1914—Omumvo Ngoka Gwa Kukula Uuyuni

“Iita Iinene yomo 1914-18 oyi li ngaashi oshitopolwa shevi sha yaywa shoka tashi topola ethimbo lyonale kwaandika lyetu. Oomwenyo odhindji ndhoka dha kanena moka . . . , omaitaalo ngoka ga hanagulwa po, oondungedhiladhilo ndhoka dha lundululwa niilalo yeyeme itaayi vulu okupangwa mbyoka ya thiga po, oya ningitha opo pu kale olumbogo lwolela nolwopautseyimwenyo pokati komathimbo ngaka gaali.”—Dha kuthwa membo The Proud Tower—A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890-1914, kuBarbara Tuchman.

“Konyala osho oshitopolwa shondjokonona—nonando hasho naanaa—oshoka aantu omayuvi ogendji mboka ya li aagundjuka petameko lyethelemimvo ndika etimilongo mbali lya simana, oko ye li natango.”—Dha kuthwa membo 1914, kuLyn MacDonald, ndyoka lya nyanyangidhwa mo 1987.

OMOLWASHIKE mbela tu na okukala tu na ko nasha nomumvo 1914? ‘Ngame otandi ipula nonakuyiwa,’ tashi vulika osho to ti, ‘hanethimbo lya pita.’ Shi na ko nasha nomaupyakadhi ngaashi enyateko lyuuyuni auhe, etekopo lyonkalamwenyo yomaukwanegumbo, eindjipalo lyiilonga yomuyonena, omikithi dhopamadhiladhilo nokwaaheniilonga, onakuyiwa yomuntu itayi monika nando nawa. Ihe aantu oyendji mboka ya konakona shoka 1914 tayi ti oya mona ekankameno lyetegameno lyonakuyiwa yi li nawa.

Oshungonangelo oya kala tayi yelitha uule woomvula omilongo dhontumba kutya mo 1914 aantu oya mona ethimbo ndyoka hali ithanwa “etameko lyetheto lyokuvala.” Uutumbulilo mboka ou li oshitopolwa shehunganeko lyaJesus Kristus lya simana li na ko nasha niiningomwa mbyoka tayi ka ndhindhilikitha ehulilo lyonkalelo yaantu aakolokoshi.—Mateus 24:7, 8.

Nena opu na owala oopersenda oonshona dhaantu mboka taa vulu okudhimbulukwa iiningomwa iikumiithi yomo 1914. Epipi lyaakulupe mboka mbela otali ka hula po manga Kalunga inaa hupitha evi kokuyonuuka po? Pamahunganeko gOmbimbeli hasho tashi kala ngaaka. “Nge tamu mono ayihe mbika,” Jesus u uvaneke, “kaleni mu shi shi, oku li popepi, oposheelo. Oshili tandi mú lombwele: ezimo ndika itali hulu po, sigo ayihe mbika tayi gwanithwa.”—Mateus 24:33, 34.

Okuuva ko molwashike omumvo 1914 gwa simana unene mondjokonona, oto vulu okudhiladhila kombinga yonkalo yuuyuni sigo omokati ko 1914. Komeho yethimbo ndyoka aakwaniilwa ngaashi Omupangeli Nicholas gwaRuusia, Omukesari Wilhelm gwaNdowishi, nOmupangeli Franisa Josef gwaAustria-Hongaria oya li ye na oonkondo oonene. Kehe gumwe gwomaalumentu mbaka okwa li ta vulu okuunganeka aakwiita ye vulithe pomamiliyona gane e te ya tumu ya ka kondje. Ihe oohekulululwa yawo oya shaina shoka shi ithanwa Ehangano Eyapuki, ndyoka lya ti kutya Kalunga okwe ya pa oonkondo okupangela iitopolwa yi ili noyi ili ‘yomOshigwana shopaKriste’ shimwe ashike oshinene.

PaThe Encyclopædia Britannica, odokumende ndjika “oya nwetha mo noonkondo okuhuma komeho kwopaudiplomate waEuropa methelemimvo eti-19.” Oya li ya longithwa okupataneka omainyengo gopaudemokoli nokwaambidhidha shoka shi ithanwa uuthemba waakwaniilwa wopakalunga. “Tse otse Aakwaniilwa yopaKriste,” osho Omukesari Wilhelm a nyolele Omupangeli Nicholas, “otu na oshilonga shimwe ashike oshiyapuki shoka twe shi inekelelwa kEgulu, nosho okukakatela ekotampango [lyuuthemba waakwaniilwa wopakalunga].” Otashi ti mbela kutya aakwaniilwa yaEuropa oya li ye na ekwatathano nUukwaniilwa waKalunga pamukalo gwontumba? (Faathanitha 1 Aakorinto 4:8.) Nongiini mbela kombinga yoongeleka ndhoka dha ambidhidha aakwaniilwa mboka? Okupopya kwawo kutya yo Aakriste okwa li mbela oshili? Eyamukulo komapulo ngaka olya yela mo nawa moomvula ndhoka dha landula 1914.

Ombadhilila, muAuguste

“Iitemamvula nothinge yo 1914 oya li ethimbo lya mwena inaali monika nale muEuropa,” osho omunepangelo gwaBritania Winston Churchill a nyola. Aantu oyendji oya li ye na omukumo kombinga yonakuyiwa. “Uuyuni wo 1914 owa li u na etegameno ewanawa nonakuyiwa oya li tayi monika nawa unene,” osho Louis Snyder a ti membo lye World War I.

Dhoshili, opwa li eihakano enene pokati kaNdowishi naBritania uule woomvula odhindji. Nonando ongaaka, omunyoli gwondjokonona G. P. Gooch ota yelitha membo lye Under Six Reigns: “Otashi vulika muEuropa kaamwa holokele unene olugodhi mo 1914 ngaashi mo 1911, 1912 nenge 1913 . . . Ekwatathano pokati komapangelo gaali olya li ewanawa li vulithe ndyoka ya li ye na oomvula odhindji dha piti.” PaWinston Churchill, oshilyo shoparlement yaBritania mo 1914, ‘osha li tashi monika sha fa Ndowishi a li a gama kombinga yetu nokwa li a hala ombili.’

Ihe sho omumati ngoka a li ta ka ninga omukwaniilwa gwUukwaniilwa waAustria-Hongaria a dhipagwa muJuni 28, 1914, muSarajevo, etegameno lyonakuyiwa olya tameke itaali monika we nawa. Konima yomwedhi, Omukesari Franisa Josef okwa hingile Serbia iita nokwa lombwele omatanga ge ga ponokele uukwaniilwa mboka. Pethimbo opo tuu mpono, etanga enene lyaNdowishi olya ponokele mbalambala uukwaniilwa waBelgia uusiku muAuguste 3, 1914 palombwelo lyOmukesari Wilhelm, nolye ende tali kondjo sigo okuFranisa. Esiku lya landula Britania okwa hingile Ndowishi iita. Omupangeli Nikolas okwa lombwele etanga enene enankondo lyaRuusia li hingile Ndowishi naAustria-Hongaria iita. Ehangano Eyapuki inali vula okukelela aakwaniilwa yaEuropa kaaya ninginithe enenevi metiko lyombinzi yedhipago moka ayehe taa dhipagathana. Ihe omakukuko omanene oga li ge li natango komeho.

Ya Hula Pethimbo lyOkrismesa?

Okutameka kwiita inaku teya aantu omukumo. Oyendji oya li yi itaala kutya otayi eta uuyuni u li nawa, noongundu oonene odha gongala shaa mpono muEuropa oku yi popila. A. J. P. Taylor ota nyola membo lye The Struggle for Mastery in Europe—1848-1918: “Kapu na nando ogumwe mo 1914, ngoka a li a tala ko iiponga yiita sha kwata miiti, kakele kuukwiita wo wene. . . . Nando gumwe a li a tegelela oshiponga oshinene shopausosiale.” Mepingathano naashono, oyendji oya hunganeke kutya iita otayi ka kala ya hula po meni lyoomwedhi oonshona.

Ihe manga Aaeuropa inaaya dhana Okrismesa yawo yomo 1914, ombinzi oyindji oya li ya tika pomukanka mpoka aakwiita ya li yi ikulumanena ngoka gu na ookilometa 700 okuza kuSwitse muumbugantu sigo okomunkulofuta gwaBelgia muumbangalantu. Ogwa lukwa Ongamba yUuninginino, nomunyoli Omundowishi Herbert Sulzbach oku ulike kwaashono menyolo ndyoka ye a nyola mesiku lyahugunina lyo 1914 membo lye lyakehe esiku. Enyolo otali lesha ngeyi: “Iita mbika iinyanyalithi otayi tsikile natango, nonando petameko omuntu owa li wa dhiladhila kutya otayi ka hula po meni lyiiwike iishona, ngashingeyi otashi monika sha fa ehulopo lyayo li li kokule.” Pethimbo opo tuu mpono, miitopolwa yilwe yaEuropa, omalugodhi moka ombinzi oyindji ya tilwahi oga geye pokati komatanga gaRuusia, Ndowishi, Austria-Hongaria naSerbia. Olugodhi olwa taaguluka mbalambala oongamba dhaEuropa, nomalugodhi oga kondjwa pomafuta nomuAfrika, mUuzilo woPokati nokuuntuntu wEfuta lyaAtilanda.

Konima yoomvula ne Europa okwa li a hanagulwa po. Ndowishi, Ruusia naAustria-Hongaria kehe gumwe okwa kanitha aakwiita ye li pokati kemiliyona limwe nenge gaali. Ruusia okwa kanitha nokuli uukwaniilwa we pethimbo lyoshipotha shaBolshevik shomo 1917. Kasha li tuu sha kukula aakwaniilwa yaEuropa naakwambepo mboka ye ya ambidhidha! Aanyoli yondjokonona yonena oya kumwa natango kwaashono. Membo lye Royal Sunset, Gordon Brook-Shepherd ota pula: “Oshe ende ngiini mbela opo aapangeli mboka ya li aakwawothane nenge ya hokanathana noyi igandja ayehe kokukakatela uukwaniilwa, ya pitike ya ye medhipago lyuumwayinathana moka mwa tikile ombinzi oyindji noyendji yomuyo ya yonwa po naahupipo ayehe ya thigwa monkalo ya nkundipala?”

Orepablika yaFranisa oya kanitha wo aakwiita ye vulithe pemiliyona limwe, nUukwaniilwa waBritania, mboka uukwaniilwa wawo wa kala wa nkundipala nale manga iita inaayi tameka, owa kanitha oyendji ye vule 900 000. Aakwiita ayehe kumwe ye vulithe pomamiliyona 9 oya si, nomamiliyona natango 21 oye ehamekwa. Shi na ko nasha nekanitho lyaakwashigwana mboka kaaye shi aakwiita, The World Book Encyclopedia otayi ti: “Kapu na ngoka e shi kutya aakwashigwana yangapi ya sa komukithi, kondjala nokiinima yimwe yi na ko nasha niita. Aanyoli yamwe yondjokonona otaa dhiladhila kutya opu na aakwashigwana oyendji ya sa ye thike naanaa paakwiita.” Omukithi gwewililila lyaSpania mo 1918 ogwa li natango gwa pula oomwenyo 21 000 000 muuyuni auhe.

Elunduluko Enene

Konima yIita Iinene, ngaashi ya li hayi ithanwa ethimbo ndyono, uuyuni inau kala we ngaashi wa li nale. Molwashoka opwa li oongeleka odhindji noonkondo dhUukwakriste ndhoka dha kutha ombinga nuuladhi muyo, aahupipo oyendji mboka ya yematekwa oya pilamene elongelokalunga e tayi igameke kokwaaitaala Kalunga. Yalwe oya tameke okulalakanena iinima yopamaliko nomainyanyudho. Omuprofesoli Modris Eksteins ota popi membo lye Rites of Spring ta ti kutya oomvula 1920-29 odha li “ethimbo lyokwiinyanyudha nolyokwiihola mwene noonkondo.”

Omuprofesoli Eksteins ota yelitha: “Iita oya ponokele omithikampango dhi na ko nasha nomikalo.” Aalumentu yokoombinga adhihe oya longwa kaawiliki yelongelokalunga, yaakwiita noyopolotika ya tale ko edhipago lyaantu oyendji li li nawa. Eksteins ota zimine kutya shika osha li “shili eponokelo ewinayi noonkondo lyelandulathano li na ko nasha nomikalo ndyoka lya ti kutya olya kankamena kompango yopaKriste noyopaJuda.” “Kombinga yOngamba yUuninginino,” ye ta gwedha ko, “konima yethimbo omagumbo ngoka ga li ga dhikwa pookamba dhaakwiita inaga za po we . . . Nomoshilongo shawo mo mwenemwene omikalo odha ningi wo omiwinayi. Oluhondelo olwi indjipala noonkondo.”

Dhoshili, 1914 oya li ya lundulula iinima noonkondo. Inayi eta po uuyuni u li nawa, niita mbyoka kaya li nando “iita yokuhulitha po iita ayihe,” ngaashi aantu oyendji ya li yi inekela kutya osho tashi ka kala. Pehala lyaashono, omunyoli gwondjokonona Barbara Tuchman ota ti: “Osha li sha fa omauvaneno omakumithi noondunge dhituntula mbyoka ya li yi niwe sigo omo 1914 ye ende tayi kana po kashona nakashona omolweyeme enene.”

Ihe opwa li aantu yamwe mboka ya mona iihuna yomo 1914 noinaya kumwa kiiningomwa yomomvula ndjoka. Dhoshili, manga iita inaayi tameka, yo oya li ya tegelela “uupyakadhi wa kwata miiti.” Oya li oolye? Noshike yo ya li ye shi shoka yalwe ya li kaaye shi?

[Oshimpungu pepandja 5]

Okukala nOmukumo kwAabritania Mo 1914

“Konyala methelemimvo limwe momafuta ngoka ga dhingoloka ontuntu yetu kamwa holokele omutondi. . . . Kapwa li pwa dhiladhilwa nando nokuli kutya otashi vulika ombili ndjika yokomunkulofuta yi kuthwe po kusha. . . . London ka li nando e na enyanyu nuuyamba oundji u thike mpono. Inapu kala nando iinima yi thike mpono mbyoka yi na oshilonga okuningwa, okumonika nokuuvika. Kutya nee omukulupe nenge omugundjuka, kapu na gumwe ngoka a li a limbililwa kutya shoka a mono pethimbo ndiyaka itaali vulu okuyelekwa nasha mo 1914, muushili wo wene, osha li ehulilo lyethimbo lyontumba.”—Before the Lamps Went Out, kuGeoffrey Marcus.