Soopattuxiwa Sinniixuttiha Exeeni?

“Nto nyuwo mukohe inama, wira sohimeryeni: mwakohe axinuni a musulu, wira ewixuttiheni; nvaneleke n’itthaya, wira yolakiheryeni: ihopa sa mphareya sinolèlani etthu yeyo”.—Yobi 12:7, 8.

IYAAKHA iya sookiserya masientista ni manxinyero anneemererya wiixuttihiwa ni inama ni miri. Awo annisoma ni annitakiha itthu soopattuxiwa, [biomimética], yoolakela aya opaka itthu wala maakina masya aahiiso olokiherya maakina a khalai. Okathi munrowa anyu owehaka matakiheryo anittharelana, mwiikoheke so: ‘Tani onireerela ovuwihiwa mwaha wa itthu iyo?’

Mapupha a Baleia

Itthu xeeni yiixuntte aya ni baleia atthu ale anipaka iviyau? Yookhala etthu emosa yuulupale yiixuntte aya. Baleia muulupale onniphiya ikiilu 30.000, olemela owo onoolikana oni olemela wa ekamiyau emosa esanre itthu. Nave erutthu aya khenaakuva orukunuwa ni mapupha aya maalupale. Ehopa ela erina imeeturu 12 ya orakama waya, hata vari siiso eyo ennaakuva weetta mmaasini. Mwa ntakiheryo, okathi baleia muulupale oniphavela awe olya, owo onnaakuva okata iirukureryaka nipuro siri ihopa onakumiha mapheru manceene. Nto mapheru awo, anniphiya imeetru 1.5, nto eyo ennivelaveliha ihopa oniphavela awe okhuura. Nto okathi owo, mowaakuveya baleia onnivara ihopa iyo.

Etthu yuulupale yaatikininhe anamatokosa awo, okhala wira ehopa eyo yoopisa orukunuwa enniwerya wiirukurerya moowaakuveya nipuro naamukhaani. Anamatokosa awo ahoona wira etthu yuulupale enimukhaliherya enamuna ya mapupha awe. Mpantta wa ota wa mapupha awo khahiyo owaataleya ntoko mapupha a eviyau, masi ari ntoko seroti.

Okathi baleia oneetta awe mowaakuveya mmaasini, mipantta iyo sa mapupha awe sinikhala ntoko seroti sinnincererya ikuru sawe ni onnivukula ikuru sa maasi. Moota xeeni? Exornaale Natural History ehimmye wira mipantta iyo sinikhala ntoko seroti sinniiriha maasi waakuva ovira mmapuphani mwa baleia hata okathi yoole baleia onivira awe mapuro anikhuruwa maasi. Vaakhanle wira mapupha awo toowaataleya, baleia khaarowa oweryaka wiirukurerya nipuro naamukhaani okathi onikhala awe mapuro anikhuruwa maasi mwaha woowi mapuro awo maasi annitupa, nto yaamwiirihaka mapupha awo ohikhalana ikuru sinceene.

Mwaha woosuweliwa makhalelo a mapupha a baleia, etthu xeeni ekhumelenle? Vaakhanle wira mapupha a iviyau anipakiwa atakihiwaka mapupha a baleia iviyau khisaarowa otepaka oveveleya nnakhala okhaliheriwa ni ikaruma sikina eletroniko wira sikhoottiheryeke ikuru sa epheyo oveveleiha eviyau. Nto mapupha awo yaarowa okhala ookhweya ni khiwaarowa orumeeliwaka musurukhu munceene wira alokiheriwe yahononeya. Musomi a olokiha itthu oniihaniwa John Long, onnikupali wira onoophiya okathi “mapupha a iviyau sotheene sa nakoso anrowa aya opakiwaka atakihiwaka mapupha a baleia muulupale”.

Otakihiwa Mapupha a Xakukhu [Gaivota]

Ekeekhai wira mapupha a iviyau apakiwe sitakihiwaka ipalame. Masi, mahiku ala ookiserya manxinyero aatakiha mapupha a ipalame mwa enamuna ya vameekhaaya. Eliivuru emosa New Scientist ehimmye so: “Anamatokosa a Universidade Flórida aapaka eviyau eneettihiwa ni eremoti wala komputatore, yeeyo eniwerya ovenya ni omora mowaakuveya ntoko xakukhu wala gaivota”.

Ipalame iyo sinniwerya ovava musulu mowaakuveya saakuvihaka mpantta wa ikookhino ni makhata. Atakihaka waakuveya wa mapupha awo, eliivuru ele ehimmye wira “eviyau eyo ennikhalana maakina arina isentimetru 61 ni yookhalana mutooro mwaamukhaani oneettiha ikopo sa eyuuma seiyo sineettiha mapupha aya”. Mapupha awo annikhaliherya iviyau saamukhaani ovira mapuro oophunyeya ni eriyari ya ipereetiyu soorakama. Anakhotto a wEstados Unidos anniphavela vanceene iviyau ntoko iyo wira yaavyeke ibomba sinireiwa ipooma suulupale.

Otakihiwa Metto sa Naakhwiitti

Inama sikina sineetta vathi sinniniixuttiha itthu sinceene. Mwa ntakiheryo, naakhwiitti onniwerya owela exiri mpakha ophiya opathoni wa empa. Okathi wa Biibiliya anaakhwiitti yaanisuweliwa oratteene mwaha wa mikhalelo saya sootikiniha. (Miruku 30:28) Etthu xeeni enimwiiriha naakhwiitti ohimora?

Etthu yuulupale enimukhaliherya ohimora mapuro oothererya ntoko eviituru eri mmettoni mwawe. Maana sookhala ifiiyu saamukhaani ntoko maihi wala ikharari. Metto iyo khasirina ekoola. Masi sinirumeela ikuru sa mitika saya saamukhaani siri mmettoni. Mitika iyo sinnimukhaliherya ovara oratteene mapuro awo okhaliheriwaka ni ikuru vakhaani siniihaniwa van der Waals. Nto ikuru iyo ti sinimukhaliherya vanceene naakhwiitti, tivonto hiyo nihinwerya ahu owela exiri ni matata paahi. Tthiri ikuru sa mitika saamukhaani sa naakhwiitti sinnincerereya mpantta onivarana awe exiri. Ikuru siniihaniwa van der Waals sinnimwiiriha naakhwiitti ohimora hata erutthu awe elemelaka.

Itthu xeeni sikhumelenle nuumala osuweliwa makhalelo a naakhwiitti? Akhala wira apinaatamu anoopaka itthu atakihaka metto sa naakhwiitti pooti orumeeliwa eranttelihaka velcro, niire so, otakiha itthu sipattuxiwe.a Exornaale The Economist ennimulavula namatokosa mmosa ohimmye wira “atisivo opakiwe sitakihiwaka metto sa naakhwiitti” aamukhaliherya vanceene “oxiripitaali okathi anlooliwa aya makhwatta oranttelihiwaka atisivo akhanle vano”.

Tani Onireerela Ovuwihiwa?

Administração Nacional de Aeronáutica e Espaço enipaka eroboti erina metto 8 eneetta ntoko ekhororopwe, nave manxinyero a oFilândia aapaka etaratore erina metto 6, yeeyo enwerya otupha ni ovira mapuro ooxankiha ntoko ekhororopwe. Anamatokosa akina aanipaka ikuwo sirina mipantta sinitthukuwa ni owaleya ntoko efilori. Nave empresa emosa enipaka ikaaro, ennipaka ekaaro atakihaka makhalelo a ehopa enikhala ntoko ekaaxa eniihaniwa peixe-cofre. Nave anamatokosa akina anisoma mikhalelo a makosi a ekhoropa ya mphareya wira apake ikoleti sa wiikhapelela sooveya ni soolipa vanceene.

Sookhala miyuupuwelelo sinceene anamatokosa anitakiha aya soopattuxiwa wira apake esistema ya makhalelo a itthu sikumi soovirikana. Exornaale The Economist ehimmye wira masientista annirumeela esistema eyo sisommwale itthu “soopattuxiwa wira amalihe muxankiho wa etthu aniphavela aya opaka”. Itthu sotheene siri esistema eyo sinisuweliwa okhala “patentes biológicas”. Okhala wene, mutthu wala empresa eniwerya orumeela esistema eyo, tiile yiilepinhe ni eniphavela opaka maakina masya. Elavulaka voohimya sa esistema eyo eniihaniwa patentes biológicas exornaale The Economist ehimmye so: “Okhala wira masientista anihimya okhala ‘patentes biológicas’ awo aniphavela wooniherya wira itthu sotheene anipaka aya anitakiha soopattuxiwa”.

Soopattuxiwa iyo sootikiniha sikhumelenle sai? Anamatokosa anceene yaarowa ohimya wira soopattuxiwa iyo sootikiniha siroothatuwa ni okathi saathatuwa aya saanifalyari wala khissakhumela saana, tivonto siri aya soovirikana. Masi anamatokosa akina arina moonelo woovirikana. Namatokosa microbiólogo oniihaniwa Michael Behe aahilepa exornaale The New York Times wira: “Sookhala itthu sinceene sinooniherya wira [sopattuxiwa] saahuupuweliwa oratteene ni sinninikhaliherya okhalana moonelo wooloka ni wekeekhai: akhala wira etthu emosa enneetta ntoko nrattha ehinakhala etthu ekina enivaanyiha eyo, hiyo ninnisuwela wira nrattha tthiri”. Etthu xeeni aasuwenle awe? Owo ohimmye so: “Khanikhanle ookhootta wuupuwela mwaha woowi ti wookhweya ni ti wekeekhai”.

Tthiri nxinyero opanke mapupha a eviyau oolipa ni oororomeleya onniphwanela ottottopeliwa mwaha wa muteko ovanre awe. Mwa enamuna emosaru, mutthu onaapaka alikatura anirumeeliwa mwa inamuna soovirikana, ekuwo yooreera ni yoovareleleya ni mutthu onipaka ikaaro, amoota ni itthu sikina sirina mutooro ohaana ottottopeliwa mwaha wa itthu iyo opanke awe. Tthiri mutthu onipaka etthu otakihaka etthu mutthu mukina opanke awe, ohinamuttottopela wala omuhimya mwaneene, mutthu onnithokoreriwa okhala nakrime.

Nto okhala wira ti siiso, anamatokosa oosuwela oratteene annitakiha itthu sipattuxiwe wira aphuke mixankiho sa itthu anipaka aya, nto niireke munoona wira ti vookhalela ohimya wira itthu iyo anitakiha aya siroothatuwa? Akhala wira anitthuneya ankhili wira mutthu okopiyari etthu, ankhi ole opanke etthu eyo? Nto tani onireerela ovuwihiwa, tuule okopiyanri wala ole opanke?

Etthu Xeeni Nniixutta Exeeni?

Nuumala oweha itthu sotheene sinooniherya wira soopattuxiwa saahuupuweliwa oratteene, atthu a murima saana annikhalana moonelo wa nasaalimo yoowo aalempe so: “Apwiya! Miteko sanyu ti sowatta! Elapo yosareya itthu sipattuxalyanyu: nyuwo mopaka sothene seiyo n’ankhili”. (Esalimo 104:24) Mulipa-oomulepa Biibiliya iihaniwa Paulo aahikhalana moonelo owo. Owo aalempe so: “Tthiri, mikhalelo sa Muluku nihinwerya ahu woona, ninnisuwela naasomaka moota olumwenku opattuxiwe aya. Hiyo nnoowerya wiixutta moota Muluku ori awe, nitokosaka itthu opanke awe. Itthu iyo sinnooniherya owerya wawe ohinimala”.​—aRoma 1:19, 20.

Atthu anceene animuttittimiha Biibiliya ni animukupali Muluku pooti ohimya wira Muluku aarumenle othatuwa wira opake itthu sootikiniha sikhanle. Masi Biibiliya onihimya exeeni?

[ENOOTA]

[Eponto yuulupale epaaxina]

Soopattuxiwa iyo sootikiniha sikhumelenle sai?

[Eponto yuulupale epaaxina]

Tani onireerela ovuwihiwa mwaha wa soopattuxiwa?

[Ekaaxa/Elatarato epaaxina]

Akhala wira anitthuneya ankhili wira mutthu okopiyari etthu, ankhi ole opanke etthu eyo?

Eviyau ela enirukunuwa moowakuveya enitakiha mapupha a xakukhu wala gaivota

Metto sa naakhwiitti khasinnanara wala okela ntthupi, nave khonihiya mavalo awe mapuro onivira awe, onneemela khula opuro ohiya paahi va Teflon owo onniwerya opata ni okhuma ohirumenle ikuru sinceene. Anamatokosa annimananiha omutakiha.

Makhalelo ootikiniha a ehopa enikhala ntoko ekaaxa eniihaniwa peixe-cofre ehaakhaliherya atthu opaka ekaaro

[Masu a elatarato]

Eviyau: Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/ University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Ekaaxa/Elatarato epaaxina]

ITTHU SINEETTA SIRINA ANKHILI

Soopattuxiwa sinceene ti “sosuwelexa wavikana asuweli” mwa enamuna sineetta aya Valaponi. (Miruku 30:24, 25) Nrowe niwehe matakiheryo manli.

◼ Moota Ineneele Sineetta Aya Ineneele sinrowela eyoolya sinisuwela sai ephiro ya mwiithe aya? Masientista a oReino Unido ahoona wira ohiya paahi ohiya muhiriri aya mapuro sinivira aya, ineneele sikina sinnihiya mphito sinaakhaliherya osuwela ephiro ya omwiitheni waya. Mwa ntakiheryo, exornaale New Scientist enihimya wira ineneele siniihaniwa farao, “sinniteka miphito sinikhuma omwiitheni sirowaka mipantta soovirikana sinampaka ângulo a 50 wala 60 graus”. Etthu xeeni eniiriha mukhalelo owo okhala wa vameekhaaya? Okathi eneneele enitthikela aya omwiitheni enaphiya mphito owo, eyo ennitthara mpakha omwiitheni waya. Mwaha mmosa waahimmye so: “Mophito iyo soovirikana sinnikhaliherya vanceene ineneele otepexa wene okathi sineetta aya moovirikana, nto eyo ennikhaliherya ineene ohithweelela ni ohiiya okathi ni ikuru sinceene”.

◼ Buusula a Ipalame Ipalame sinceene sinneetta mikwaha soorekama sittharaka mikhalelo sa erimu. Moota xeeni? Anamatokosa anihimya wira ipalame sinnisuwela makhalelo a elapo. Exornaale Science ehimmye wira “makhalelo a elapo annivirikana khula opuro ni khula okathi khahiyo aniluluwanya onorte”. Etthu xeeni enikhaliherya ipalame iyo ohithweelela? Vanikhala ntoko wira ipalame iyo sinnilokiherya makhalelo aya moovarihana ni moota nsuwa ninkela aya khula nihiku. Exornaale Science ehimmye wira okhala wira makhalelo a nsuwa annivirikana moovarihana ni makhalelo a okathi wa mwaakha, anamatokosa anikupali wira ipalame iyo sinniwerya osuwela marukunuxo awo sirumeelaka “eroroce biológico enaaleela okathi wa mwaakha”.

Tani iixuttinhe ipalame osuwela makhalelo awo? Tani onvanhe ebuusula, eroroce biológico ni oramattha wala ottoopare onikhaliherya ipalame osuwela mikhalelo iyo? Niireke siroothatuwa? Wala ookhala Mpattuxa a ankhili?

[Masu a elatarato]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004