, 568; g 5/13 12; g 2/11 16; g 11/07 18
fall of Babylon: it-1 568
photos: it-2 328, 332; g 5/13 12; g 6/12 13; g 2/11 16-17; g 11/07 18; w06 1/15 17
policy toward subject peoples: it-1 569; g 6/12 14; w08 12/15 22; si 335-336; w88 3/15 27
Dead Sea Scrolls: it-2 315; g 2/08 20; w01 2/15 3-7; ba 8; w92 1/1 32; w91 4/15 10-13; si 118-119, 306, 311-312; gm 20-21; w87 5/15 24
Ebers Papyrus: w98 4/1 16; ba 20
Ein Gedi scroll (Leviticus): w19.06 31
Epic of Gilgamesh: w92 1/15 6; sh 47-49; g90 4/22 3
Erastus inscription (Corinth): it-1 509, 757
“Eshbaal” on jar: w17.03 32
Gadd Chronicle (Nineveh) (B.M. 21901): it-1 205, 958
Gezer calendar: it-1 392, 928, 960, 1069; w07 6/15 8, 11; w07 8/15 19
golden calves: sh 211; g90 12/8 28
Hadrian’s Wall: sh 60-61
Herod’s temple: it-2 45
blood conduit: w25.07 31; it-1 83
“Place of Trumpeting” inscription: g 3/11 16; w87 5/15 24-25
portrayals of lampstand: it-2 198
“House of David” stela (Tel Dan): mrt article 7; w19.11 32; w15 2/1 7; g 5/12 17; g 11/07 5; la 12-13; ba 14; w96 10/15 30-31
“House of God” ostracon: it-1 142, 325; w08 7/1 24-25; w07 11/15 13; w87 5/15 24
inscription naming Solomon’s temple: g98 5/8 29
ivory pomegranate with divine name: w93 4/15 32
James ossuary: w03 6/15 3-4
Lachish Letters: it-1 151-152, 226, 325, 720; it-2 188; g 6/12 12; w07 11/15 13-14; si 334-335
Lapis Tiburtinus: it-2 722
Merneptah Stele (Karnak [Thebes]): it-1 150, 696; g 5/12 18; g 11/10 18; w06 7/15 24
Moabite Stone: w24.12 15-16; it-1 152, 232, 430, 625, 866, 1069-1070; it-2 382, 420, 554; w13 2/15 6; ba 14; w96 10/15 31; w90 4/15 30-31; si 69, 333; gm 46-47
Monolith Inscription of Shalmaneser III: it-2 907
Nabonidus Chronicle: it-1 148, 283, 566, 581-582; it-2 359-360, 458-460; si 335
fall of Babylon: it-1 284, 567-568, 581-582; it-2 325, 458-459; si 282-283, 335
Nahal Mishmar hoard: w13 12/1 12
Napoléon’s fleet: g99 3/8 28
Nimrud Prism: it-2 865; w88 2/15 27
noodles (China): g 10/06 30
Papyrus Rylands Greek 457 (John): ijwbq article 12; w15 4/1 10
Persepolis tablets: w22.11 31
Roman slave collar: w14 4/1 13
Rosetta Stone: it-1 688; g89 10/22 17-18; g88 6/8 31
Samaria Ostraca: mrt article 13
seals: mrt article 12; it-2 883
bulla bearing name Ahaz, king of Judah: w11 5/1 15
bulla bearing name Gedaliah: jr 55; g 6/09 29
bulla bearing name Gedalyahu Ben Immer: g 11/07 30
bulla bearing name Gemariah, son of Shaphan: it-1 906; w11 5/1 15
bulla bearing name Hezekiah, king of Judah: w11 5/1 15
bulla bearing name Jerahmeel, son of the king: it-2 29; w11 5/1 15
bulla bearing name Jucal: w11 5/1 15; jr 55; g 11/07 16; w06 9/15 14-15
bulla bearing name Seraiah: it-2 896; w11 5/1 15
bulla bearing names of Shaphan and family: w02 12/15 19, 21-22
bullae bearing name Baruch: w11 5/1 15; w06 8/15 16
Ishtar worship: w95 11/15 20
with god Asshur: it-1 201-202, 975; it-2 529
with “Pure for God” inscription: w14 2/1 10
Sennacherib’s prisms: it-2 894; g 12/10 27; g 11/07 17; si 119, 156, 334; w88 2/15 25, 28; w87 7/15 6
Oriental Institute Prism: it-2 894; si 334; w88 2/1 26-27
Taylor Prism: it-1 720, 957; it-2 894; si 334
ships:
Phoenician: g00 4/8 29
San Juan (Basque whaling vessel): g05 10/8 14-15
silk fabric: it-2 943
silver scrolls with divine name (Ketef Hinnom inscriptions): it-2 5; w06 1/15 32; w97 6/15 11
silver scrolls with Priestly Blessing (Nu 6:24-26): g 11/07 30
“Song of the Sea” manuscript (Ex 13:19–16:1): w08 11/15 32
Sumerian King List: it-1 448, 559; it-2 1212; sh 51
Synchronistic Chronicle (Assyria, Babylonia): it-2 714, 1101
“synchronistic history”: it-1 452
thrones: it-2 1097
Tomb of Absalom: it-1 35
tomb of Nefertari (Egypt): g96 7/22 29
Ur-Nammu stela: it-2 189
Vardar Gate (Thessalonica): it-1 476
VAT 4956: w11 11/1 25-28
Verse Account of Nabonidus: it-1 283; w98 9/15 9; si 138; gm 45
List by Person
Ahab: it-1 59-60, 454-455; it-2 845, 907; w90 11/1 16-17
Ahaz: it-1 62; it-2 1101; w11 5/1 15
Alexander the Great: it-1 71; w07 4/15 13; la 13; dp 158
Antiochus IV (Epiphanes): it-2 335; w96 1/15 28
Archelaus: it-2 538
Ashurbanipal:
‘inscriptions from before the flood’: it-2 754, 1212
library (Nineveh): it-1 188, 637; it-2 754; g05 5/22 18-19
Ashurnasirpal II: it-1 388, 418, 955; it-2 504
Balaam: w86 11/15 30
Baruch (secretary of Jeremiah): w11 5/1 15; w06 8/15 16
Belshazzar: ijwbq article 193; w20.02 31; it-1 283; it-2 458-460; g 1/11 11; dp 15-16; w98 9/15 8-9; si 138-139; gm 44-45; w86 2/1 27
Ben-hadad II: it-1 287; it-2 908
Ben-hadad III: it-1 287
Caiaphas:
ossuary of relative Miriam: w13 2/15 30
tomb possibly: w13 2/15 30; w06 1/15 10; w97 6/15 13; g92 10/22 29
Cambyses II: it-1 453; w11 10/1 28
Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II):
Cyrus Cylinder: it-1 148, 566, 568-569; it-2 328, 332; g 5/13 12; g 6/12 13-14; g 2/11 16-17; w08 12/15 22; g 11/07 18; w06 1/15 17; si 335-336; w88 3/1 31; w88 3/15 27
Nabonidus Chronicle: it-1 284, 566; it-2 458-459; si 335
tablets establishing years of Babylonian reign: it-1 453
tomb: g 5/13 12; g 2/11 17; gl 25; w88 3/15 29
Darius I (Darius Hystaspis, Darius the Great):
Bisitun (Behistun) inscription: it-1 148, 583
cylinder seal and impression: it-2 328
palace at Shushan (Susa): it-1 160; it-2 939
Persepolis reliefs: it-2 615; w88 3/15 28
stone relief: w12 1/1 22
David: mrt article 7; w19.11 32; w15 2/1 7; g 5/12 17; g 11/07 5; la 12-13; ba 14; w96 10/15 30-31
Domitian: it-1 1098; it-2 534
Esar-haddon: it-1 757-758; it-2 359; w88 2/15 28
Evil-merodach (Awil-Marduk, Amil-Marduk): it-1 773; w12 6/1 5
Ezra: w88 3/15 29
Gallio, “proconsul of Achaia” (Ac 18:12): it-1 40, 43-44, 886; si 292
Gedaliah (Jer 38:1): jr 55; g 6/09 29
Hazael: it-1 1047; it-2 908
Herod Agrippa II: it-1 1098
Herod the Great:
coin with inscription: it-2 538
palace (Jerusalem): it-2 45
palace (Masada): it-1 1093
temple (Jerusalem): it-1 897; it-2 45, 538, 1079-1081; w87 5/15 24-25
Hezekiah: w11 5/1 15
Hoshea: it-2 1101
Jehoiachin: it-1 147; it-2 174; w12 6/1 5; g 11/07 16; gm 48; w88 3/1 29
Jehu: w11 11/15 4
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III: it-2 24-25, 554, 908; w11 11/15 4; si 69; w88 2/15 26
Jerahmeel: it-2 29; w11 5/1 15
Jotham (king of Judah): it-2 119
Jucal (Jer 38:1-4): w11 5/1 15; jr 55; g 11/07 16; w06 9/15 14-15
Korah:
sons of: w07 11/15 13
Lysanias (Lu 3:1): it-1 24; it-2 286; g16.5 6; gm 63-64
Manasseh (king of Judah): it-2 307; w88 2/15 28
Menahem: it-2 371, 1101; w88 2/15 26
Merneptah: it-1 150, 696; g 5/12 18; g 11/10 18; w06 7/15 24
Merodach-baladan: it-2 380
Mesha (king of Moab):
Moabite Stone: it-1 152, 625; it-2 382; w90 4/15 30-31; si 69, 333
Mordecai: w22.11 31; it-1 764; si 92
Nabonidus: it-2 324, 457-458, 480; si 138-139
Nabonidus Chronicle: it-1 283, 567-568; it-2 325, 458-460; mwb17.06 3; si 335
Verse Account of Nabonidus: it-1 283; w98 9/15 9; si 138; gm 45
Nebo-sarsechim (Jer 39:3): g 5/09 11
Nebuchadnezzar I: it-1 360
Nebuchadnezzar II: it-1 147
Babylonian chronicle B.M. 21946 (Jehoiachin replaced by Zedekiah): it-1 452-453; it-2 326, 480
cameo: g 6/12 13; dp 70
Egyptian campaign: it-1 238, 453, 698; it-2 481
Etemenanki ziggurat: it-1 147; si 332
inscription about treasury: it-2 1122
inscription glorifying Marduk: it-2 482
inscriptions about building work: w23.07 31; it-2 323, 481-482; dp 20, 89; si 332
inscriptions about dream tree and madness: dp 94
inscriptions about reign: it-2 480
siege of Jerusalem (618-617 B.C.E.): it-1 452-453, 952; it-2 326, 480; gm 48
Necho(h): it-1 418
Nehemiah: w88 3/15 29
Omri (king of Israel): it-2 554
Paul: g00 11/8 28
Pekah: it-2 1101
Peter (apostle):
search for remains in Vatican: w94 10/15 27-30
Pontius Pilate: it-1 153, 385; it-2 639-641, 741; w15 2/1 7-8; w15 2/15 30; g 4/11 11; w09 5/1 4-5; g 11/07 5; w05 9/15 11; sh 241; si 336; w89 3/15 24; w89 10/15 31; gm 63; w87 5/15 24
Quirinius: it-2 721-722
Ram(e)ses II:
monolith (Tanis): it-2 1239
statues honoring (Abu Simbel): it-1 692
tomb for Nefertari: g96 7/22 29
tomb for sons: g95 11/22 28
triad with Amon and Mut: it-1 532; ti 2
Sargon II: it-1 960; it-2 865; w15 5/1 9; w09 5/1 4; g 11/07 16; w88 2/15 25, 27
annals: it-1 148; it-2 865; g 11/07 16
Nimrud Prism: it-2 865; w88 2/15 27
palace: it-1 148, 160, 955; it-2 866; w88 2/15 25
siege of Samaria: si 156
winged bull sculptures (Khorsabad): rr 47
Sennacherib: it-1 148; w88 2/15 25-26
invasion of Judah: it-1 1105; it-2 894-895; g 12/10 27; g 11/07 17; w88 2/15 26-28
palace: it-1 148, 160; it-2 895; ba 14; si 334; w88 2/15 25, 27
prisms: it-1 148, 190, 720, 957; it-2 894; g 12/10 27; g 11/07 17; si 119, 156, 334; w88 2/1 26-27; w88 2/15 25, 28; w87 7/15 6
relief showing siege of Lachish: it-2 188; g 11/07 17; ba 14-15; w93 6/1 5-7
Seraiah (son of Neriah): it-2 896; w11 5/1 15
Sergius Paulus, “proconsul” of Cyprus (Ac 13:7): it-1 43; it-2 591; gm 64
Sextus Afranius Burrus (Prefect of Praetorian Guard): w13 2/15 16
Shalmaneser III:
Black Obelisk: it-1 203, 388; it-2 24-25, 173, 908; si 69; w88 2/15 26
Hazael defeated by: it-1 1047
Monolith Inscription: it-2 907
Shalmaneser V: w88 2/15 27
Shishak (Sheshonk I):
invasion of Judah: mrt article 10; it-1 149-150, 952; it-2 934; g 11/10 16-17; w08 7/1 24; w90 6/15 7; si 65, 332-333
Solomon: w90 6/15 6-7
Tattenai: wp17.3 9
Tiberius Caesar: it-1 153; it-2 534, 544; si 336
Tiglath-pileser III (Pul): it-1 62, 661; it-2 174, 371, 595, 714, 1101-1102; w88 2/15 26
Tirhakah (Taharqa): it-2 1109
Titus (Roman general and emperor): it-2 534; g 4/11 12-13
Arch of Titus: wp18.2 8-9; it-2 198, 536, 752, 1128-1129; g 4/11 13; si 336-337
Tutankhamen: it-1 532; w89 3/15 3
Uzziah (Azariah): it-1 960; it-2 1101, 1146; w87 5/15 25
coregency with father Darius: it-2 615-616
palace at Babylon: it-2 615
palace at Susa (Shushan): it-1 148, 764; it-2 330, 939; w88 3/15 28
stone relief: w12 1/1 22
List by Place
Ai: it-1 67
Amazon Basin:
urban civilization: g 9/09 30
Ammon: it-1 94
Rabbah: it-2 724
Antioch (Pisidia):
photo of ruins: it-2 748; w07 8/15 9
Aphek (1Ki 20:26): it-1 120; g94 3/8 29
Arad: w08 7/1 23-25; w08 8/15 29; w07 11/15 13
cult stand with musicians: w87 5/15 25
potsherd with plea for garment: w18.01 32
Assyria: it-1 148, 955-958; w93 6/1 4-7; w88 2/15 25-28
annals: it-1 451
annals of Sargon II (Khorsabad): it-1 148; it-2 865; g 11/07 16
annals of Shalmaneser III: it-1 1047
Ashurbanipal’s library (Nineveh): it-1 188, 637; it-2 754; g05 5/22 18-19
Ashurnasirpal II with symbols of gods: it-1 956
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (Nimrud): it-1 203, 388; it-2 24-25, 173, 554, 908; si 69; w88 2/15 26
Calah (Nimrud): it-1 388; w88 2/15 26
cross: w08 3/1 22
display inscriptions: it-1 451
Epic of Gilgamesh (Nineveh): w92 1/15 6; sh 47-49; g90 4/22 3
eponym lists: it-1 452
Esar-haddon’s inscriptions: it-1 757-758; it-2 359
inscriptions about Pharaoh Tirhakah: it-2 1109
Monolith Inscription of Shalmaneser III: it-2 907
names of kings of Judah and Israel: it-1 148
Nimrud Prism: it-2 865; w88 2/15 27
Nineveh’s fall: it-1 205, 958; it-2 505; si 159
Nineveh’s ruins: it-1 958; it-2 503-505; w07 11/15 8; jd 49; ba 14; si 159
Nineveh’s size: w93 6/1 4-5
omen tablets: it-1 637
palace (description by archaeologist): it-2 504; w01 2/15 20
palace (painting by archaeologist): it-1 955; w89 5/15 24
palace of Ashurnasirpal II (Nimrud): it-1 388, 955
palace of Sargon II (Khorsabad): it-1 148, 160, 955; it-2 865-866; w88 2/15 25
palace of Sennacherib (Nineveh): it-1 148, 160; it-2 895; ba 14; si 334; w88 2/15 25, 27
palace relief (Nineveh): it-1 201
relief of monarch with protective spirit: it-1 956
reliefs depicting Medes: w88 3/15 26
reliefs of capture of Lachish (Nineveh): it-1 148, 372, 952; it-2 188, 894; g 11/07 17; ba 14-15; w93 6/1 5-7; w88 2/15 26-27
Sargon II portrait: it-1 960
seal with god Asshur: it-1 201-202, 975; it-2 529
Sennacherib’s prisms (Nineveh): it-1 148, 190, 720, 957; it-2 894; g 12/10 27; g 11/07 17; si 119, 156, 334; w88 2/1 26-27; w88 2/15 25, 28; w87 7/15 6
statue of Ashurnasirpal II (Nimrud): it-1 388
stela of Ashurnasirpal II (Nimrud): it-2 504
Synchronistic Chronicle: it-2 714, 1101
“synchronistic history”: it-1 452
Tiglath-pileser III: it-2 174, 595, 1101; w88 2/15 26
tribute lists: it-1 451-452
wall panel (Nimrud): it-1 205, 955
war cruelty: it-1 201, 958, 1136, 1190; w13 4/1 10; g 12/10 26-27; jd 118; ip-1 144, 208-210; w88 2/15 24-25
winged bull sculptures (Khorsabad): rr 47
Babylon: it-1 147-148, 235; it-2 322-325; w88 3/1 29
astronomical diary B.M. 32238: w11 11/1 24
Babylonian chronicle B.M. 21901 (Gadd Chronicle) (fall of Nineveh): it-1 205, 958
Babylonian chronicle B.M. 21946 (battle of Carchemish): it-1 418
Babylonian chronicle B.M. 21946 (Jehoiachin replaced by Zedekiah): it-1 452-453; it-2 326, 480; gm 48; w88 3/1 29
Babylonian chronicles: it-1 453-454; w11 11/1 23; w88 3/1 29
Babylonian King List A: it-1 204; it-2 380-381, 714, 1101
bricks: w23.07 31
clay models of liver: it-1 637; it-2 324; g 1/11 11
cylinder naming Belshazzar: it-1 283; g 1/11 11
Cyrus Cylinder: it-1 148, 566, 568; it-2 328, 332; g 5/13 12; g 6/12 13-14; g 2/11 16-17; w08 12/15 22; g 11/07 18; w06 1/15 17; si 335-336
fall to Medo-Persia: w88 3/1 30-31
food and recipe tablets: g92 6/22 29
horoscope (Babylon): it-2 324; g89 11/22 8
Ishtar Gate (Babylon): it-1 147; it-2 322; w11 11/1 12; g 11/07 16; w88 3/1 28-29, 31
Jehoiachin in prison (Babylon): it-1 147, 452-453; it-2 174; w12 6/1 5; g 11/07 16; si 79-80; w88 3/1 29
Jewish business archives (Nippur): it-1 792; w08 12/15 22; ip-2 232
Jewish exiles in Babylon: mrt article 11
letter on furnace for execution: si 139
lion frieze: w15 5/1 9
Marduk dragon image: ip-2 124
Merodach-baladan granting land: it-2 380
Nabonidus Chronicle (Baghdad area): it-1 148, 283-284, 566-568, 581-582; it-2 325, 359-360, 458-460; si 335
Nebo-sarsechim tablet (Baghdad area): g 5/09 11
Nebuchadnezzar I (boundary stone) (Nippur): it-1 360
Nebuchadnezzar II (of Bible): w23.07 31; it-1 147-148; it-2 323, 480-482, 1122; g 6/12 13; dp 70; si 332
Nebuchadnezzar’s Egyptian campaign (37th year): it-1 238, 453, 698; it-2 481
Nebuchadnezzar’s invasion of Judah (617 B.C.E.): it-1 452-453, 952; it-2 326, 480
palace of Xerxes I (Babylon): it-2 615
plaque showing Marduk and Nebo: dp 70
Processional Way (Babylon): it-1 235; it-2 323; w11 11/1 12; ip-2 124
ruins (Babylon): it-1 235, 237; it-2 324; hl section 4; re 266; gm 123; w88 3/1 31
Sumerian King List: it-1 448, 559; it-2 1212; sh 51
tablet giving seventh year of Cambyses II: it-1 453; w11 10/1 28
tablets from rule of Sin-sharra-ishkun: w11 10/1 31
tablet showing shrine to sun-god: it-2 529
tablets identifying Cuth(ah) (Tell Ibrahim): it-1 562
tablets on accession year of Xerxes I: it-2 615-616
tablets on rule of Ashur-etel-ilani: w11 10/1 31
temple of Nergal (Tell Ibrahim): it-1 562
“Temptation” Seal: it-2 883
text of Sharkalisharri: it-1 235
Tower of Babel: it-1 235; si 332
Ur: it-1 148, 158; it-2 322, 1141-1142; w90 6/15 7; w89 7/1 5, 7
Verse Account of Nabonidus: it-1 283; si 138; gm 45
ziggurats: it-1 147; it-2 322; si 332
Beth-shean (Beth-shan): it-1 150-151, 304
excavation: it-1 959
temples of Ashtoreth and Dagon: it-1 151, 304
Beth-shemesh: it-1 305
Beth-zur: it-1 306
Caesarea: w89 3/15 24-25
aqueduct: it-2 535
Artemis statue: w89 3/15 25
coins commemorating Jews’ revolt: w89 3/15 24
harbor: it-1 384
marble slab with 24 priestly divisions: w89 3/15 25
palace columns in harbor: w92 2/15 32
Pontius Pilate inscription: it-1 153, 385; it-2 639; w15 2/1 7-8; w15 2/15 30; g 4/11 11; w09 5/1 4-5; g 11/07 5; w05 9/15 11; si 336; w89 3/15 24; w89 10/15 31; gm 63; w87 5/15 24
Roman governmental complex: g98 3/8 29
Tyche, goddess of Caesarea: w89 3/15 24
Cana: it-2 738
Canaan: it-1 400-401, 403
child sacrifice: it-1 403, 739; g89 1/22 4-5; g89 2/22 20
conquest by Israel: g 5/12 18
cult stand of clay: w87 5/15 25
fortified cities: si 31
golden calf (Ashkelon): g90 12/8 28
golden calf (Byblos): sh 211
Ras Shamra (Ugarit) not Canaanite: it-1 405
wine cellar and jars: g 9/15 7
Capernaum: it-2 739
synagogue: it-2 1050-1051
Carchemish: it-1 418-419
Carthage: g01 11/8 14-17
child sacrifice: it-1 739; g01 11/8 15-16; w95 8/15 32; w90 12/1 6; w86 10/1 25
stela and statue of Tanit (goddess): it-1 739
stela of Baal: it-1 739
China:
link with Mesopotamia: g97 11/8 28-29
noodles: g 10/06 30
terra-cotta army (Xi’an): g05 12/8 21; g01 5/8 29
world’s oldest map showing distances: g99 3/8 29
world’s oldest printed ad: g02 6/22 28-29
Chorazin: it-2 739; w89 7/1 16-17
Cyprus: w04 7/1 20-22
coin indicating proconsul: it-2 690
fragment possibly naming Paul: g00 11/8 28
international trade: w07 10/15 17
palace of Sergius Paulus: yb95 72-73
proconsul Sergius Paulus: it-1 43; it-2 591; gm 64
ships: w07 10/15 18-19
Dan (city):
“House of David” inscription: mrt article 7; w19.11 32; w15 2/1 7; g 5/12 17; g 11/07 5; la 12-13; ba 14; w96 10/15 30-31
Ecuador:
ancient astronomy: g05 12/22 22-25
Egypt: it-1 149-150; g00 5/8 29; si 20
Abraham: it-1 150; g 11/10 16-17; si 333; w88 2/1 26
afterlife beliefs: it-1 691; g05 12/8 22-24; ie 6
Alexandria: g05 6/8 28; g01 12/8 29; g97 5/22 28
Amarna tablets: it-1 150, 401, 405, 696, 1067; it-2 41; w08 12/15 22; w88 2/1 26
bakery: g92 10/22 28
barber at work: w15 11/1 9
“Book of the Dead”: it-1 533, 691; w88 2/1 25
bricks: w12 1/1 22
crux ansata: it-2 530; w11 3/1 19; rs 91
Ebers Papyrus: w98 4/1 16; ba 20
effect of Aswân High Dam: g90 11/8 29
Elephantine documents: it-1 150, 699; w88 3/15 29
execration texts: it-1 103
funerary boats for Pharaoh Cheops (Giza): g88 3/8 30; g86 1/22 29-30
god Amon protecting Pharaoh: it-1 689
grain harvest: it-2 108
granaries: it-2 1038; g 3/09 29
Hatshepsut’s monument altered by Thutmose III (Deir al-Bahri): it-1 777
Hyksos period: it-1 694-696
Joseph’s day: it-1 149
Labyrinth: g99 12/22 20-21
letter from brat: w97 6/15 22
manuscripts from Cairo Genizah: it-2 314; w90 7/15 28; si 306; g88 7/22 21-22
manuscripts from Oxyrhynchus: w92 2/15 26-28; w88 11/15 30-31
Merneptah Stele (Karnak [Thebes]): it-1 150, 696; g 5/12 18; g 11/10 18; w06 7/15 24
meteoric iron: it-1 1215
mother-son image: it-2 529
Nash Papyrus: it-2 314-315; w92 12/15 29
paintings and model of weaving work: it-1 482
papyri: it-1 699
paved road through desert: g95 2/22 29
potsherds: it-2 657
pyramids: it-1 158, 692; it-2 370; g97 7/8 29
relief of ship: it-2 932
ring of Tutankhamen: it-2 812
Roman census (104 C.E.): w09 12/1 16
Rosetta Stone (Rashid): it-1 688; g89 10/22 17-18; g88 6/8 31
scribe kits: it-2 885-886
Semitic slaves: w20.03 30
serpent worship: it-2 530
Shishak’s invasion of Judah (Karnak): mrt article 10; it-1 149-150, 952; it-2 934; g 11/10 16-17; w08 7/1 24; w90 6/15 7; si 332-333; w88 2/1 26
silver bowl of king of Kedar: it-1 927; it-2 144
statue of Amenhotep III (Karnak): it-1 532
statue of god Amon-Ra (Ra): it-1 689; it-2 530
statue of goddess Heqt: it-2 530
statue of god Hapi: it-2 530
statue of Ram(e)ses II (Tanis): it-2 1239
statues honoring Ram(e)ses II (Abu Simbel): it-1 692
stela of Tutankhamen: it-1 532
stela with name Putiphar: it-2 657
Taharqa bowing before Horus: it-1 532
temple at Karnak: mrt article 10; it-1 149-150, 158, 534, 692; it-2 506; g 11/10 16-17; w08 7/1 24; si 65, 332-333; w88 2/1 26
temple at Luxor: it-1 533
temple at Zoan (Tanis): it-2 1239
text describing seven years of famine: it-1 809
tomb for sons of Ram(e)ses II: g95 11/22 28
tomb of Nefertari: g96 7/22 29
tomb of Tutankhamen: g05 9/22 27; w01 4/15 3; w89 3/15 3
wine making (Karnak [Thebes]): it-2 107; w12 8/1 26
workers’ health: g93 7/8 28
England:
Hadrian’s Wall: sh 60-61
temple to Mithras (Carrawburgh): sh 61
zoo beneath Tower of London: g00 12/8 29
Ephesus: it-2 945; re 23; w04 12/15 26, 28-29; si 200
Artemis images: it-2 748; g 3/11 19; w09 2/1 19; gm 64-65
inscriptions: it-1 733
temple of Artemis: it-1 734; w04 12/15 27-28; si 221; gm 63
theater: it-2 748; w07 8/15 10
Gath:
Philistine temple: g 5/11 29
Gerasa: w92 7/1 24-25
Gezer: it-1 928
calendar: it-1 392, 928, 960, 1069; w07 6/15 8, 11; w07 8/15 19
city gate: it-1 866, 928; w07 6/15 8; w88 8/15 26; w86 2/15 23
high place for worship: it-1 1108
Gibeon: it-1 930; g 5/12 18; w92 4/15 32
Greece:
Antikythera Mechanism: g 3/09 24-26; g 9/07 21
architecture: it-1 160-161
coin with likeness of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes): it-2 335; w96 1/15 28
Erastus inscription (Corinth): it-1 509, 757
Gallio, proconsul of Achaia: it-1 40, 43-44, 886; si 292
god Asclepius with serpent: it-2 530
judgment seat (Corinth): bt 152; it-2 138; w12 5/1 23; g91 1/22 17-18
Philippi: g91 3/22 25-26
plague identified (Athens): g 12/06 29
platter showing pig sacrifice: it-2 335
relief showing games: it-2 335
sculpture coloration: g05 3/22 28-29
synagogue inscription (Corinth): it-1 509
theater of Epidaurus (near Corinth): g00 6/8 11-13
Vardar Gate (Thessalonica): it-1 476
votive offerings to god of healing (Corinth): it-1 509
Hazor: it-1 151
burned: g 5/12 18
city gate: it-1 866, 1049-1050; w88 8/15 25-26; w86 2/15 23
moat: it-1 864-865
rampart: it-2 733
stelae: it-1 403
temples: g 5/12 18
India:
ancient Roman artifacts: w09 1/1 22
Aryan civilization: g00 7/8 14-15
Indus civilization: g02 7/8 13-14; g00 7/8 14-15
Ireland:
Brú na Bóinne (Newgrange): g01 5/22 22-24
Israel: it-1 150-153, 368; g05 5/22 28; w87 5/15 24-25
alphabet: g 11/07 16-17
anchors in Dead Sea: g 1/08 27
aqueducts: it-2 40
beehives: w11 3/1 15; w11 4/15 28; w09 7/1 22; g 5/08 30
boat (Sea of Galilee): g 8/06 13-15; w05 8/15 8; g96 12/22 29; w92 1/1 25; g86 11/22 31
calendar: it-1 392, 928, 960, 1069; w07 6/15 8, 11
certificate of divorce: w08 9/1 25
copper: w13 12/1 12-13; si 65
copper (Nahal Mishmar hoard): w13 12/1 12
cosmetic containers: w12 12/1 25
Dead Sea Scrolls: it-2 315; g 2/08 20; w01 2/15 3-7; ba 8; w92 1/1 32; w91 4/15 10-13; si 118-119, 306, 311-312; gm 20-21; w87 5/15 24
desolation of Judah: it-1 150; g 6/12 14; w06 11/15 32; gm 120
divine name: w21.01 31; it-1 142, 325; w08 7/1 24-25; w07 11/15 13; w87 5/15 24
Ein Gedi scroll (Leviticus): w19.06 31
fall of northern kingdom: gm 47-48
gates of Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer: it-1 158, 866, 928, 1049-1050; it-2 365; w88 8/15 24-26; w86 2/15 23
golden calf: g90 12/8 28
Gospel inscription on tomb: g04 9/8 29
“House of David” stela (Tel Dan): mrt article 7; w19.11 32; w15 2/1 7; g 5/12 17; g 11/07 5; la 12-13; ba 14; w96 10/15 30-31
houses: it-1 1154; it-2 654
inscription naming Solomon’s temple: g98 5/8 29
ivories: it-1 59, 100-101, 948; it-2 845; w90 11/1 17; si 149; w87 5/15 25
James ossuary: w03 6/15 3-4
jug with oil (Dead Sea area): w12 12/1 26; g89 8/22 28
name Jaazaniah: it-1 1239
potsherd about Ophir gold (Tel Aviv area): it-2 558; w10 6/1 15
potsherd with writing 1,000 years older than Dead Sea Scrolls: g 7/09 30
Roman governmental complex (Caesarea): g98 3/8 29
seal impression of Jerahmeel: it-2 29
Solomon’s reign: g03 6/8 9; w98 10/15 9-10; w90 6/15 6-7; gm 46
synagogue with figures from Greek mythology: w89 7/1 17
synagogue with zodiac mosaic: w86 12/15 27
Tel Arad: it-1 142; w08 7/1 23-25; w08 8/15 29; w07 11/15 13; w87 5/15 24
why so few inscriptions: it-2 1213
wine cellar and jars: g 9/15 7
winepress: it-2 680
Italy:
Camunian rock engravings: g02 4/22 26-27
skeleton of East Asian origin (Vagnari): w11 1/1 29
Syracuse (Sicily): w07 10/15 30
Jericho:
destruction by Joshua: w18.10 23; it-1 151; it-2 36; w90 7/15 7; gm 37-38, 49-53
double city in Jesus’ day: it-1 258; w08 5/1 31
photos: it-2 35; w93 12/15 24; w90 7/15 7
Jerusalem: it-2 40-41, 951; g 11/07 30; w00 2/1 10; w97 6/15 9-13
Amarna tablets confirm rulership by Canaanite kings: w08 12/15 22
Bethzatha pool: it-1 306; w16.05 32; w88 9/1 31
bones of man executed on a stake: it-2 463; mwb17.12 5; w87 8/15 28-29
Broad Wall: w97 6/15 11
Burnt House: g 11/07 15-16; w97 6/15 13
Burnt Room: it-2 326
cemeteries: w97 6/15 11
City of David (Zion): it-2 951; w97 6/15 9; w90 12/15 21
coins commemorating Jerusalem’s destruction (70 C.E.): it-2 48, 751; w88 1/1 30-31
coins commemorating Jews’ revolt (66 C.E.): it-2 48; w11 11/1 12; w93 2/15 9; w90 10/15 4; w89 3/15 24; w88 1/1 30-31
coin showing Tyrian god Melkart: w11 11/1 12
desolation (607-537 B.C.E.): it-2 44
destruction (607 B.C.E.): w11 11/1 22-28; w97 6/15 11-12
ivory pomegranate with divine name: w93 4/15 32; g88 12/8 30
palace of Herod the Great: it-2 45
“Place of Trumpeting” inscription: g 3/11 16; w87 5/15 24-25
pool of Siloam: it-2 651, 943-944, 950; w07 7/15 6-7
pools for ritual bathing: w06 10/15 12
seal impression of Gedaliah, son of Pashhur: jr 55; g 6/09 29
seal impression of Gedalyahu Ben Immer: g 11/07 30
seal impression of Gemariah: it-1 906; w11 5/1 15
seal impression of Jucal: jr 55; g 11/07 16; w06 9/15 14-15
seal with “Pure for God” inscription: w14 2/1 10
Siloam Tunnel (Hezekiah’s tunnel): it-1 151, 554, 591-592, 941-942, 960, 1104; it-2 43, 949; w09 5/1 27; w97 6/15 9-10; w96 8/15 5-6; g96 6/8 29; si 332
silver scrolls with divine name: it-2 5; w06 1/15 32; w97 6/15 11
size of ancient: w97 6/15 11; g86 11/8 30-31
temple courtyard wall (Herod’s temple): it-2 45
temple gates (Herod’s temple): it-1 897
temple masonry from destruction (70 C.E.): w88 10/1 3
temple platform: w97 6/15 12
Theodotus Inscription: it-1 1005
tomb of Caiaphas possibly: w06 1/15 10; w97 6/15 13; g92 10/22 29
Tyrian goods and fish (Ne 13:16): wp20.1 7
Uzziah’s funerary inscription: it-1 960; it-2 1146; w87 5/15 25
water canal: it-1 941; it-2 40, 652, 928
water supply routes: g92 7/8 29
water tunnel and shaft (Warren’s Shaft): it-1 151, 591, 941; it-2 40-41, 951; w97 6/15 9-10; si 332
Jezreel (city): w00 3/1 26-28
Jordan (land):
copper production (8th-5th centuries B.C.E.): w13 12/1 12
Lachish: it-2 188; g 6/12 13; w88 2/15 26
Assyrian reliefs of capture: it-1 148, 372, 952; it-2 188, 894; g 11/07 17; ba 14-15; w93 6/1 5-7; w88 2/15 26-27
Lachish Letters: it-1 151-152, 226, 325; it-2 188; g 6/12 12; w07 11/15 13-14; si 334-335
photo of shekel weights: it-2 1178
scarab of Ramses: it-2 188
Laodicea:
coin: it-2 635
Lystra:
artifacts mentioning Hermes and Zeus: bt 97; it-1 1089; it-2 1233
Masada: w90 10/15 4-5
Megiddo: it-1 152; it-2 365; w89 1/1 16-17; w86 2/15 22-24
Canaanite cult stand: w87 5/15 25
city gate: it-1 866; it-2 365; w88 8/15 24-25; w86 2/15 23
ivories: it-1 180
model: it-1 953; gl 22; w91 8/15 31
photo of mound: it-1 953; w89 1/1 16
stela commemorating victory of Shishak over Judah: mrt article 10; it-2 934
water supply: it-1 866
Mesopotamia:
star catalogs: sh 84
Mexico:
Aztecs: sh 55; g87 2/8 23-25
Maya: g90 5/8 15, 17
Oaxaca: g02 6/22 24-25
Teotihuacán: g05 12/8 21, 23; g00 10/8 16
Moab:
desolation: it-2 421-422
Moabite Stone: it-1 152, 325, 430, 625, 946, 1069-1070; it-2 382, 420; w13 2/15 6; ba 14; w96 10/15 31; w90 4/15 30-31; si 69, 333; gm 46-47
Norway:
ancient skis: g01 10/8 25-26
rock carvings showing evergreen trees: g 12/11 12-13
Nuzi: it-1 149; g 11/07 18
tablets on inheritance rights: it-2 186, 1087; g 11/07 18
Pergamum: re 23
altars to “unknown gods”: w12 3/1 18; gm 62, 64
altar to Zeus: it-2 607-608, 945; w07 8/15 10; re 41, 43; gl 33
Persia: it-1 148-149; w88 3/15 28-29
architecture: it-1 160
Bisitun (Behistun) inscription: it-1 148, 583; w88 3/15 28
boundary stone (Susa [Shushan]): it-1 360
coin of governor Mazaeus “Beyond the River”: w93 6/15 32
cylinder seal and impression of Darius I: it-2 328
Cyrus Cylinder: it-1 148, 566, 568; it-2 328, 332; g 5/13 12; g 6/12 13-14; g 2/11 16; w08 12/15 22; g 11/07 18; w06 1/15 17; si 335-336; w88 3/1 31; w88 3/15 27
Elephantine papyri (Egypt): w88 3/15 29
inscription by Xerxes (Persepolis): it-1 96
inscriptions referring to Mordecai: w22.11 31
palace of Darius and Xerxes (Persepolis): it-1 160; w88 3/15 28
palace of Darius and Xerxes (Susa [Shushan]): it-1 148-149, 160, 764; it-2 330, 939; w88 3/15 28
palace of Xerxes I (Babylon): it-2 615
Persepolis ruins: it-1 1279; it-2 329; gl 25; w88 3/15 26
Persepolis tablets: w22.11 31; it-1 454, 702
pilaster depicting goat with horn from forehead (Persepolis): it-1 966
realm of Xerxes I: it-1 560
reliefs and inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes (Persepolis): it-2 615
relief showing Medes with Persians: it-2 328
Susa (Shushan) town ruins: it-2 330
tomb of Cyrus: g 5/13 12; g 2/11 17; gl 25; w88 3/15 29
vase naming Evil-merodach (Amil-Marduk) (Susa [Shushan]): it-1 773; w12 6/1 5
Peru:
ancient corncobs: g 1/13 3
Chankillo ruin termed an observatory: g 2/08 29
seashell trumpets: g04 4/22 29
tombs of native peoples: g04 4/22 13-14
Philadelphia (Asia Minor): re 23
Philistia:
Ekron: g89 2/22 31
Phoenicia:
god: it-1 946
golden calf: sh 211
Qumran:
Dead Sea Scrolls: it-1 322; it-2 315; g 2/08 20; w01 2/15 3-7; w91 4/15 10-13; si 118-119, 311-312
ruins of Jewish community: w91 4/15 12
Roman Empire:
architecture: it-1 160-161
coins of Caesars: it-1 153; it-2 534, 544, 690; si 336; w88 1/1 30-31
sculpture coloration: g05 3/22 28-29
skeleton of East Asian origin: w11 1/1 29
slave collar: w14 4/1 13
Timgad (city in North Africa): w14 12/1 8-10; w14 12/15 16
Rome:
altar for emperor worship: it-2 536
architecture: it-2 823
Arch of Constantine: g 2/14 13
Arch of Titus: wp18.2 8-9; it-2 198, 536, 752, 1128-1129; g 4/11 13; si 336-337
coin depicting Praetorian camp: w13 2/15 14
Colosseum: it-2 536, 1089; g91 4/8 24-27
Lapis Tiburtinus: it-2 722
relief of Praetorian soldiers: w13 2/15 13
search for Peter’s remains: w94 10/15 27-30
Samaria: it-1 153; it-2 846-847; si 156
Ahab’s palace: it-1 59, 153, 948; w90 11/1 16-17
ivories: it-1 59, 100-101, 948; it-2 845; w90 11/1 17; si 149; w87 5/15 25
potsherds: mrt article 13; it-1 153, 1069; it-2 657; w07 11/15 12-13; w90 11/1 16-17
Roman ruins: it-2 535, 745, 846
Sardis: it-2 864, 946; w08 4/1 21; re 23
Sea of Galilee:
ancient boat: g 8/06 13-15; w05 8/15 8; g96 12/22 29; w92 1/1 25; g86 11/22 31
Smyrna: re 23
Sodom and Gomorrah: it-1 153; w96 9/15 12; g96 8/8 28
Spain:
Acinipo (Ronda la Vieja): g04 3/8 14-16
Sudan:
ancient Egyptian temples having divine name: w10 5/1 21-22
Ethiopian city of Meroë: g90 6/22 24-26
Sweden:
rock carvings showing evergreen trees: g 12/11 12-13
Syria: it-1 150
Baal representation (Ras Shamra): it-1 230, 948
Ebla: w06 12/15 12-14; g03 2/8 26-27
Mari: it-1 99, 149; w05 5/15 10-13; g03 2/8 26-27
Ras Shamra (Ugarit): it-1 152-153, 228-229, 403, 405, 976-977; w03 7/15 24-28; g03 2/8 27; si 47
seal depicting Ishtar worship (Ebla): w95 11/15 20
statue of king of Gozan: it-1 283; gm 45; w86 2/1 27
Tarsus:
coin of governor Mazaeus “Beyond the River”: w93 6/15 32
Thessalonica:
“city rulers” (Ac 17:6, 8): it-1 44, 153-154, 476; it-2 1092; w12 6/1 20; w93 6/1 3; si 341
Vardar Gate: it-1 476
wall: it-2 749
Troas:
photo of ruins: w07 8/15 9
Tyre:
coin showing god Melkart: it-2 532; ip-1 256
coin with name Tyre: it-2 1135
United States:
Cahokia (Illinois): g03 3/8 14-18
Ur: w20.08 3-4; it-1 148, 158; it-2 1141-1142; w90 6/15 7; w89 7/1 5, 7
game board: it-1 887
houses: ia 27-28; w11 1/1 19
tombs: g05 12/8 20
Vinland: g01 9/22 19-21; g99 7/8 12-13
Quotations
archaeological evidence is fragmentary and therefore limited: gm 51
archaeologists are more objective when unearthing facts than when interpreting them: gm 52
archaeology neither proves nor disproves the Bible in conclusive terms: gm 50
Bible from beginning to end an authentic document of religious history: gm 53
general return to appreciation of accuracy of religious history of Israel: gm 53
I have never found the Bible to be in error: g 1/11 11
must rely upon value judgments and hypotheses: it-1 959
over-all situation is still fluid: it-1 456-457