Omokonda Yatyi Upondola Okuyumba Onthumbi Mono Evandyeliu Mbombimbiliya

“Omikanda ovio viundapeswa unene. Viundapeswa novanthu ovanyingi mo nosinema . . . nokulandeswa unene . . . Vitavelwa no Vakristau ovanyingi. Viaetesa onongeleya ononyingi nomalongeso omatutu.”​—SUPER INTERESSANTE, A BRAZILIAN NEWS MAGAZINE.

Omokonda yatyi vasukalalela navio? Omukanda oo ankho ukahi nokupopia ovilinga nesuko ovanthu vena konthele yono evandyeliu nomikanda vati epístola nomikuavo viavasiwa ko Nag Hammadi no kononthele ononkhuavo mbo Egitu motyita 20. Omikanda ovio nomikuavo ngovio, vieya okuihanwa okuti Gnóstico ine Apócrifoa (ovihonekwa viomatutu.)

Okuti Pali Omphango Yokunyona Ovihonekwa vio Tyotyili?

Etyi ankho ovanthu vaanya Ombimbiliya no nongeleya mbo ortodoxo, ngoti ovanyingi ankho vetavela vali ovihonekwa viomatutu (gnóstico ine Apocrifo). Ovihonekwa ovio viahindila ovanthu ovanyingi okuhetavela omalongeso a Jesus Kristu nokukala Ovakristau. Omukanda umwe wati: “O Evandyeliu ya Tome nono aprocrifo ononkhuavo, vihika komitima viovanthu vatualako okuliyawisa hono: vana vaovola nombili ovipuka viopaspilitu, mahi kavayumbu onthumbi monongeleya.” Hono, ko Brasil vala, “kuna ononthumbo 30 mba vana vetavela ono Apocrifo.”

Omikanda ovio viayandyanesa etavelo liokuti kotyita tyakuana P.K, Okapela kova Katolika kaholeka otyili konthele ya Jesus, mokonda omahipululo amwe omuenyo wae ankho ekahi movihonekwa vio Apocrifo vianyimwa, iya ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana mbukahi hono mono Mbimbiliya mbapilululwa. Elaine Pagels, omulongesi konthele yonongeleya, wapopia okuti: “Onthue pahe tuahimbika okutala okuti etyi tuihana okuti Oukristau—netyi tupopia okuti oviso vio Vakristau—hono tyilekesa vala ononthele mbumwe mbaholovonwa pokati kononthumbo ononkhuavo ononyingi.”

Ovalongesi vamwe nga Pagels, vapopia okuti Ombimbiliya hayoko vala ihindila ekolelo lio Vakristau, kuna ovipuka ovikuavo vihindila ekolelo, ngetyi ovihonekwa vio Apocrifo. Mongeleka, o BBC, o programa ina osapi yati Bible Mysteries, “The Real Mary Magdalene” ipopia okuti ovihonekwa vio Apocrifo vilekesa okuti Maliya Madalena “ankho ulongesa nokuhongolela mopaspilitu ovalongwa ovakuavo. Oe kali vala omulongwa; mahi ankho o apostolu ukahi komutwe wono apostolu ononkhuavo.” Okupopia konthele yotyilinga tya Maliya Madalena, Juan Arias wahoneka mo jornale yo Brasil itiwa O Estado de S. Paulo okuti: “Hono kuna ovipuka ovinyingi vitukuatesako okutavela okuti Ovakristau votete, vahimbikwa na Jesus, ankho haunene ‘ovakai,’ mokonda ovikapela viotete ankho onondyuo mbo vakai muna ankho vaundapa ngo vanakwa no nombisipu.”

Kovanyingi, ovihonekwa vio Apocrifo vimoneka ngoti viavilapo vali tyipona Ombimbiliya. Otyo tyikatula omapulo amwe akolela: Okuti ovihonekwa vio Apocrifo ondyivindyivi yaviuka pala ekolelo lio Vakristau? Tyina vipililika omalongeso ayandyuluka Ombimbiliya, opi tuna okutavela—omo Mbimbiliya ine omomikanda vio apocrifo? Opo tuvase omakumbululo omapulo oo, tutalei o Evandyeliu ya João, pono Evandyeliu ononkhuana mbo Mbimbiliya.

Etyi Tyipopia o Evandyeliu ya João

Ovinthimbu viakolela vio Evandyeliu ya João viavasiwa mo Egitu konthyimbi yotyita 20, hono viiwe okuti Papiro Rylands 457 (P⁵²). Omo muvasiwa onondaka mba João 18:31-33, 37, 38, mbukahi mono Mbimbiliya mbo hono, iya ovinthimbu ovio, viapakwa nawa mondyuo imwe yokupakwa omikanda (Biblioteca) itiwa John Rylands, Manchester, ko Inglaterra. Ovinthimbu ovio, ovio Ovihonekwa vio Vakristau mo Gregu ovikulu vikahiko. Ovalongesi vamwe vetavela okuti ovinthimbu ovio viahonekwa mo 125 P.K., etyi palamba vala katutu konyima yononkhia mba João. Otyipuka tyihuvisa okutala okuti onondaka mbovinthimbu ovio, mbelikuata nawa nomikanda viahonekwa konyima. Mokonda omukanda oo wo Evandyeliu ya João omukulu weliseta mo Egitu aiho omu otyinthimbu otyo tyavasiwa, otyo tyakuatesako okunoñgonoka okuti onondaka onongwa mbapopiwa na João mbahonekwa umue motyita tyotete P.K. ngetyi tyipopia Ombimbiliya. Otyo tyilekesa okuti, João wahoneka ovipuka oe amuene.

Tupu, ovihonekwa aviho vio Apocrifo viahonekwa okupolelela motyita tyavali, etyi palamba otyita tyomanima ine omanima alambapo, tunde etyi ovipuka viapopiwamo vialamba. Ovanongo vamwe vati ovihonekwa vio Apocrifo viapolwa movihonekwa viotete ine moviso vio vakuaukulu, mahi kutupu natyike tyilekesa okuti otyo otyili. Moluotyo epulo eli liaviuka, opi ove moyumbu onthumbi—omuetyi tyapopiwa novanthu vetyimuene ine okuvana vatyitwa etyi palamba otyita tyomanima? Ekumbululo limoneka nawa.b

Iya vana vokuti ono Evandyeliu Mbombiliya mbapilululwa pala okuholeka ovipuka vimwe viapitile momuenyo wa Jesus? Okuti kuna etyi tyilekesa okuti o Evandyeliu ya João, yapilululwa motyita tyakuana pala okupililika otyili? Opo tukumbulule epulo olio, tuesukisa okunoñgonoka okuti ondyivindyivi imwe yono Mbimbiliya mbo hono ovihonekwa viihanwa okuti Vaticano 1209, yahonekwa motyita tyakuana. Inkha Mombimbiliya yetu muna omapiluluko alingwa motyita tyakuana, omapiluluko oo ekahi movihonekwa ovio. Tupu, ovihonekwa ovikuavo vina omikanda via Luka na João, viihanwa okuti Bodmer 14, 15 (P⁷⁵), viahonekwa okupolelela mo 175 P.K alo 225 P.K. Ngetyi tyipopia ovanongo vouye, ovihonekwa ovio vikahi unene popepi novihonekwa vitiwa Vaticano 1209. Monondaka ononkhuavo, ono Evandyeliu Mbombimbiliya mbutupu omapiluluko omanyingi, iya ovihonekwa Vaticano 1209 vityilekesa.

Kutupu omukanda ine otyipuka otyikuavo tyilekesa okuti omukanda wa João—ine ono Evandyeliu ononkhuavo—mbapilululwa mokueenda kuotyita tyakuana. Etyi vatala nawa ovinthimbu vio vihonekwa viavasiwa ko Oxirrinco, mo Egitu, o Dr. Peter M. Head wo Universidade yo Cambridge wahoneka okuti: “Ovihonekwa ovio vilekesa ono testu mbahonekwa nono letela ononene [ovihonekwa vio no letela ononene, viahonekwa okupolelela motyita tyakuana] iya tyakuatesako okuhoneka omikanda omikuavo hono. Movihonekwa vio Testamendu Omphe mutupu natyike tyesukisa okunoñgonokwa vali nawa.”

Oityi Tuanoñgonoka?

Ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana mbo tyotyili—Mateusi, Marku, Luka na João—vitavelwa no Vakristau aveho tunde pokati kotyita tyavali. Ovihonekwa vio Taciano viundapeswa unene no Diatessarão (ondaka yo Gregu ihangununa okuti “pokati kononkhuana”), viaonganekwa pokati komanima 160 no 175 P.K., viapolwa vala mono Evandyeliu ononkhuana mbo tyotyili, kaviapolelwe mono “evandyeliu” Gonóstico. (Tala okakasa “Okuamena Ono Evandyeliu Tunde Kohale.”) Tupu tyikahi nawa okutala etyi tyapopiwa na Irineu konthyulilo yotyita tyavali P.K. wapopia okuti kuna ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana ngetyi kuna ononthele ononkhuana mbouye. Ovanthu vapondola okulipula konthele yonondaka ombo, mahi, otyo tyilekesa okuti kohale ankho kuna vala ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana mbo tyotyili.

Oityi otyo tyilekesa? Tyilekesa okuti Ovihonekwa vio Gregu vio Vakristau— okukutikinyamo ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana—ngetyi vikahi, hono viatualako tyahapiluluka tunde kotyita tyavali okuenda no komutwe. Kutupu ehunga liapama pala okutavela okuti kotyita tyakuana kualingwa epiluluko ine okunyima onthele Yovihonekwa, viahonekwa kononkhono mba Huku. Anthi, omulongesi umwe konthele Yombimbiliya Bruce Metzger wahoneka okuti: “Konthyimbi yotyita tyavali, . . . omalusoke okuelikuata nawa kombinga yonthele onene yo Testamendu Omphe, yehikile pokati komawaneno omanyingi ovataveli ankho veliyandyana ko Mediterrâneo no ko Grã-Bretanha alo ko Mesopotâmia.”

Apostolu Paulu na Petulu vayakulile unene otyili tyo Ndaka ya Huku. Aveho vevali valondola ovakuatate vavo Ovakristau konthele yokuhetavela natyike tyehelikuatele netyi valongeswa. Mongeleka, Paulu wahonekela Timoteo okuti: “Timoteo, paka nawa etyi wapewa, yepa vana vapopia etyi tyihasilivila, vapililika otyili, nomatutu vaihana okuti ‘enoñgonoko.’ Mokuovola okulekesa enoñgonoko liatyo olio, vamwe vayapuka mekolelo.” Petulu wati: “Au, ha mokonda ko yokulandula omahipululo ounkhembi okuahindwa nelunguko, tuemulongesa ounene nokuya kwa Tatekulu yetu Jesus Kristu. Anthi, omokonda tuamona nomaiho etu muene omunkhima wae.”—1 Timóteo 6:20, 21; 2 Pedro 1:16.

Omanima omanyingi konyima, omuuli Isaia wapopile okuti: “Eholi litalala liakukuta, onthemo yauvuka, mahi ondaka ya Huku yetu, maikalako apeho.” (Isaías 40:8) Onthue tupondola okukala nonthumbi ngoyo yokuti Una watuma okuhoneka Ovihonekwa Vikola, weviyunga nawa mokueenda kuomanima opo “ovanthu aveho vayovolwe iya avakala nenoñgonoko liafuapo konthele yotyili.”—1 Timóteo 2:4.

[Onondaka Poutoi]

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O Papiro Rylands 457 (P⁵²), otyinthimbu tyomukanda wo Evandyeliu ya João tyahonekwa motyita tyavali P.K., omanima ehehi konyima yovihonekwa viotete

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“c.”ihangununa okuti “popepi yo,” ine “ponthele yo.”

33 P.K. Jesus wankhia

c. 41 ya Mateusi yahonekwa

c. 58 O Evandyeliu ya Luka yahonekwa

c. 65 O Evandyeliu ya Marku yahonekwa

c. 98 O Evandyeliu ya João yahonekwa

125 Rylands 457 (P52)

c. 140 Ovihonekwa vio Apócrifo viahimbika okuhonekwa

c. 175 Bodmer 14, 15 (P75)

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Motyita tya 4 ovihonekwa Vaticano 1209

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© The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

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Ovihonekwa Vaticano 1209

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Ovihonekwa Vaticano 1209 vio kotyita tyakuana, vili pombanda, vilekesa okuti ono Evandyelio mbuna vala omapiluluko ehehi

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Viatunda momukanda Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus, 1868

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Omuameni Wotete wono Evandyeliu

Konthyimbi yehipululo lio Vakristau, ovanthu vokuhetavela ono Evandyeliu, vapopia okuti kambupopi otyipuka tyike, moluotyo etyi mbupopia katyiyumbwa onthumbi. Anthi, Tatian omuhoneki umwe wo ko Silia, waamena ono Evandyeliu menima (110-180 P.K.) Oe wati inkha ono Evandyeliu ombo ononkhuana mbuelekwa nawa-nawa kese imwe nonkhuavo, etyi mbupopia tyike vala.

Tatian ahimbika okulipongiya opo aeleke ono Evandyeliu ombo. Katyiiwe inkha wahoneka tete melaka lio ko Silia ine omo Gregu. Mahi, menima 170 P.K., Tatian wamana ovilinga viae, viiwe okuti ovihonekwa vio Diatessaron, ondaka yo Gregu ihangununa okuti “viatunda [mo] nonkhuana.” Omokonda yatyi una okusuka novihonekwa ovio vihatuminwe okuhonekwa na Huku?

Motyita 19, onondyale mbahimbika okupopia okuti etyi ono Evandyeliu mbahonekwa, otyita tyavali P.K. ankho katyinehike pokati. Moluotyo, mbutupu esilivilo enene mehipululo. Anthi, ovihonekwa ovikulu vio Diatessaron viavasiwa alo pomuvo opo, vialekesa nawa okuti ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana​—ononkhuana vala​—ankho mbuiwe nawa, iya ovanthu pokati kotyita tyavali P.K., ankho vatavela omikanda ovio.

Ovihonekwa Diatessaron viavasiwa, kumwe nomikanda omikuavo viapopia konthele yovihonekwa ovio melaka lio Arabe, no lio Armenia, no Gregu, no Latim, viahindila Sir Frederic Kenyon omunongo umwe konthele Yombimbiliya, okuhoneka okuti: “Okuhulililako, omikanda ovio viavasiwa, vialekesa nawa oityi o Diatessaron, nokulekesa okuti alo menima 170 P.K., ono Evandyeliu ononkhuana mbo tyotyili, ankho mbavilapo omikanda aviho vipopia konthele yomuenyo wo Muyovoli wetu.

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TATIAN

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DIATESSARON IN ARABIC