EPULO 2

Mbela opu na ngaa oshinima shi na omwenyo hashi ya po owala kusho shene?

Mbela oosele dhomaludhi 200 ga yoolokathana ndhoka dha tunga po olutu lwoye, odhe ya po ngaa shili kudho dhene ohaluka?

Olutu lwomuntu olwo oshinima sha kitakana meshito alihe. Olwa thikama po moosele dhi li omabiliyona omayuvi 100 lwaampo.⁷ Oosele dhimwe dhomudho ongaashi oosele dhomasipa, dhombinzi nosho wo dhuuluyi. Molutu omu na nokuli oosele dhomaludhi ge vulithe po 200 ga yoolokathana.⁸

Nonando oosele odhi li momalupe gi ili nogi ili nohadhi longo iilonga yi ili noyi ili, ohadhi longele kumwe momukalo gwa kitakana nomukumithi. Itadhi yelekanithwa nando no-intaneta, nonando ohayi longo mookompiuta odhindjidhindji nohayi longitha oongodhi ndhoka hadhi taandelitha uuyelele meendelelo. Kapu na nando osha shoka sha ndulukwa po komuntu tashi vulu okuyelekwa nomukalo omukumithi moka oosele hadhi longo. Mbela oosele ndhoka dha thikameka po olutu odhe ya po ngiini?

Aanongononi oyendji otaya ti ngiini? Oosele adhihe dhi na omwenyo odha thikama po moongundu mbali. Opu na ndhoka dhi na ehuku, omanga oonkwawo kaadhi na ehuku lya sha. Oosele dhaantu, dhiinamwenyo nodhiimeno odhi na ehuku. Oosele dhoombakiteli kadhi na sha. Oosele ndhoka dhi na ehuku ohadhi ithanwa moshiingilisa eukaryotic. Ndhoka kaadhi na sha, ohadhi ithanwa prokaryotic. Aantu oyendji oyi itaala kutya oosele dhiinamwenyo nodhiimeno odha za moosele dhoombakiteli, oshoka oosele ndhoka kaadhi na ehuku inadhi kitakana unene dha fa ndhoka dhi na ehuku.

Aanongononi oyendji ohaya longo aantu kutya uule womimvo omamiliyona ogendji, oosele dhimwe ndhoka kaadhi na ehuku odha nina po ndhoka dhi na ehuku, ihe inadhi dhi nyanyula. Pehala lyaashono, eshito lyo lyene aniwa olyo lya kongo po ondunge, opo li lundulule omukalo moka oosele ndhoka dha ninwa po hadhi longo. Uuna tadhi eta po oosele oompe, oosele ndhoka dha ninwa po nadho opo hadhi kala.⁹ a

Ombiimbeli otayi ti ngiini? Ombiimbeli otayi ti kutya iinima mbyoka yi na omwenyo kombanda yevi oye etwa po komuntu omunandunge. Oya popi sha yela ya ti: “Egumbo kehe oli na omutungi gwalyo, ihe ngoka a tungu ayihe, oKalunga.” (Aahebeli 3:4) Oya popya ishewe ya ti: “Omuwa, owa shiti iinima oyindji! Tala nkene wa shiti ayihe noondunge. Evi olyu udha iishitwa yoye. . . . Omu na iinamwenyo yaashi kuyalulwa, iinene niishona.” — Episalomi 104:24, 25.

Oondundu tadhi ndwafuka omulilo — Mbela osele oye ya po okuza miinima kaayi na omwenyo?

Uumbangi otawu ulike shike? Ehumokomeho momashina gokukonakona uunima uushona olye shi ningitha tashi vulika, opo tu mone shoka shi li meni lyoosele ndhoka kaadhi na ehuku (prokaryotic). Aanongononi mboka yi itaala melongo lyoevolusi otaya ti kutya oosele dhotango otashi vulika dha li dha fa ndhoka kaadhi na ehuku.¹⁰

Ngele elongo lyoevolusi olyoshili, olya pumbwa oku tu yelithila nawa nkene osele yotango ye ya po ohaluka kuyo yene. Ihe ngele omwenyo ogwa shitwa, opu na okukala uumbangi mboka tawu ulike kutya iinima meshito, mwa kwatelwa naambyoka iishona, oye etwa po komuntu omunandunge. Natu tale kutya oosele ndhoka kaadhi na ehuku odha tya ngiini. Sho to konakona uuyelele mbuka, tala ngele oosele ndhoka odhe ya po ngaa shili ohaluka kudho dhene.

OSHIYUGUNINO SHOKA SHA GAMENA OSELE

Opo ando wu ye meni lyosele ndjoka kaayi na ehuku, owa pumbwa okwiishonopeka, e to kala omushona wu vulike lwiikando omathele koshitsa shoka shi li pehulilo lyetumbulo ndika. Oshiyugunino shosele ndjika osha kola sha fa ekuma lya dhingoloka ofabulika, lya tungwa noondhopi dhosamende nosho wo nokaungulita. Opo oshiyugunino shika shi kale shi thike puunene wolutu lwombapila, osha pumbwa okutulwa kumwe lwiikando 10 000 lwaampo. Ihe oshiyugunino shosele osha kitakana shi vule ekuma lyofabulika. Omomikalo dhini mbela?

Ngaashi owala ekuma lya dhingoloka ofabulika, oshiyugunino shosele ohashi gamene iinima mbyoka yi li meni kaayi monithwe oshiponga. Ihe oshiyugunino shoka kashi shi oshikukutu unene, oshoka ohashi pitike iinima yimwe ngaashi ombepo yohapi yi ye mo noyi pite mo mosele. Ohashi keelele wo iinima iinene mbyoka inaayi pitikilwa mo meni lyosele, oshoka otayi vulu oku yi etela oshiponga. Ohashi ende ngiini opo oshiyugunino shi longe ngawo?

Dhiladhila manga kofabulika. Otashi vulika posheelo pu kale pu na oosekuliti ndhoka hadhi tala iinima mbyoka tayi ya meni naambyoka tayi piti mo. Sha faathana, meni lyoshiyugunino shosele omu na ooproteina dhi ikalekelwa ndhoka hadhi longo dha fa osheelo noosekuliti.

Ooproteina dhimwe(1) odhi na ombululu pokati ndjoka hayi pitike iinima yontumba yi ye meni lyosele noyi pite mo. Ooproteina dhilwe ohadhi kala dhe eguluka kombinga yimwe yoshiyugunino, (2) ihe kombinga onkwawo odha pata. Odhi na ehala mpoka iinima hayi thikile (3) ndyoka li li molupe lwa faathana noshinima shoka tashi yi meni lyadho. Ngele oshinima shontumba sha thikile pehala ndyoka, ombinga onkwawo yoproteina ohayi patuluka, e tayi etha oshinima shoka shi pite meni lyoshiyugunino (4). Iilonga ayihe mbika ohayi longwa kombanda yosele kehe, mwa kwatelwa ndhoka oonshona nokuli.

SHOKA HASHI LONGWA MENI LYOSELE

Dhiladhila ando wa pita poosekuliti nowu li ngashingeyi meni lyosele. Meni lyosele ndjoka kaayi na ehuku omu udha omeya ogendji ngoka ge na iitungithi oyindji, iikwamongwa nosho wo iinima yilwe. Osele ohayi longitha iinima mbika yi nduluke po iinima mbyoka ya pumbwa. Osele ihayi longo iinima mbika ohaluka nenge nopwaa na elandulathano. Ngaashi naanaa iinima hayi longwa mofabulika, osele ohayi unganeke iilongitho yontumba omayovi ogendji, opo yi longe momukalo gu unganekwa nomuule wethimbo ndyoka lya tulwa po.

Osele ohayi longitha ethimbo lyayo olindji tayi ningi ooproteina. Ngiini mbela? Tango, ohayi nduluka iitungithi 20 ya yoolokathana hayi ithanwa amino acids. Iitungithi mbika ohayi falwa koshitopolwa hashi ithanwa ribosome (5), shoka sha fa omashina ga sitelwa, opo ga kale taga tula iitungithi melandulathano lyontumba, opo yi ete po ooproteina. Ngaashi owala omashina mofabulika haga longo taga wilikwa kopolohalama yontumba ndjoka hayi tulwa mokompiuta, iinima oyindji mbyoka hayi longwa mosele ohayi wilikwa kokwoode ndjoka ya fa opolohalama yi li mokompiuta hayi ithanwa o-DNA (6). O-DNA oyo hayi gandja omalombwelo koshitopolwa sho-ribosome, ngoka hage shi lombwele kutya oproteina yini shi na okunduluka nankene shi na oku yi nduluka po (7).

Omukalo moka oproteina hayi ndulukwa po omukumithi noonkondo. Kehe yimwe ohayi itonyo molupe lwi ikalekelwa, yi na oombinga ndatu (8). Olupe moka oproteina yi itonya olwo halu utha kutya otayi ka longa oshilonga shini sha simana.b Dhiladhila ando iitopolwa yoindjina tayi tulwa kumwe. Oshitopolwa kehe oshi na okulongwa momukalo gwomondjila, opo oindjina yi longe nawa. Sha faathana, ngele oproteina inayi ndulukwa po mondjila noinayi tonywa molupe lu li mondjila, itayi ka longa nawa notayi vulu nokuli okweetela osele oshiponga.

Osele tayi vulu okuyelekanithwa nofabulika — Ngaashi owala omashina mofabulika haga kala ga sitelwa nkene ge na okulonga, mosele omu udha iilongitho mbyoka hayi tula iinima kumwe nohayi fala iinima hoka tayi ka longithwa

Mbela oproteina ohayi tseya ngiini mpoka yi na okuuka, konima ngele ya ndulukwa po? Oproteina kehe tayi ningwa kosele yontumba, ohayi longwa yi na nale meni lyayo uuyelele mboka tawu yi kwathele, opo yi ye kehala hoka ya pumbwa oku ka thika. Nonando osele ohayi nduluka ooproteina omayovi ogendji nodhi na okufalwa komahala gadho omunute kehe, oproteina kehe ohayi thiki kehala lyayo pethimbo.

Omolwashike uuyelele mbuka wa simana? Omolwaashoka iitopolwa ya kitakana (complex molecules) mbyoka yi li miinima yi na omwenyo, ihayi vulu okwiiyeta po kuyo yene. Ngele kayi li meni lyosele, ohayi yonuka po. Ngele oyi li meni lyosele, oya pumbwa iitopolwa iikwawo ya kitakana, opo yi indjipale. Pashiholelwa, oproteina yo-enzyme oya pumbiwa mokweeta po oshitopolwa shoka hashi gandja oonkondo hashi ithanwa adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ihe oonkondo ndhoka hadhi zi mo-ATP odha pumbiwa mokunduluka oo-enzyme. Natango, o-DNA (otatu ka kundathana kombinga yayo moshitopolwa 3) oya pumbiwa opo oo-enzyme dhi tholomwe po, ihe nadho odha pumbiwa, opo o-DNA yi ndulukwe po. Oshinima shimwe ishewe osho kutya, ooproteina dhilwe otadhi vulu owala okundulukwa po kosele, ihe osele nayo ohayi vulu owala okundulukwa po kooproteina.c

Omukonakoni gwiinima iishuushuuka yi na omwenyo, gwedhina Radu Popa, ita tsu kumwe naashoka Ombiimbeli ya popya kombinga yeshito. Nonando ongawo, mo 2004 okwa li a pula a ti: “Iinima yomeshito otayi vulu ngiini okweeta po omwenyo kuyo yene, ngele natse otwa nyengwa oku yi eta po ishewe?”¹³ Okwa ti wo kutya: “Iilongitho mbyoka ya pumbiwa, opo osele yi na omwenyo yi kale tayi longo, oya kitakana niinene noonkondo, nomolwaasho itashi wapa yi ye po kuyo yene ohaluka pethimbo limwe.”¹⁴

Etungo eleeleka nolya tungwa lya londathana tali gu po omolwekankameno inaali kola — Ngele etungo eleeleka nolya tungwa lya londathana ohali teka po ngele kali na ekankameno lya kola, mbela elongo lyoevolusi otali vulu ngaa okupondola sha, ngele itali vulu okuyelitha kutya omwenyo ogwe ya po ngiini?

Ngoye oto ti ngiini? Elongo lyoevolusi otali ti kutya iinima mbyoka yi na omwenyo kombanda yevi oye ya po anuwa kuyo yene, yo inayi shitwa. Uuyelele owundji mboka aanongononi taye ende taya tseya kombinga yomwenyo, otawu ulike kutya otashi vulika omwenyo inaagu ya po kugwo gwene ohaluka. Opo yi ipwililikile uushili mbuka, aanongononi yamwe mboka yi itaala moevolusi oya hala okutya opu na eyooloko pokati kelongo lyoevolusi neyamukulo kepulo kutya omwenyo ogwa za peni. Ihe mbela oshi li ngaa pandunge okudhiladhila ngawo?

Elongo lyoevolusi oli ikolelela kedhiladhilo kutya petameko iinima yi ili noyi ili mbyoka ye eta po omwenyo, oya li ya holoka po ohaluka. Otali ti wo kutya opwa holoka ishewe iinima yilwe ohaluka, mbyoka ye eta po kuyo yene iinima ayihe iikumithi noya kitakana mbyoka yi na omwenyo. Ihe ngele elongo lyoevolusi kali na ekankameno, mbela omalongo omakwawo ngoka ga tungilwa kulyo otatu vulu ngaa oku ga itaala? Ngaashi owala etungo eleeleka nolya tungwa lya londathana tali vulu okuteka po ngele kali na ekankameno, elongo lyoevolusi ndyoka itaali vulu okuyelitha nkene omwenyo gwe ya po itali pondola sha.

Ngashingeyi owu uvite ngiini, sho wi ilonga kutya osele oya tya ngiini, nohayi longo ngiini? Mbela owu uvite kutya uuyelele mbuka otawu gandja uumbangi wiinima ye ya po ohaluka nenge owiinima ya shitwa po komuntu e na owino? Ngele natango owa limbililwa, tala kopolohalama ya dhenga mbanda ndjoka hayi wilike omukalo moka oosele hadhi longo.

a Kapu na shoka sha konakonwa tashi gandja uumbangi kutya oshinima sha tya ngeyi otashi vulu okuningwa.

b Oludhi lumwe lwooproteina ndhoka hadhi longwa koosele ongaashi oo-enzyme. Kehe yimwe yomudho ohayi tonywa momukalo gwi ikalekelwa, opo yi kwathele iilongitho mbyoka yi li mosele yi longe neendelelo. Ooproteina omathele dholudhi nduka ohadhi longele kumwe, dhi wilike iilonga mbyoka hayi longwa mosele.

c Oosele dhimwe ndhoka dhi li molutu lwomuntu odha thikama po mooproteina dhomaludhi omayovi ogendjigendji, ga yoolokathana dhi thike pomabiliyona omulongo¹¹ (10 000 000 000) lwaampo.¹²

OSELE OHAYI VULU OKWIINDJIPALA MEENDELELO SHI THIKE PENI?

Oombakiteli dhimwe ohadhi vulu okwiindjipala muule owala wominute 20. Osele kehe ohayi tapa uuyelele awuhe mboka tawu vulu oku yi wilika, opo nduno tayi itopola nawa. Ngele oyi na oonkondo dha gwana, osele yimwe otayi vulu okwiindjipala meendelelo shi vulithe shito. Kungawo, otashi vulika yi kuthe owala omasiku gaali, opo yi nduluke ongundu yoosele dhontumba dhi na ondjundo yi vule evi lwiikando ya konda po 2 500.¹⁵ Oosele ndhoka dha kitakana nadho ohadhi vulu okwiindjipala meendelelo. Pashiholelwa, sho wa li to koko moshivalelo shameme gwoye, oosele oompe dhuuluyi woye odha li tadhi indjipala lwiikando 250 000 momunute kehe.¹⁶

Ngele aantu taya longo sha she endelela, olundji ihaye shi longo shi kale shi na ongushu, oshoka ohaya kala taya ihakana ya mane pethimbo. Mbela otatu vulu ngaa shili okutya oosele ndhoka hadhi indjipala neendelelo nomomukalo gwomondjila, odhe ya po kudho dhene ohaluka itaadhi wilikwa komuntu?