Ko e Fakaofo ʻo e Halanga Totó

SIOLOTO atu ki ha ʻapi mo hono halanga paipa ʻoku mātuʻaki fihi ʻaupito he ʻoku tafe malu ai ʻa e huhuʻa ʻokú ne fetuku ʻa e meʻakai, vai, ʻosikena, mo e ngaahi meʻa ke liʻakí. ʻIkai ko ia pē, ko e ngaahi paipa ko ení ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e ngaahi naunau ke fakaleleiʻi ʻiate kinautolu pē ha maumau, pea lava ke nau fakatupu vave ʻiate kinautolu pē ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi fiemaʻu feliliuaki ʻa e ʻapí. He ngāue fisifisimuʻa moʻoni ē!

Neongo ia, ko e “halanga paipa” ho sinó ʻokú ne fai ʻe ia ʻa e meʻa ʻoku toe lahi ange. Tuku kehe ʻene tokoni ki hono tokangaʻi ʻa e māfana ho sinó, ʻokú ne fetuku holo ʻa e fokotuʻunga hōmone kehekehe, pe kau talafekau fakakemikale, mo e ngaahi meʻa maluʻi mālohi fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi mahakí. Ko e halanga fihi kotoa ko ení ʻoku toe molū mo mapelungofua, ʻo malava ai ke ne matuʻuekina ha ngatūtū pea ngaofe fakataha mo e ngaahi kupu ho sinó. ʻOku ʻikai ha ʻenisinia fakaetangata te ne lava ke faʻufaʻu ha halanga pehē, ka ko e meʻa ia naʻe fai ʻe he Tokotaha-Fakatupú ʻi heʻene faʻu ʻa e ngaahi kālava-foki, ngaahi kālava-tufa, mo e ngaahi kapilalī ʻo e sino fakaetangatá.

Ngaahi Konga Tefito ʻo e Halanga Totó

Ko e halanga toto ʻo e tangatá ko hono moʻoní ko ha halanga ia ʻe ua ʻokú na ngāue fakataha. Ko e taha ko e halanga kātiovasikulā, ʻa ia ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e mafú, ko e totó, mo e ngaahi halanga totó kotoa. Ko e taha leva ko e halanga lamá​—ko e fanga kiʻi halanga fihifihi ia ʻokú ne fetuku ʻa e huhuʻa ʻoku fuʻu hulú, ʻa ia ʻoku ui ko e lama, mei he ngaahi konga kehekehe ʻo e sinó ʻo fakafoki ki he tafenga totó. Kapau ʻe fakahokohoko ʻa e ngaahi halanga toto ʻo ha tokotaha lahi ʻo fakalōloa, ʻe falō ia ʻo aʻu ki he kilomita ʻe 100,000 pea ʻe lava ke ne takaiʻi ʻa e foʻi māmaní ʻo tuʻo ua mo e konga! Ko e halanga lahi ko ení ʻokú ne fetuku ʻa e toto fakatupu moʻui, ʻa ia ko e meimei peseti ia ʻe 8 ʻo e mamafa ʻo e sinó, ki he ngaahi sela ʻe laui piliona.

Ko e mālohi foki ʻa ia ʻokú ne teke ʻa e halanga kātiovasikulaá, ko e mafú. ʻOku fakafuofua ki he lahi ʻo ho tuké, pea ʻokú ne pamu takai ʻi ho sinó kotoa ʻa e toto laka hake ʻi he lita ʻe 9,500 ʻi he ʻaho​—meimei ko e tatau ia ʻo hono hiki ha toni ʻe taha ki he māʻolunga ko e mita nai ʻe 10 ʻi he houa ʻe 24 kotoa pē!

Ko ha Taki Mamata ʻi he Halanga Kātiovasikulā

Ko e hā ʻa e hala ʻoku fou ai ʻa e totó? Tau kamata angé mei he toto honge-ʻosikená ʻi heʻene aʻu atu ki he mafú fou he ongo kālava-foki lalahi ʻe ua​— ko e vena kava ʻolunga mo lalo. (Sio ki he fakatātaá.) ʻOku tafe mai ʻa e ongo kālava-foki ko ení ki he ʻuluaki loki ʻo e mafú, ko e ʻātiliamu toʻomataʻú. ʻOku hanga leva ʻe he ʻātiliamu toʻomataʻú ʻo pamuʻi ʻa e totó ki ha loki ʻoku uouaʻia lahi ange, ko e venitikolo toʻomataʻú. Mei hení ʻoku ʻalu leva ʻa e totó ki he ongo maʻamaʻá fou atu ʻi he kau ʻo e maʻamaʻá mo e ongo kālava-tufa ʻo e maʻamaʻá​—ko e ongo kālava-tufa pē eni ʻokú na ʻave ʻa e toto honge-ʻosikená. ʻOku fai anga-maheni eni ia ʻe he ngaahi kālava-fokí.

Lolotonga ʻene ʻi he ongo maʻamaʻá, ʻoku tukuange atu ʻe he totó ʻa e kāponi taiʻokisaití kae mimisi mai ʻa e ʻosikená. ʻOku tafe hifo leva ia ki he ʻātiliamu toʻohema ʻo e mafú fou he ngaahi kālava-foki ʻe fā ʻo e maʻamaʻá​—ko e ngaahi kālava-foki pē eni ʻoku nau ʻave ʻa e toto mohu-ʻosikená. ʻOku tafe atu leva mei he ʻātiliamu toʻohemá ki he loki mālohi taha ʻo e mafú, ko e venitikolo toʻohemá, ʻa ia ʻokú ne pamuʻi atu ʻa e toto fonu ʻosikená fou he ʻeiotá ʻo hū atu ki he sinó. ʻOku fakafōsiʻi fakataha leva ʻa e ongo ʻātiliamú, hoko atu ai ʻa e ongo venitikoló, pea ko e ngāue taholo ua ko iá ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e tā ʻa e mafú. ʻOku fakapapauʻi leva ʻe he ngaahi valo ʻe fā ʻi loto ʻa e tafe huʻu-taha ʻa e totó ʻi he mafú.

Koeʻuhí kuo pau ke ne pamu ʻa e totó ki he ngaahi ngataʻanga ʻo e sinó, ko e venitikolo toʻohema uouaʻia angé ʻoku liunga ono nai hono mālohí ʻona ʻi he venitikolo toʻomataʻú. Ko e mālohi ʻoku iku ki aí ʻe lavangofua ia ke ne fakatupunga ha ngaahi ʻaneulīsimi (ngaahi pupula pe ngaahi fuolahi ʻi he holisi ʻo e kālava-tufá) pe naʻa mo e hoko ha pā kālava fakatupu mate ʻi he ʻutó ka ne taʻeʻoua ʻa e meʻangāue mataotao ki hono holoki ʻa e ngaahi ʻoho mālohi fakafokifaá.

Ngaahi Kālava-Tufa ʻOku Fano

Ko e kālava-tufa lahi taha ho sinó, ʻa e ʻeiotá, pea mo hono ngaahi manga tefitó ko kinautolu ia ʻa e “ngaahi kālava-tufa ʻoku fanó.” Ko honau ngaahi avá pe ʻatā ʻi lotó, ʻoku lalahi, ʻo lava ai ki he totó ke tafengofua. ʻOku nau toe maʻu foki ha holisi matolu mo uouaʻia ʻoku lalanga fakataha mo e ngaahi ʻelasitini uho taha, ko ha polotini ʻoku hangē ha lapá. ʻI he taimi ʻoku pamu ai ʻe he venitikolo toʻohemá ʻa e totó ki he ngaahi kālava-tufa ko ení, ʻoku nau fano leva pe pupula, ʻo holoki ai ʻa e pamu mālohi ʻo e totó pea puhiʻi atu ai ʻa e totó ki he pupunga kālava-tufa hono hokó, ʻa e ngaahi kālava-tufa uouaʻiá pe kālava tufaki, ʻa ia ʻoku nau toe maʻu foki mo e ʻelasitini ʻi honau holisí. Koeʻuhi ko e faʻunga fakaofo ko ení, ko e mālohi ʻo e pamu ʻo e totó ʻoku tuʻumaʻu ia ʻi he taimi ʻoku aʻu ai ki he fanga kiʻi kapilalī pelepelengesi īkí.a

Ko e ngaahi kālava tufakí ʻoku kehekehe hono taiamitá mei he senitimita ʻe taha ʻo ʻalu hifo ki he milimita ʻe 0.3. ʻI heʻene fakafōlahi pe fakafōsiʻi ʻo fakatatau ki he fakahinohinoʻi ʻe ha ngaahi filo neave makehe, ʻoku tokoni ai ʻa e ngaahi kālava ko ení ki hono tokangaʻi ʻo e tafe ʻa e totó, ʻo ʻai ai ʻa e halanga totó ke mātuʻaki longomoʻui. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he taimi ʻoku hoko ai ha mamahi pe hohaʻa, ʻoku hanga leva ʻe he ngaahi ongoʻanga ki he mālohi ʻo e totó ʻi he ngaahi ʻaofi ʻo e kālava-tufá ʻo tala ia ki he ʻutó, pea mei he ʻutó leva, ʻokú ne tala ia ki he ngaahi kālava-tufa feʻungamālie ke fakangatangata ʻa e tafe ʻa e totó ki he ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku ʻikai loko mahuʻinga hangē ko e kilí pea afeʻi ia ki he ngaahi ʻōkani mātuʻaki mahuʻingá. ʻOku pehē ʻe he makasini New Scientist: “Ko ho ngaahi kālava-tufá ʻoku lava ke nau ‘ongoʻi’ ʻa e tafe ʻa e totó, pea fai e tali ki ai.” ʻOku fai ha ofo ai ki hono fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi kālava-tufá ko e “ngaahi paipa potó”?

ʻI he taimi ʻoku mavahe ai ʻa e totó mei he ngaahi kālava-tufa iiki tahá​—ʻa e fanga kiʻi ʻātelialé​—ko hono mālohí ʻona ʻoku tuʻumaʻu ia ʻi he milimita meakuli nai ʻe 35. Ko e mālohi tōlalo mo tuʻumaʻú ʻoku mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ia ʻi heni koeʻuhí ko e fanga kiʻi ʻātelialé ʻoku fio fakataha ia mo e ngaahi kālava iiki taha ʻiate kinautolú kotoa, ʻa e kapilalií.

Ngaahi Sela Kulokula ʻOtu Taha

ʻI he taiamita ko e maikolomita (vahe miliona ʻe taha ʻo e mita) ʻe valu ki he hongofulu, ko e ngaahi kapilalií ʻoku mātuʻaki fāsiʻi ʻo iku ke hū ʻotu taha atu ai ʻa e ngaahi sela kulokulá. Neongo ko e ngaahi holisi ʻo e kapilalií ko e ʻotu sela pē ʻe taha hono matolú, ʻoku nau hanga ʻo fetuku ʻa e meʻakai (ʻoku fetuku ʻi he palasimā, pe konga huhuʻa ʻo e totó) mo e ʻosikena (ʻoku fetuku ʻe he ngaahi sela kulokulá) ki he ngaahi konga ʻo e kakano ʻoku piki aí. ʻI he taimi tatau, ʻoku hūhū mai ʻa e kāponi taiʻokisaití mo e ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻaonga kehé mei he kakanó ʻo foki ki he ngaahi kapilalií ke ʻave ʻo liʻaki. Fakafou ʻi ha kiʻi uoua valevale hangē ʻoku noʻounú ʻoku ui ko e sipinitā, ʻoku toe lava ʻa e ngaahi kapilalií ke tokangaʻi ʻa e tafe ʻa e totó ʻia kinautolú ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e ngaahi kakano takatakaí.

Mei he Vēnulí ki he Ngaahi Kālava-Foki ki he Mafú

ʻI he taimi ʻoku mavahe ai ʻa e totó mei he ngaahi kapilalií, ʻoku hū atu ia ʻi he fanga kiʻi kālava-foki valevale ʻoku ui ko e vēnuli. Mei he vahaʻa ʻo e maikolomita ʻe 8 ki he 100, ʻoku fehokotaki ʻa e ngaahi vēnulí ʻo faʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi kālava-foki ʻokú ne fakafoki ʻa e totó ki he mafú. ʻI he taimi ʻoku aʻu ai ʻa e totó ki he ngaahi kālava-fokí, kuo mei mole kotoa hono mālohí ʻona, ko ia ai, ko e holisi ʻo e kālava-fokí ʻoku manifi ange ia ʻi he holisi ʻo e kālava-tufá. ʻOku toe siʻi ange foki mo ʻenau ʻelasitiní. Kae kehe, ko honau ngaahi avá ʻoku lalahi ange, ʻo iku ai ki hono tauhi ʻe he ngaahi kālava-fokí ʻa e peseti kakato ʻe 65 ʻo ho totó.

Ke tokoni koeʻuhi ko e vaivai ʻo e teke ʻa e totó ʻia kinautolú, ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ngaahi kālava-fokí ha founga mataotao ʻo hono fakafoki ʻo e totó ki he mafú. ʻUluakí, ʻoku fakanaunauʻi kinautolu ʻaki ha ngaahi valo makehe hangē ha ipú ʻa ia ʻokú ne taʻofi ʻa e kalāvité mei heʻene fakatafe mamaʻo ʻa e totó mei he mafú. Uá, ʻoku nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi faʻunga uoua ʻo ho sinó. ʻO fēfē? ʻI he taimi ʻoku toutou mapelu ai ho ngaahi uouá, tau pehē ʻi ho vaʻé ʻi hoʻo ʻalú, ʻoku nau lomiʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi kālava-foki ofi maí. ʻOku hanga leva ʻe he meʻá ni, ʻo teke ʻa e totó ʻo fou atu ʻi he ngaahi valo huʻu-taha ʻo ʻalu ki he mafú. Fakaʻosí, ko e teke ko ia ʻi he ʻatā ʻi loto ʻi he keté mo e fatafatá, ʻa ia ʻoku feliliuaki ʻe he mānavá, ʻoku tokoni ia ki he ngaahi kālava-fokí ke fakatafe ʻenau utá ki he ʻātiliamu toʻomataʻu ʻo e mafú.

Ko e halanga kātiovasikulā ʻoku mātuʻaki ngāue lelei he naʻa mo e taimi ʻoku mālōlō ai ha tahá, ʻokú ne fakafoki ʻe ia ʻa e toto lita ʻe 5 nai ki he mafú ʻi he miniti kotoa pē! Ko e luelué ʻokú ne fakalahi eni ki he lita ʻe 8 nai, pea ko ha tangata lele malafoni moʻuileleí ʻoku tafe nai ʻa e toto lita ʻe 37 ʻi hono mafú ʻi he miniti kotoa pē​—ko e lahi ange ia ʻo liunga fitu ʻi he taimi mālōloó.

ʻI he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻe mama nai ʻa e ngaahi valo ʻo e kālava-fokí koeʻuhi ko ha hehema fakakēnisi pe koeʻuhi ko ha tupu ʻa ha taha ʻo fuʻu sino, hoko ʻo feitama, pe ko e tuʻu ʻi ha ngaahi vahaʻa taimi fuoloa. ʻI he taimi ʻoku ʻikai ngāue lelei ai ʻa e ngaahi valo ko ení, ʻoku tātānaki leva ʻa e totó ʻo pito ʻi lalo ʻia kinautolu, ʻo fakatupunga ai ʻa e ngaahi kālava-fokí ke pupula pea hoko ai ki he meʻa ʻoku ʻiloa ko e kālava pupula. ʻI he tuʻunga meimei tatau, ko e kokonó, hangē ko ia ke fāʻeleʻi ha kiʻi pēpē pe ke tuʻumamaʻó, ʻokú ne fakatupulekina ʻa e teke ʻi loto he ʻatā ʻo e keté, ʻa ia ʻokú ne taʻofi ʻa e foki ʻa e totó mei he ngaahi kālava-foki ʻo e halanga tuʻumamaʻó mo e ngākau lahí. ʻI he taimi ʻoku hoko ai ení, ʻe iku leva ai ki he kālava pupula ʻoku ui ko e kahi.

Ko e Halanga Lamá

ʻI he taimi ʻoku fetuku ai ʻe he ngaahi kapilalií ʻa e meʻakaí ki he kupu kehekehe ʻo e kakanó pea ʻave ʻa e ngaahi meʻa taʻeʻaongá, ʻoku nau toʻo ai ʻa e huhuʻa ʻoku kiʻi siʻisiʻi ange ʻi he meʻa ʻoku nau fetukú. ʻOku mama leva ʻa e ngaahi polotini mahuʻinga ʻo e totó ki he kakanó. Ko ia, ʻe fiemaʻu leva ai ʻa e halanga lama ʻo e sinó. ʻOkú ne tānaki ʻa e huhuʻa kotoa pē ʻoku hulú, ʻa ia ʻoku ui ko e lama, pea fakafoki ia ki he tafenga totó fakafou ʻi ha kālava-foki lahi ʻi he tefito ʻo e kiá pea mo e taha ʻi he fatafatá.

Hangē ko ia ʻi he ngaahi kālava-tufá mo e ngaahi kālava-fokí, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fakakalakalasi ʻo e halanga lamá. Ko e siʻisiʻi tahá, ko e ngaahi kapilalī ʻo e lamá, ʻoku tuʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi nofoʻanga ʻo e kapilalī ʻo e totó. ʻI heʻene mātuʻaki hūhūngofuá, ko e fanga kiʻi halanga iiki ko ení ʻoku nau mimisi mai ʻa e ngaahi huhuʻa ʻoku hulú ʻo fakatafe ia ki he ngaahi kālava lama tānakiʻanga lalahi ange ʻoku nau ʻave ʻa e lamá ki he ngaahi vaʻa lalahi ʻo e lamá. ʻOku fakatahataha ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ni ʻo hoko ko e ngaahi fakatafenga lama, ʻa ia ʻokú ne toki fakatafe ia ki he ngaahi kālava-fokí.

Ko e lamá ʻoku tafe pē ki he feituʻu ʻe taha​—huʻu ki he mafú. Ko ia ai, ko e ngaahi halanga lamá ʻoku ʻikai ke fou takai ia ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku fai ʻe he halanga kātiovasikulaá. Ko e kiʻi ngāue vaivai ʻa e uoua ʻi he ngaahi halanga lamá, ʻo tokoni ki ai ʻa e tātā ʻo e ngaahi kālava-tufa ofi maí mo e ngaue ʻa e vaʻé mo e nimá, ʻoku tokoni ia ke teke ʻa e huhuʻa lamá ʻi hono halangá. Ka mapuni e ngaahi halanga lamá te ne fakatupunga heni ʻa e huhuʻá ke tātānaki ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku hoko aí, ʻo tupu ai ha pupula ʻoku ui ko e ʻētema.

Ko e ngaahi halanga lamá ʻokú ne toe tokonaki foki ha ngaahi fouʻanga ki he fanga kiʻi meʻamoʻui fakatupu mahakí. Ko ia ai, ko hotau Tokotaha-Fakatupú kuó ne fakaivia ʻa e halanga lamá ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa maluʻi mālohi, ʻa ia ko e ngaahi ʻōkani ʻo e lamá: ʻa e vaʻavaʻa ʻo e lamá​—ʻa ia ʻoku tuʻu takai holo ʻi he ngaahi halanga tānaki lamá​—ʻa e ʻatepilí, lama ʻo e fatafatá, lama ʻo e mongá, ko e ʻapenitikí, pea mo e ngaahi tangai lamá (Peyer’s patches) ʻi he ngākau siʻí. Ko e ngaahi ʻōkani ko ení ʻoku nau tokoni ki hono tokonaki mo tauhi ʻa e lama-selá, ʻa ia ko e ngaahi sela tefito ʻo e halanga maluʻí. Ko ia ai, ko e halanga lama ʻoku moʻuileleí ʻoku tokoni ia ki ha sino moʻuilelei.

Ko e ngata ia ʻetau fononga takai ʻi he halanga totó. Kae kehe, naʻa mo e kiʻi taki mamata nounou ko ení kuo fakaeʻa ai ha ngāue poto fakaofo ʻo ha tuʻunga ʻoku fihi fakaʻulia mo fai-meʻa-lava. Ko e meʻa ʻoku toe hulu atú, ko ʻene fakahoko taʻetuku fakalongolongo hono ngaahi ngafá, ʻo halaʻatā haʻo teitei lāuʻilo ki ai​—tuku kehe ʻoka mahamahaki. Ko ia tokangaʻi lelei ho halanga totó, pea te ne hanga leva ʻo tokangaʻi koe.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 20]

Tokangaʻi Lelei Ho Ngaahi Kālava-Tufá!

Ko e ʻatiselolosisi, pe “fakafefeka ʻa e ngaahi kālava-tufá,” ko e tupuʻanga tefito ia ʻo e maté ʻi he ngaahi fonua lahi. Ko e tuʻunga ʻoku hoko lahi tahá ko e ʻafeselolosisi, ʻa ia ʻoku tupu ia mei he tupulaki ʻo e tātānaki ʻo e ngakó hangē ha pōlisí (ʻateloma) ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi kālava-tufá. Ko e ngaahi tātānaki ko ení ʻokú ne fakafāsiʻi ai ʻa e ava ʻo e kālava-tufá, pe ʻatā ʻi lotó, ʻo hehema ai ke mapuni fakaʻaufuli ʻa e kālava-tufá ʻi he taimi ʻoku aʻu ai ʻa e tupu ʻa e ngakó ki ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo pā. ʻOku toe fakatupunga nai ʻa ʻene mapuni ʻaupitó ʻe he toto fatu ʻoku heva noa holó pe ko e faʻa mingi fakafokifā ʻa e uoua he holisi ʻo e kālava-tufá.

Ko e tuʻunga ʻoku tautefito ʻene fakatuʻutāmakí ko e tātānaki ko ia ʻa e ngakó ʻi he holisi ʻo e ongo kālava-tufa ʻo e mafú, ʻa ia ʻokú na tokangaʻi ʻa e uoua tonu ʻo e mafú. ʻE faai atu pē ʻo ʻikai maʻu ʻe he uoua ʻo e mafú tonu ha toto feʻunga, ʻa ia ko ha fakaʻilonga ia ʻo e ʻenisina​— ko ha langa mamahi ʻa e fatafatá ʻa ia ʻoku faʻa hoko ʻi haʻate fai ha ngāue lahi. Kapau ʻe hoko ʻo mātuʻaki mapuni ha kālava-tufa ʻo e mafú, ʻe lava ke taki atu ia ki ha fetōʻaki ʻa e tā ʻo e mafú pea maumau ai ʻa e uoua ʻo e mafú. Ko ha fetōʻaki lahi te ne lava nai ke fakatupunga ʻa e mafú ke tuʻu ʻaupito.

Ko e ngaahi moʻoniʻi meʻa ʻoku fakatuʻutāmaki ki he ʻafeselolosisí ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e ifi tapaká, mafasia fakaeongo, mahaki suka, fuʻu sino, siʻi ʻa e fakamālohi-sinó, toto māʻolunga, meʻakai ngakó, mo e tukufakaholo he fāmilí.

[Ngaahi Fakatātā]

Moʻuilelei

Mapuni vaeua

Mapuni lahi

[Taeakalami]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakató, sio ki he tohi)

Kālava-tufa ʻo e mafú

[Taeakalami ʻi he peesi 18, 19]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakató, sio ki he tohi)

Ko e Halanga Kātiovasikulā

MAʻAMAʻA

MAFU

Venitikolo toʻohema

ʻĀTELIALE

ʻĀTELIALE

KAPILALĪ

VĒNULI

KĀLAVA

MAFU

Venitikolo toʻomataʻu

Toto mohu-ʻosikena

Toto honge-ʻosikena

Mei he sino

VENA KAVA ʻOLUNGA

ʻĀTILIAMU TOʻOMATAʻU

VENA KAVA LALO

Mei he sinó

VENITIKOLO TOʻOMATAʻU

valo

Ki he maʻamaʻá

KĀLAVA-TUFA ʻO E MAʻAMAʻÁ

Mei he maʻamaʻá

ʻĀTILIAMU TOʻOHEMA

valo

VENITIKOLO TOʻOHEMA

ʻEIOTA

Ki he sinó

[Taeakalami ʻi he peesi 19]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakató, sio ki he tohi)

Anga ʻo e Tā ʻa e Mafú

1. Mālōlō

2. Fakafōsiʻi ʻa e ʻātiliamú

3. Fakafōsiʻi ʻa e venitikoló

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 19]

Fononga ʻa e ngaahi sela ʻo e totó ʻi he halanga toto kilomita ʻe 100,000

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 20]

ʻAta ʻo e ngaahi kapilalií mo e ngaahi sela kulokula ʻo e totó ʻoku nau ʻotu taha

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

Lennart Nilsson