MAKANI AAJATIKIZYA BANTU BAKAINDI
Alhazen
AMBWENI tamunamvwide makani aajatikizya Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham. Kumasi aaku Europe aku America bamwaamba kuti Alhazen, nokuba boobo izina lyakwe lyakusaanguna lyamuci Arabic ndyakuti al-Hasan, pele ilyakuti Alhazen lilembedwe mumwaambo waci Latin. Nokuba boobo, tacidoonekwi kuti mulagwasyigwa kapati kumulimo ngwaakacita mubuumi bwakwe. Waambwa kuti “ngumwi wabantu bayandika kapati alimwi ibakagwasya kapati mumakani aasayaansi.”
Alhazen wakazyalilwa kucisi ca Basra, lino icili mu Iraq, kuma 965 C.E. Wakali kukkomanina zintu mbuli lwiiyo mumakani aabweende bwanyenyeezi, sayaansi (chemistry), namba, misamu, nyimbo, zintu zijatikizya meso (optic), physics alimwi akweema. Ino ncinzi cini iceelede kutupa kumulumba Alhazen?
KUYAKA BWAANDA MUMULONGA WA NILE
Makani aajatikizya Alhazen amwaika kwaciindi cilamfwu. Makani aaya ajatikizya muzeezo wakwe wakusinkila maanzi aamu Mulonga wa Nile kakusyeede buyo myaka iitandila ku 1,000 kusikila ciindi nowakacitwa mulimo ooyu ku Aswân mu 1902.
Kwaambwa kuti Alhazen wakajisi makanze aakucesya kupaya kwamaanzi alimwi acilanga mu Egypt kwiinda mukuyaka bwaanda kutegwa asinkile maanzi mumulonga wa Nile. Ciindi mweendelezi waku Cairo, Caliph al-Hakim naakamvwa muzeezo ooyu, wakamwiita Alhazen ku Egypt kutegwa akayake bwaanda oobo. Pele ciindi naakaubona mulonga ameso aakwe, Alhazen wakalimvwa kuti mulimo ooyu tanaakali kukonzya kuucita. Aboobo, akaambo kakuyoowa kusubulwa kumweendelezi ooyu iwakazyibidwe kuba silunya, Alhazen wakalicengeezya kusondoka mane kusikila ciindi Caliph naakafwa mu 1021, kakwiindide myaka iibalilwa ku 11. Kwaciindi eeco, Alhazen wakajisi ciindi cinji cakulyookezya akucita zintu zimbi nzyaakali kukkomanina muciindi eeci ncaakali kulicengeezya kusondoka.
BBUKU LITEGWA BOOK OF OPTICS (BBUKU LYAAMBA KUJATIKIZYA MESO)
Kuzikusika ciindi naakapilusyigwa, Alhazen wakalembede kale mavolyumu aali 7 aabbuku litegwa Book of Optics, alimwi bbuku eeli lyaambwa kuti “ndimwi lyamabbuku aakaindi aayandika kapati aamba kujatikizya sayaansi (physics).” Mubbuku eeli wakapandulula mumuni mboubede alimwi amumuni mbowaandaana mumibala iindene-indene, ikaambo ncoutowa ciindi mumuni nowamunika agilazi, alimwi ancoucinca ciindi noumunika acintu cimwi kuya kucintu cimwi. Alimwi wakaiya kujatikizya liso mbolilanga, mbolipangidwe alimwi ambolibeleka.
Kuzikusika mumwaanda wamyaka wa 13, bbuku lya Alhazen lyakasandululwa kuzwa mumwaambo waci Arabic kuya mumwaambo waci Latin, alimwi nokwakainda myaanda yamyaka iili mbwiibede, basyaazibwene baku Europe bakalyaamba kuti ndibbuku likonzya kusyomwa. Aboobo bbuku lya Alhazen ncolyakaamba kujatikizya kwiindana-indana kwamaleensi kwakapa kuti basikupanga magilazi aameso baku Europe bazyibe aakutalikila kwiinda mukubikka leensi imwi kumbele lyayeenzinyina ikupanga muncini uutegwa telescope alimwi autegwa microscope.
KKAMELA YANSIKU
Alhazen wakatuzyiba twaambo itujatikizya kufwotola ciindi naakapanga cintu icakali kukonzya kubeleka mbuli kkamela yansiku iitegwa camera obscura. Wakapanga “kaanda imwakanyina mumuni” mwalo mumuni mowakali kunjilila akapulo kasyoonto kalo ikakali kupa kuti cifwanikiso icakali anze kacilibonya mukati mukaanda.
Alhazen wakapanga cintu cikonzya kwaambwa kuti nekkamela yakusaanguna iitegwa camera obscura
Mumyaka yakuma 1800, kuli tuntu tumwi itwakali kubelesyegwa kufwotola itwakali kubikkwa mukkamela eeyi yansiku kutegwa yakkopa cifwoto kacikonzya kukkalilila. Ino ncinzi cakacitika? Kwakapangwa kkamela. Masimpe, makkamela aamazuba aano alimwi aliso kuligama zibeleka mbuli kkamela eeyi yansiku.a
NZILA YASAYAANSI
Cintu cikkomanisya kapati kujatikizya mulimo ngwaakacita Alhazen, ninzila zibotu kapati nzyaakabelesya ciindi naakali kuvwuntauzya zilengwaleza. Nzila eezyi nzyaakabelesya zyakali kugambya kapati kweelana amazuba ngaakali kupona. Wakali umwi wabasikuvwuntauzya bakusaanguna kusinizya zintu zyakali kwaambwa kwiinda mukuzisola buya alimwi tanaakali kuyoowa kuzikazya zintu zimwi izyakali kuzuminwa abantu banji kuti naa kazitajisi bumboni.
Twaambo ntobatobela basayaansi mazuba aano tuyeeme akaambo kakuti: “Amuzisinizye nzyomusyoma!” Bantu bamwi baamba kuti Alhazen “ngosikutalisya nzila zyasayaansi izibelesyegwa mazuba aano.” Akaambo kaceeci, tujisi twaambo tunji ncotweelede kumulumba.
a Kukozyanya kuliko akati kakkamela eeyi yansiku alimwi aliso tiibakali kukumvwisya kabotu bantu baku America alimwi a Europe mane kusikila naakakupandulula Johannes Kepler mumwaanda wamyaka wa 17.