MUTWE WA PA NKUPIKO

Mwakonsha Kwikala Myaka Inga?

HARRIET byo afwile mu 2006, wajinga na myaka nobe 175. Nangwa byonkabyo, Harriet kechi wajinga muntu ne. Uno wajinga Nkonvu utelwa mba Galapagos, kabiji waikalanga mo balamina banyama mu kyalo kya Australia. Harriet waikele myaka yavula bingi kukila yo twikala. Bino kumwesakanya na bilengwa bikwabo, aye kechi waikele myaka yavula kukila bilengwa bikwabo ne. Monai bya kumwenako.

• Jisabi jiji na kibabulwa jitelwa’mba Freshwater pearl mussel, bapesa pesa bya kupesa pesa mu Finland baambile’mba jino jisabi jakonsha kwikala myaka 200.

• Kabiji jisabi jikwabo jiji na kibabulwa jitelwa’mba burrowing clam (ocean quahog) ajo javula jikala myaka kukila pa 100, kabiji kyashimunwa’mba jakonsha kwikala myaka kukila pa 400.

• Bichi bimo, nobe kichi kyapasha mulemu (bristlecone pine), kichi kitelwa’mba giant sequoia, ne mitundu ya bichi bya sipulesi ne bitelwa’mba spruce bikala myaka 1000.

Bino bantu bo balanguluka’mba bekala myaka yavula bingi pano pa ntanda bekalatu myaka 80 nangwa 90, nangwa kya kuba twibikako kukeba kwikala myaka yavula.

Mulangulukapo amba ka, nanchi myaka 80 nangwa 90 yo myaka yo twafwainwa kwikala nyi? Nangwa abya kujipo luketekelo lwa kuba’mba twafwainwa kwikala myaka yavula nyi? Bantu bavula baketekela’mba sayansi ne kuyilako palutwe mu bya michi kwibalengela kwikala myaka yavula.

Nanchi Sayansi Yakonsha Kwitukwasha Nyi?

Sayansi yakwasha bingi mu bya butuntulu bwa mubiji ne mu kufunda bya michi. Magazini wa Scientific American waambile’mba: “Bantu bachechetu [mu United States] bo bafwa ku bikola bisambukilañana nangwa na mambo a makatazho ekalako pa kupaapa. Kufwa kwa baana babacheche kwabwela panshi na mapesenti 75 kutendeka mu mwaka wa 1960.” Bino bya sayansi bitulengela kwikalako tumyaka twavula. Magazini mukwabo wa Scientific American waamba’mba: “Nangwa kya kuba bapesa pesapo pa myaka yavula, kilengela bantu kukota kechi kyayukanyikwa ne. Nangwa byonkabyo, bishinka bimwesha’mba inge maselo aleka kwingila bulongo muntu utendeka kukota.” Kino kibaba kyatwajijila kwamba’mba: “Inge maselo o alengela kukota, ko kuba mba tuji na luketekelo lwa kuba mba juba jimo akazhikijilwa.”

Byo bapesele peselenga pa kilengela bantu kukota ne bikola biiya mu bukote, bashayuka ba bya sayansi babena kufunda pa kilengela maselo a kipasha kuleka kwingila bulongo, lufunjisho lutelwa’mba epigenetics. Nga luno lufunjisho lwa epigenetics lo luka?

Maselo atuntulu a mu mubiji alama bintu bimo bikebewa pa kulengwa kwa maselo a katataka. Bino bintu bitanwa mu maselo atelwa’mba genome, kyambo kilumbulula maselo onse aji mu maselo alengela kipasha atelwa’mba DNA. Nangwa byonkabyo, mu kupesa pesa kwa katataka bashayuka ba bya sayansi batana bulume buji mu maselo ne byo engila, maselo atelwa’mba epigenome. Epigenetics ke lufunjisho lwa kuyuka bingila maselo mu mubiji.

Tubibese tucheche tulenga maselo atelwa’mba epigenome twapusana na maselo aji mu DNA. Pakuba DNA iji nobe ndandalashi, maselo atelwa’mba epigenome aji nobe tukonkobele tukimbakana pakachi ka ndandalashi, ko kuba’mba akwatankanya maselo aji mu DNA. Pano ñanyi mwingilo wingila maselo a epigenome? Nobe muntu utangijila jibumba ja banyimbi, ano maselo o alengela maselo a kipasha a DNA kwingila bulongo. Maselo a epigenome alengela maselo a kipasha kwingila nangwa kwialengela kubula kwingila kwesakana na bibena kukebewa ku maselo ne bintu byo biji, nabiji umvwe twaja kajo, umvwe twakoka ne kufumya biko mu mubiji. Kupesa pesa kwaubiwe katataka kwa pa maselo a epigenome kwalengela kupimpula ndangulukilo ya bantu pa bilengwa byumi kabiji ne kilengela bikola bimo ne kukota.

Ba Nessa Carey bafunda bya epigenetics baambile’mba: “[Maselo a Epigenetics] o alengela kimpendampenda kwaluka ke kikola kya mu byako, kabiji ne kwaluka kufuma mu kansa kwikala kikola kibula kupwa.” Kabiji o alengela “kukota.” Kuno kupesa pesa pa epigenetics kwalengela bantu kumonapo michi ya kuwamishako butuntulu bwa mubiji ne bya kwizhikijila ku bikola nobe kansa, kabiji kuba bino kukwashako bantu kwikala myaka yavula. Bino pa kino kimye, kafwako michi yakonsha kulengela muntu kubula kukota ne. Ba Carey baambile’mba: “Tukyubatu bintu byonka byo twaubanga kala [pa kuba’mba tubulenga kukota bukiji], ko kuba’mba kuja bishu byavula ne kukaya bisela bikosesha mubiji.”

Pano mambo ka bantu o beyanjishisha na kukeba kuba’mba bekale myaka yavula? Kabiji mambo ka o tukebela kwikala myaka ne myaka? Byonka byajinga bwipuzho mu pepala wa byambo mu Britain wa The Times amba: “Mambo ka bantu bonse mu ntanda o babujila kukeba kufwa, kupichila mu kukeba kwikala na mweo ubula kufwa nangwa kupichila mu lusanguko, nangwa kusemenwa mu kintu kikwabo pa kuba’mba batwajijile kwikala myaka ne myaka?” Mukumbu wa buno bwipuzho wamwesha ene mambo bantu o bakotela.

Mambo ka o Tukebela Kwikala Myaka ne Myaka?

Pa myaka yavula bantu baeseka kutana mukumbu wa buno bwipuzho. Nanchi kujipo mukumbu walumbuluka wakwatankanya byo twalengwa ne byo tukeba kwikala myaka ne myaka nyi? Bantu bavula bakonsha kukumbula amba ee! Mambo ka? Mambo batana mikumbu yafwainwa mu Baibolo yaamba pa bantu byo balengwa.

Kufumatu ku ntendekelo, Baibolo waamba’mba bantu nangwa kya kuba bepashako na bilengwa bikwabo mu bintu bimo, pano bino, bapusanako. Kya kumwenako, pa Ntendekelo 1:27, tutangapo amba Lesa walengele bantu mu kipasha kyanji. Mu ñanyi jishinda? Witupele bulume bwa kumwesha butemwe, bunchibamambo bwaoloka ne kwikala na maana. Byo kiji kuba’mba Lesa wikala myaka ne myaka, witulengele kuba’mba ne atweba twikalenga myaka ne myaka. Musapwishi 3:11 waamba’mba, Lesa ‘walengela bantu kulanguluka bya kala ne bya kulutwe bya myaka ne myaka.’

Kimwesha kuba’mba twalengelwe kwikala myaka ne myaka kukila byo twikala ano moba ke bingila bongo kikatakata byo bulama bintu umvwe tubena kufunda. Buku umo waamba’mba bongo bwa bantu buji na bulume bwa kulabijila bintu byavula bingi. (Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders) Mambo ka bongo o bwaikela na buno bulume inge kya kuba kechi bebulengele amba twibwingijishenga ne? Kino kimweshatu patoka kuba’mba Lesa wakebelenga bantu kwikala myaka ne myaka. Pano mambo ka kyo tukotela, kuyanda ne kufwa?

Ene Mambo o Tukotela ne Kufwa

Ba Adama ne Evwa bajinga na mibiji yalumbuluka kabiji bajinga ne na luusa lwa kwifuukwila bintu. Kyataminekotu ke kya kuba’mba baingijishe luno luusa bubi kupichila mu kusatukila Mulenga wabo.a (Ntendekelo 2:16, 17; 3:6-11) Bunsatuki nangwa’mba bundengamambo bwabo bwibalengejile kuzhatwa ne kwibaletela bumvu. Kabiji kikwabo kyafuminemo, butuntulu bwabo bwa mubiji bwatendekeletu kutama pachepache kufikatu ne kimye kyo bafwile. 1 Kolinda 15:56 waamba’mba: “Lumuna wa lufu bo bundengamambo.”

Kupichila mu buswanyi, baana ba kwa Adama ne Evwa bonse baswaine bumbulwa kulumbuluka ne muteeto wa kulenga mambo nangwa wa kukeba kuba byatama. Loma 5:12 waamba’mba: “Bundengamambo bwatwelele pano pa ntanda mu muntu umo, ne lufu nalo lwaishijile mu bundengamambo, byonkabyo lufu lwakumbene ku bantu bonse mambo bonse balengele mambo.”

Kwesakana na byo twaambapo kala, twakonsha kupwisha’mba ka? Tusa kupwisha bino: Kintu kilengela kwikala na bumi bwa myaka ne myaka kechi kyakonsha kutanwa mu munkinyi ne. Lesa ye yenkatu ukafumyapo makatazho eya na mambo a bundengamambo. Abya ukekyuba nyi? Baibolo wakumbula’mba ee!

“Ukamina Lufu kya Kuba’mba Kechi Lukekalapo Jibiji Ne”

Lesa wauba kala kintu kyanema bingi pa kuba’mba afumyepo bundengamambo ne lufu. Watumine Yesu Kilishitu kwiya na kwitufwila. Pano lufu lwa kwa Yesu lwakonsha kwitukwasha byepi? Yesu wasemenwetu walumbuluka kabiji “kechi walengelepo mambo ne.” (1 Petelo 2:22) Onkao mambo, wajinga na bumi bwalumbuluka byo ajinga pano pa ntanda. Pano waingijishe byepi buno bumi bwanji bwalumbuluka? Waswile kwibupana na mambo a bundengamambo bwetu. Kya kine, Yesu wapaine mweo wanji kwikala “kya kukuula bavula.” (Mateo 20:28) Katatakatu buno bukuzhi buketukuule ku makatazho onse. Pano mukamwenamo byepi mu kino? Akilangulukai pa bino binembelo:

▪ “Mambo Lesa byo ebatemwishe ba pano pa ntanda wapaine Mwananji yenkawa umotu, kuba amba bonse bamwitabila kechi bakonaike ne, poso bakekale na bumi bwa myaka.”—Yoano 3:16.

▪ “Aye Nkambo Yehoba ukamina lufu kya kuba’mba kechi lukekalapo jibiji ne, kabiji ukashimuna mipolo ku meso a bantu bonse; kabiji ukafumyapo pano pa ntanda ponse myendeleko yo bebendeleka bantu banji; mambo Yehoba ye wikyamba.”—Isaya 25:8.

▪ “Lufu ye mulwanyi ukapelako konaunwa.”—1 Kolinda 15:26.

▪ ‘Tente wa Lesa ukekala na bantu, kabiji ukebashimuna mipolo yonse ku meso abo, ne lufu kechi lukekalako jibiji ne.’—Lumwekesho 21:3, 4.

Mwakonsha kwikala myaka inga? Baibolo waamba’mba: Bantu bakonsha kwikala myaka ne myaka, luno luketekelo lukafika kimye Lesa kyo akafumyapo bintu byonse byatama pano pa ntanda. (Salamo 37:28, 29) Yesu wajinga na luno luketekelo kimye kyo aambijile mwanamulume ye apopelwe nanji amba: “Ukekala ne amiwa mu Paladisa.”—Luka 23:43.

Kya kine, bantu bakeba kwikala myaka ne myaka kabiji kino kikobiwa. Lesa byobyo etulengele. Kabiji ukobila bintu byonse byo bakeba. (Salamo 145:16) Nangwa byonkabyo, ne atweba twafwainwa kubapo bintu bimo. Kya kumwenako, twafwainwa kwitabila mwi Lesa. Buku wa Bahebelu 11:6 waamba’mba: “Kechi kyakonsheka kutokesha Lesa ku muchima kwa kubula lwitabilo ne, mambo yense umusolomoka wafwainwa kuketekela amba ko aji kabiji ye ufweta aba bamukebesha.” Luketekelo lwa uno mutundu kechi lwa kwitabilatu kitabile itabile ne, bino lwaimena pa maana alumbuluka a mu Baibolo. (Bahebelu 11:1) Inge mukeba kwikala na luno lwitabilo, bulai Bakamonyi ba kwa Yehoba ba konkako ko mwikala nangwa kuya pa intaneti wetu kwingijisha keyala wa www.jw.org.

[Tubyambo twa mushi]

[Kipikichala pa peja 3]

Galafu pa peja 3

Bichi bimo

Jisabi jitelwa Burrowing clam

Jisabi jitelwa’mba Freshwater pearl mussel

Nkovu utelwa’mba Galapagos

Muntu

[Mabulañano pa peja 4]

“Nangwa kya kuba bapesa pesapo pa myaka yavula, kilengela bantu kukota kechi kyayukanyikwa ne”

[Kipikichala pa peja 5]

[Kitenguluzha pa peja 5]

Nanchi Mwakonsha Kwikala na Butuntulu bwa Mubiji Bwawama ne Kwikala Myaka Yavula Nyi?

Kupesa pesa kwaubiwe ku bantu kukila pa 1,500 basemenwe mu 1910, bashayuka ba sayansi ba Howard S. Friedman ne Leslie R. Martin baambile’mba bantu batako muchima ku bumi bwabo bekala myaka yavula kabiji bekala na balunda bavula bingi. Ba Friedman ne ba Martin baambile’mba: “Bantu batako muchima ku bumi bwabo bebikako kulamawizha butuntulu bwabo bwa mubiji ne kuchinuzhuka bintu byakonsha kubika bumi bwabo mu kizumba. Bachinuzhuka kupepa fwanka, kukizhamo kutoma maalwa, kwingijisha bibi michi ipendañana nangwa kunyemesha bingi myotoka. Kabiji bekasa mishipi ya pa bipona mu myotoka ne kulondela bibabula badokotala. Kechi bachinuzhukatu bizumba ne, bino bapesa pesa bulongo ne kumona byo bakonsha kutwajijila kwikala na butuntulu bwa mubiji bwawama.”

Pa mambo a balunda, aba baikele myaka yavula “bajinga na mashinda a kumvwañenamo avula kabiji . . . bakwashanga ne bakwabo.” Banembi ba mabuku baambile’mba, byamba bantu amba, “bantu bawama bafwa bukiji, pakuba batama kechi bafwa bukiji ne,” byaishile kufumapo kwesakana na kupesa pesa kwa basayansi. Javula . . . bantu batama bo bafwa bukiji, kabiji bantu bawama kechi bafwa bukiji ne.”