Omolwashike to dulu okulineekela Omavangeli Ombibeli?
OSHIFOKUNDANEKI SHIMWE SHOKOBRASILIA shedina SUPER INTERESSANTE osha ti: “Omavangeli okwa pondola neenghono. Okwa danwa meefilima odo hadi kosho omamiliyona . . . nokwa shangwa momambo oo haa landwa nawa . . . Okwa tambulwa ko koimhanga yopaKriste. Okwa etifa po omalongelokalunga mahapu nosho yo omitotolombo dihapu.”
OSHIFO osho osha li tashi popi shi na sha nohokwe nosho yo omalipyakidilo omefimbo opo la di ko a kanghamena komavangeli, komapistoli nosho yo komahololo ehe fi oshili oo a li a hangwa muNag Hammadi nosho yo moitukulwa imwe yaEgipti mokati kefelemudo eti-20. Omashangelo oo nosho yo makwao a yukila oko luhapu ohaa ifanwa omashangelo o-Gnostic ile o-Apocrypha.a
Mbela opa li pa ningwa eemhangela dokulundulula Omavangeli?
Eshi ovanhu vahapu va kanifa elineekelo mOmbibeli nosho yo momalongelokalunga Ovaortodoks, vahapu ova hokwa omashangelo o-Gnostic ile o-Apocrypha. Omashangelo oo okwa nwefa mo neenghono onghedi omo ovanhu vahapu hava tale ko omahongo aJesus Kristus nosho yo Oukriste. Ngaashi oshifo shimwe sha popya: “Evangeli laThomas nosho yo [omashangelo] amwe o-apocrypha oku holike neenghono kovanhu vahapu kunena ovo ve na ohokwe moinima yopamhepo, ndele inave lineekela momalongelokalunga.” Okwa ningwa omavalulo kutya muBrasilia amuke “omu na eengudu 30 lwaapo odo da kanghamekela eitavelo lado komashangelo o-Apocrypha.”
Okulituwa kwomashangelo oo okwa xumifa komesho omitotolombo kutya mefelemudo eti-4 O.P., Ongeleka yaKatolika oya li ya pangela omhangela yomeholeko opo i holoke oshili kombinga yaJesus, kutya omahokololo amwe e na sha nonghalamwenyo yaJesus oo e li momashangelo o-Apocryphal okwa holeka oshili nosho yo kutya Omavangeli ane oo e li mEembibeli dokunena okwa lundululwa. Elaine Pagels, omuprofesor moinima i na sha nomalongelokalunga okwa ti: “Paife otu wete kutya osho hatu ti kutya Oukriste noinima oyo hatu ti kutya omifyuululwakalo dOukriste, oi li ashike oinima inini oyo ya kufwa meedjo dokondadalunde, ya hoololwa meedjo dikwao dihapu.”
Pataleko lovahongwanhu ngaashi Pagels, Ombibeli hayo aike odjo oko kwe likolelela eitavelo lOvakriste, ope na yo eedjo dimwe ngaashi omashangelo o-Apocrypha. Pashihopaenenwa, oprograma imwe hai ifanwa Bible Mysteries, (“The Real Mary Magdalene”) “Maria Magdalena washili,” hai ulikwa kEhangano lOkutuma Omawi mOmhepo laBritania, oya popya kutya omashangelo o-Apocrypha okwa ti kutya Maria Magdalena okwa li “omuhongi nomuwiliki wopamhepo wovahongwa vakwao. Ka li ashike omuhongwa, ndele okwa li yo omuyapostoli wovayapostoli vakwao.” Juan Arias okwa shanga moshifokundaneki shaBrasilia O Estado de S. Paulo shi na sha nonghandangala oyo vati Maria Magdalena a li a dana a ti: “Omaumbangi aeshe kunena otae tu ningifa tu itavele kutya ongudu yOvakriste vonale oyo ya li ya totwa po kuJesus, oya li unene i yadi ‘ovakainhu,’ molwaashi eengeleka dotete odo da li hadi ningilwa momaumbo oda li hadi ningilwa momaumbo ovakainhu, ovo va li ovapristeri nosho yo ovabishofi.”
Ovanhu vahapu ove udite kutya omashangelo o-Apocrypha okwa fa e na ongushu neenghono e dule eedjo dOmbibeli. Omataleko a tya ngaho okwa etifa po omapulo amwe a fimana kutya: Mbela eitavelo lOvakriste ola kanghamena komashangelo o-Apocrypha? Ngeenge omashangelo a tya ngaho otaa kondjifafana nomahongo a yela Ombibeli, ohatu ka itavela mbela Ombibeli ile omashangelo o-Apocrypha? Mbela opa li ngoo shili pa ningwa omhangela yomeholeko mefelemudo etine i na sha nomambo oo nokulundulula Omavangeli ane opo mu kufwe ouyelele wa fimana u na sha naJesus, Maria Magdalena nosho yo vamwe? Opo tu mone omanyamukulo komapulo oo, natu ka konakone limwe lOmomavangeli ane Ombibeli, Evangeli laJohannes.
Oumbangi oo u li mEvangeli laJohannes
Ope na okapambu ka fimana kEvangeli laJohannes oko ka hangwa muEgipti mefelemudo eti-20, oko ka shiivika nawa Papyrus Rylands 457 (P52). Okapambu oko oke na Johannes 18:31-33, 37, 38 noka tuvikilwa mongulu yomambo i li muManchester, shomuEngland, yedina John Rylands Library. Okapambu oko ka kulukulu komomashangelo Omishangwa dopaKriste dOshigreka donale oko ke li fiyo okunena. Ovahongwanhu vahapu ova itavela kutya oka shangwa mo 125 O.P. lwaapo, sha hala okutya, omido 25 lwaapo konima eshi Johannes a fya. Osho shikumwifi oshosho kutya eendjovo dokapambu oko konyala otadi tu kumwe filufilu naado di li momashangelo makwao oo a ka shangwa lwanima. Oushili oo kutya Evangeli laJohannes ola li la twalwa nale kuEgipti, oko kwa li kwa hangwa okapambu oko, otau yambidida exulifodiladilo olo kutya onghundana iwa yaJohannes oya li ya shangwa shili mefelemudo lotete O.P. kuJohannes ye mwene, ngaashi Ombibeli tai ti. Onghee hano, embo laJohannes ola shangwa komumoninomesho woiningwanima oyo.
Mepingafano naasho, omashangelo aeshe o-Apocrypha okwa shangwa mefelemudo eti-2, pa pita omido efele ile nokuli di dulife po okudja eshi oiningwanima oyo taa hokolola ya ningwa. Ovashiivinawa vamwe otava ti kutya omashangelo o-Apocrypha okwa kanghamena komashangelo onale ile keenghulunghedi, ndele kape na oumbangi u na sha naasho. Onghee hano, osha wapala okupula epulo eli kutya: Oumbangi ulipi to ka kala wa itavela filufilu, mbela oyoo wa yandjwa kovamoninomesho ile okovanhu ovo va li ko omido efele konima eshi oiningwanima oyo ya ningwa? Enyamukulo lepulo olo oli li poluhaela.b
O-Papyrus Rylands 457 (P52), okapambu kEvangeli laJohannes oko ka monika mefelemudo etivali O.P., oka shangwa omido omilongo dinini konima yomishangwa dotete
Mbela ongahelipi shi na sha nomapopyo oo kutya Omavangeli Ombibeli okwa lundululwa opo ku holekwe ouyelele umwe u na sha nonghalamwenyo yaJesus? Pashihopaenenwa, mbela ope na ngoo oumbangi oo tau ulike kutya Evangeli laJohannes ola lundululwa mefelemudo etine opo ku pengifwe omaushili oo e li mo? Opo tu mone enyamukulo lepulo olo, otwa pumbwa okudimbuluka kutya Ombibeli yokunena oya tapwa muimwe yomeedjo da fimanenena, eshangelo lomefelemudo etine ledina Vatican 1209. Ngeno okwa li mEembibeli detu mwa ningwa omalunduluko mefelemudo etine, ngeno omalunduluko a tya ngaho oku liwetikile meshangelo olo. Kakele kaasho, ope na yo omashangelo amwe oo e na Lukas naJohannes, oo haa ifanwa Bodmer 14, 15 (P75), oo a shangwa okudja me 175 O.P. fiyo omo 225 O.P. Ovashiivinawa vamwe ova ti kutya eendjovo dayo oda faafana noVatican 1209. Noitya imwe, kape na omalunduluko a kwata moiti a li a ningwa mOmavangeli Ombibeli, noVatican 1209 otai shi koleke.
Kape na oumbangi oo tau ulike kutya Johannes ile Omavangeli makwao okwa lundululwa mefelemudo eti-4. Konima eshi Dr. Peter M. Head wokoUnivesti yaCambridge a konakona oupambu vomashangelo ovo va li va hangwa mOxyrhynchus, muEgipti, okwa popya a ti: “Omashangelo oo otaa ulike kutya okwa li a [shangwa meendada da kula odo da li hadi shangwa mefelemudo eti-4 okuyuka komesho] oko kwe likolelela omashangelo okunena ovakeumbali. Kape na etomheno lasha lokukala twa limbililwa kutya pamwe opa ningwa omalunduluko onhumba pefimbo lokutandavelifwa kwonale kwomashangelo [Etestamenti Lipe].”
Ohatu dulu mbela okufika pexulifodiladilo lilipi?
Omavangeli ane Omishangwa dopaKriste dOshigreka, Mateus, Markus, Lukas nosho yo Johannes, okwa li a tambulwa ko nale kOvakriste aveshe mokati kefelemudo eti-2. Eshangelo laTatian olo la li hali longifwa apeshe hali ifanwa Diatessaron (outumbulilo wOshigreka oo tau ti “okupitila mwaane”), olo la shangwa pokati ke 160 ne 175 O.P., ola li le likolelela ashike kOmavangeli ane oo e li oshitukulwa shOmishangwa Diyapuki ndele hakomavangeli o-Gnostic. (Tala oshimhungu: “Okupopilwa kwonale kwOmavangeli.”) Ope na yo natango oshinima shididilikwedi shi na sha naasho sha popiwa kuIreneus oo a li ko lwopexulilo lefelemudo eti-2 O.P. Okwa ti kutya ope na okukala pe na Omavangeli ane, ngaashi ashike pe na eembinga ne dedu nosho yo eembinga ne domhepo. Nonande ovanhu otashi dulika va kale va limbililwa omafaafanifo aye, oshitwa shaye otashi yambidida ediladilo kutya opa li ashike Omavangeli ane oo e li oshitukulwa shOmishangwa Diyapuki.
Mbela omauyelele aeshe oo otaa ulike shike? Otaa yandje oumbangi kutya Omishangwa dopaKriste dOshigreka, mwa kwatelwa Omavangeli ane oo tu na kunena, inaa lundululwa okudja ngoo mefelemudo etivali fiyo okunena. Kape na oumbangi wa kola oo tau ulike kutya opa li pa pangelwa omhangela yomeholeko mefelemudo eti-4 opo ku lundululwe ile ku holekwe oitukulwa yonhumba yOmishangwa odo da nwefwa mo kuKalunga. Mepingafano naasho, omuhongwanhu umwe wOmbibeli Bruce Metzger okwa ti: “Lwopexulilo lefelemudo eti-2, . . . opa li etwokumwe linene shi na sha noshitukulwa shinene shEtestamenti Lipe mokati kovaitaveli ve lili noku lili ovo va li momaongalo oo e lihanena koitukulwa oyo i li lwokEfuta loPokati nosho yo okudja muBritania fiyo okuMesopotamia.”
Omuyapostoli Paulus nosho yo Petrus ova li va yambidida oshili yEendjovo daKalunga. Ova li va londwela Ovakriste vakwao sha kwata moiti vaha tambule ko novaha itavele oinima oyo inava hongwa. Pashihopaenenwa, Paulus okwa li a shangela Timoteus a ti: “Timoteus, tuvikila nokudiinina eshi we shi pewa, ove yepa omapopyaano a nyata noongaho neemhata doipupulu hadi tiwa eshiivo vati, eshiivo eli la itavelwa kuvamwe, ava ve liteeka eitavelo.” Petrus okwa yandja oumbangi a ti: “Osheshi inatu shikula eengano da totwa nounongo, ofye eshi twe mu shiivifila eenghono nokuuya kwOmwene wetu Jesus Kristus, ndelenee otwa tala nomesho etu vene oshinge shaye shinene.” — 1 Timoteus 6:20, 21; 2 Petrus 1:16.
Omafelemido a pita, omuprofeti Jesaja okwa li a nwefwa mo a tye: “Omwiidi otau kukuta, nonhemo yao otai kate; ndelenee ondjovo yaKalunga ketu otai kala po fiyo alushe.” (Jesaja 40:8) Ohatu dulu yo okukala nelineekelo kutya oo a nwefa mo Omishangwa Diyapuki oye yo e di diinina momukokomoko womido opo “ovanhu aveshe va xupifwe nova fike meshiivo loshili.” — 1 Timoteus 2:4.
a Oshitya “Gnostic” nosho yo “Apocrypha” oya dja koitya yOshigreka oyo tai dulu okuyukifwa “keshiivo lomeholeko” nosho yo koshinima “sha holekekeka.” Omautumbulilo oo ohaa longifwa okuulika komashangelo ehe fi oshili oo haa shangwa taa hopaenene Omavangeli, Oilonga, eenhumwafo nosho yo omahololo oo e li momambo Omishangwa dopaKriste dOshigreka.
b Oupyakadi umwe vali u na sha nomashangelo o-Apocrypha oyoo kutya opa xupa eekopi dao dinini. Opa xupa ashike oupambu vavali vanini vomashangelo o-Gospel of Mary Magdalene oyo ya tumbulwa metetekelo nashimwe shile osho tashi dulika etata lasho la kana. Kakele kaasho, ope na omayooloko madidilikwedi momashangelo oo e li po.