Ko Rashi—Te Tagata Sivi Tohi-Tapu Maʼuhiga

KOTEĀ te tohi ʼaē neʼe kau ʼi te ʼu ʼuluaki tohi ʼaē neʼe tā ʼi te lea faka Hepeleo? Neʼe ko he fakamatala ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Pentateuque (te ʼu tohi e nima ʼa Moisese). Neʼe tā ʼi te kolo ko Reggio de Calabre, ʼi Italia ʼi te taʼu 1475. Ko ai ʼaē neʼe ina fai te tohi ʼaia? Neʼe ko te tagata neʼe higoa ko Rashi.

He koʼe neʼe faka maʼuhigaʼi feiā te fakamatala ʼaia? ʼI tana tohi Rashi​—The Man and His World, ʼe ʼui e Esra Shereshevsky ko te fakamatala ʼa Rashi neʼe “liliu ko he tohi neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi māhani ʼi te ʼu famili faka Sutea pea mo te ʼu faleako. Neʼe mole ʼi ai he tahi tohi faka Sutea neʼe leleiʼia feiā. . . . ʼE ʼiloʼi te ʼu fakamatala e 200 tupu ʼe pipiki fakahagatonu ki te fakamatala ʼaē neʼe fai e Rashi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Pentateuque.”

Ko te fakamatala ʼa Rashi neʼe malave ʼāteaina pe koa ki te kau Sutea? Logope la neʼe mole fakatokagaʼi e te tokolahi, kae ko te fakamatala ʼa Rashi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Tauhi ʼĀfea neʼe malave ki te ʼu fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu talu mai te ʼu sēkulō. Kae neʼe ko ai koa ia Rashi pea neʼe ina maʼu feafeaʼi tona mālohi ʼaia?

Neʼe Ko Ai Ia Rashi?

Neʼe tupu ia Rashi ʼi Troyes, ʼi Falani ʼi te taʼu 1040.a ʼI tana kei tūpulaga neʼe ako ʼi te ʼu faleako faka lotu ʼa te kau Sutea ʼi Worms pea mo Mayence, ʼi Rhénanie. Neʼe akoʼi ia ia e ʼihi hahaʼi faiako Sutea neʼe maʼuhiga tāfito ʼi Eulopa. ʼI tona teitei taʼu 25, neʼe maʼua ke toe liliu ki Troyes. Neʼe ʼiloa ia ia ʼi tona ʼuhiga tagata poto, koia mole tuai pea neʼe liliu ko te tagata takitaki lotu ʼo te hahaʼi Sutea ʼo te kolo ʼaia pea neʼe ina fakatuʼu ai tana faleako faka lotu. ʼAki te temi, ko te faleako faka Sutea ʼaia neʼe liliu ʼo maʼuhiga age ʼi te ʼu faleako ʼa te kau faiako ʼo Rashi ʼi Siamani.

ʼI te temi ʼaia ʼi Falani neʼe felogoi lelei te kau Sutea pea mo te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe ʼui ko he kau Kilisitiano, koia neʼe feala ai kia Rashi ke ina fakahoko atu tana gāue sivi Tohi-Tapu. Kae neʼe mole ko he tagata fialahi. Logope la tona tuʼulaga maʼuhiga ʼi tona ʼuhiga tagata faiako pea mo tagata takitaki ʼo te faleako, neʼe ʼi ai tana matani gāue vino. ʼAki tana poto ʼi te ʼu gāue māhani ʼa te hahaʼi, neʼe feala ai ke felogoi lelei mo te hahaʼi Sutea pea ke mahino ki te ʼu agaaga ʼo tonatou maʼuli. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ko te potu ʼaē neʼe tuʼu ai ia Troyes neʼe tokoni ki te hikihiki ʼo tana poto ʼi te ʼu meʼa kehekehe. Neʼe tuʼu te kolo ʼaia ʼi te ʼu ala tāfito ʼaē neʼe feʼoloʼaki ai te ʼu hahaʼi faifakatau, koia neʼe felāveʼi ai mo te ʼu hahaʼi mai te ʼu fenua kehekehe pea neʼe feala ai kia Rashi ke ina ʼiloʼi te ʼu agaʼi fenua pea mo te ʼu talatisio ʼo te ʼu puleʼaga kehekehe.

He Koʼe Neʼe ʼAoga Ke Fai He Fakamatala?

Neʼe ʼui ko te kau Sutea ʼe ko te hahaʼi ʼo te tohi. Ko “te tohi” ʼaia​—te Tohi-Tapu​—neʼe tohi ʼi te lea faka Hepeleo kae ko “te hahaʼi” neʼe palalau faka Alape, mo Fakafalani, mo faka Sepania, mo faka Siamani pea mo te tahi ʼu lea. Logope la ko te tokolahi ʼo te kau Sutea neʼe akoʼi age kia nātou te lea faka Hepeleo talu mai tanatou kei liliki, kae neʼe mole nātou mahino lelei ki te ʼu kupu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, lolotoga te ʼu sēkulō ko te kau lapi ʼo te Lotu Faka Sutea neʼe nātou uga te hahaʼi ke ʼaua naʼa nātou tali te ʼuhiga moʼoni ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. Neʼe lahi te ʼu lea fakatātā pea mo te ʼu fagana ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu kupu pea mo te ʼu vaega faka Tohi-Tapu. Neʼe tānaki te ʼu fakamatala pea mo te ʼu hisitolia ʼaia ʼi te ʼu tohi mātolu neʼe fakahigoaʼi ko te Midrash.b

Ko te mokopuna ʼo Rashi, te Lapi ko Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam), neʼe ko he tagata sivi Tohi-Tapu. ʼI tana fakamatala ʼo ʼuhiga mo Senesi 37⁠:​2, neʼe ina ʼui ko “te ʼu hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe nātou fai he ʼu fakamatala [ʼi muʼa atu ʼo Rashi] neʼe nātou fai tāfito he ʼu akonaki loaloaga ʼo ʼuhiga mo te lotu . . . (derashot) heʼe ʼi tanatou manatu neʼe ko te meʼa tāfito ʼaia ʼaē neʼe tonu ke nātou fai, [kae] neʼe mole nātou māhani ki te sivi fakamalotoloto ʼo te ʼuhiga moʼoni ʼo te Tohi-Tapu.” ʼI tana fakamatala ʼo ʼuhiga mo te agamāhani ʼaia, neʼe tohi fēnei e te Polofesea ko A. Cohen (ʼaē neʼe ina takitaki te tā ʼo te ʼu Soncino Books of the Bible): “ ʼE moʼoni ko te kau Lapi neʼe nātou fai te lekula neʼe ʼui ai ʼe mole feala ke tali he fakamahino ʼe kehe mo te peshat peʼe ko te ʼuhiga moʼoni ʼo te Tohi-Tapu; kae ʼi tona fakahagatonu, neʼe mole nātou mulimuli ki te lekula ʼaia.” Ko te ʼaluʼaga ʼaia ʼo te lotu, neʼe mole ina faka faigafua ki te tagata Sutea māhani ke mahino ki te Tohi-Tapu, koia la ʼaē neʼe ʼaoga kia ia he tohi neʼe fai ai he ʼu fakamahino.

Te Fakatuʼutuʼu ʼa Rashi Pea Mo Tana Faʼahiga Gāue

ʼI tona maʼuli katoa neʼe faiga e Rashi ke ina fakaliliu te Tauhi ʼĀfea ko he tohi ʼe mahino gafua ki te kau Sutea fuli. Moʼo fai te faʼahi ʼaia, neʼe ina kamata tānaki te ʼu nota ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu fakamatala neʼe ina fai ki he ʼu kupu pea mo he ʼu vaega faka Tohi-Tapu ʼe mole mahino gafua anai ki te kau lautohi. Ko te ʼu nota ʼaia ʼa Rashi ʼe kau kiai te ʼu fakamahino ʼa tana ʼu tagata faiako pea mo te ʼu tohi ʼa te kau lapi ʼaē neʼe ina ʼiloʼi. ʼI te ʼu sivi ʼaē neʼe ina fai ʼo ʼuhiga mo te lea, neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi ia meʼa fuli ʼaē neʼe maʼu ʼi te temi ʼaia. Neʼe ina vakaʼi pe neʼe fetogi feafeaʼi te mahino ʼa te hahaʼi ki te tohi, ʼaki te ʼu puani pea mo te ʼu fakaʼiloga ʼaē neʼe hilifaki kiai e te kau Massorètes. Moʼo fakamahino he kupu, neʼe ina tau fakaʼaogaʼi te fakaliliu faka Alamea (te Targoum ʼo Onkelos) ki tana fakamatala ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Pentateuque. Neʼe lahi tana poto ʼi tana sivi te ʼu fealagia ʼaē neʼe mole vakaʼi ʼi muʼa atu, ʼo ʼuhiga mo ʼihi kupu ohage ko te ʼu prépositions, mo te ʼu conjonctions, mo te faka ʼuhiga ʼo te ʼu verbes, pea mo te tahi ʼu agaaga ʼo te faʼahiga fakatuʼutuʼu ʼo te ʼu kupusiga palalau ʼo he lea. Ko te ʼu fakamahino ʼaia neʼe nātou faka fealagia ki te hahaʼi ke lahi age tanatou mahino ki te faʼahi ʼaia.

Neʼe mole mulimuli Rashi ki te faʼahiga sivi ʼa te kau lapi Sutea, kae neʼe ina faigaʼi tāfito ke ina fakaliliu fakahagatonu te tohi. Kae neʼe mole feala ke tuku keheʼi te ʼu tohi ʼo te Midrash he neʼe ʼiloʼi lelei te ʼu tohi ʼaia e te kau Sutea. Ko te meʼa fakaofoofo ʼi te fakamatala ʼa Rashi ʼe ko tona faʼahiga fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼo te Midrash, logope la neʼe nātou tau ūgia te faka ʼuhiga moʼoni ʼo te Tohi-Tapu.

ʼI tana fakamahino ia Senesi 3:8, ʼe ʼui fēnei e Rashi: “ ʼE lahi te ʼu midrashim ʼo te haggadac ʼaē neʼe fakatuʼutuʼu e totatou kau Poto ʼi te Bereshit Rabbah pea mo te tahi ʼu tohi ʼe tānaki ai te ʼu midrashim. Kae ʼe ʼau fakaʼaogaʼi ʼāteaina pe te ʼuhiga fakahagatonu (peshat) ʼo te vaega pea mo te ʼu aggadot ʼaē ʼe nātou fakamahino te vaega Tohi-Tapu ʼi te loto koga tohi.” ʼI tana filifili pea mo tā te ʼu midrashim ʼaē ʼe tokoni ki te hahaʼi ke nātou mahino gafua ai ki he vaega, neʼe mole ina fakaʼaogaʼi pea neʼe fakafisi ki te ʼu midrashim ʼaē neʼe tupu ʼaki ai te ʼu fefakafeagaiʼaki pea mo te ʼu mahino hala. ʼAki te tā tohi ʼaia, ko te ʼu taʼiake ki muli mai ʼo te kau Sutea neʼe nātou māhani tāfito ki te ʼu koga tohi ʼaē neʼe filifili e Rashi ʼi te Midrash.

Neʼe lahi te vikiviki ʼa Rashi ki tana ʼu tagata faiako, kae kapau neʼe mole totonu tanatou fakamahino ʼihi puani, pea neʼe mole fakameʼameʼa ʼo fakahā tana mole manatu tahi mo nātou. Tahi ʼaē, kapau neʼe mole mahino lelei ki he koga tohi pe neʼe mole totonu tana fakamahino ʼo te koga tohi ʼaia, pea neʼe ina fakahā fakahagatonu tana ʼu hala pea neʼe ina fakamatala te tahi ʼu ʼaluʼaga neʼe fakatonutonuʼi ai ia ia e tana kau ako.

Ko Te ʼAluʼaga ʼo Tona Temi Neʼe Malave Ki Tana Gāue

Ko Rashi neʼe ko he tagata neʼe mulimuli ki te ʼu meʼa ʼo tona temi. Neʼe ʼui fēnei e te tahi tagata faitohi: “Ko te meʼa maʼuhiga ʼaē neʼe fai e [Rashi] maʼa te kau Sutea neʼe ko tana toe fakaliliu ia te ʼu tohi ʼaē neʼe pipiki ki tonatou maʼuli ʼo ina fakaʼaogaʼi te faʼahiga palalau māhani ʼo te temi ʼaia, pea mo te lea ʼe mahino gafua pea ʼe kita logoʼi ai te loto māfana pea mo te manavaʼofa, pea neʼe ina fai ʼaki he poto pea mo he faiva lahi, koia neʼe fakaʼapaʼapa ai te hahaʼi ki tana gāue ohage ko tanatou fakaʼapaʼapa ki te Tohi-Tapu pea neʼe nātou leleiʼia he neʼe ko he tohi taulekaleka. Neʼe poto ia Rashi ʼi te lea faka Hepeleo ohage ko te lea Fakafalani, pea neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi he faʼahiga palalau mālie ʼi tana tohi te faka Hepeleo. Kapau neʼe mole feala hana maʼu he kupu faka Hepeleo, pea neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi ai leva he kupu Fakafalani kae neʼe tohi ʼaki te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Hepeleo.” ʼI te temi nei, ko te ʼu kupu Fakafalani ʼaia ʼaē neʼe tohi feiā​—neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e Rashi ia kupu e 3 500 tupu​—ʼe ʼaoga ʼaupito ki te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou ako te Fakafalani ʼāfea pea mo te puʼaki ʼo tona ʼu kupu.

Logope la ko te maʼuli ʼo Rashi neʼe kamata ʼi te tokalelei, kae ʼi te fakaʼosi ʼo tona maʼuli neʼe tuputupu ai te ʼu tokakovi ʼi te kau Sutea pea mo te kau Kilisitiano. ʼI te taʼu 1096, ko te ʼUluaki Croisade neʼe fakatupu kovi ki te kau Sutea ʼaē neʼe nonofo ʼi Rhénanie, te potu ʼaē neʼe ako ai ia Rashi. Neʼe matematehi ai te toko lauʼi afe Sutea. ʼE ʼui ko te ʼu logo ʼo ʼuhiga mo te matematehi ʼaia neʼe fua kovi ki te maʼuli ʼo Rashi (pea neʼe mahaki kovi ʼo aʼu ki tona mate ʼi te taʼu 1105.) Talu mai te temi ʼaia, neʼe fetogi ai tana ʼu fakamatala ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Tohi-Tapu. ʼE hā lelei te faʼahi ʼaia ia Isaia 53 ʼaē ʼe talanoa ai ki te ʼu mamahi ʼa te tagata kaugana ʼa Sehova. Ki muʼa atu, neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e Rashi te ʼu vaega ʼaia ʼo faka ʼuhiga ki te Mesia ohage ko tona fai e te Talmud. Kae ʼi te hili ʼo te ʼu Croisades, neʼe manatu ai leva ko te ʼu vaega ʼaia neʼe talanoa ki te hahaʼi Sutea ʼaē neʼe tau mo te ʼu mamahi heʼe faitotonu. Neʼe hoko ai te fetogi maʼuhiga ʼi te fakaliliu faka Sutea ʼo te ʼu vaega ʼaia.d Koia ko te aga heʼe faka lotu ʼo te Keletiate neʼe ina fakamamaʼo te tokolahi, ʼo kau ki ai mo te kau Sutea, mai te moʼoni ʼo ʼuhiga mo Sesu.​—Mateo 7:​16-​20; 2 Petelo 2:​1, 2.

Neʼe Ina Fetogi Feafeaʼi Te Fakaliliu ʼo Te Tohi-Tapu?

Ko te mālohi ʼa Rashi neʼe toe malave foki ki te tahi ʼu lotu, ka mole gata pe ki te Lotu Faka Sutea. Ko te tagata Franciscain Falani ʼe ina fakamatala te Tohi-Tapu ko Nicolaus Lyranus, neʼe ina tau fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu manatu ʼa te “Lapi ko Solomon [Rashi],” koia neʼe fakahigoaʼi ia ia ko “te Geli ʼo Solomon.” Ki muli age, ko te tahi ʼu hahaʼi fai fakamatala pea mo fai fakaliliu neʼe nātou mulimuli kia Lyranus, ʼo kau ki ai mo te hahaʼi sivi tohi ʼaē neʼe nātou teuteuʼi te fakaliliu Fakapilitānia ʼo te King James Version pea mo Lutelo ʼaē neʼe ina fetogi ʼaupito te fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼi Siamani. Neʼe fakatafito pe e Lutelo tana gāue kia Lyranus koia neʼe ʼui ai e te hahaʼi: “Kanapaula neʼe mole tā e Lyranus te lyre kanaʼauala neʼe mole meʼe ia Lutelo.”

Neʼe tali e Rashi te ʼu manatu ʼa te kau lapi ʼaē neʼe mole ʼalutahi mo te moʼoni faka Tohi-Tapu. Kae ʼuhi ko tana ʼiloʼi lelei te ʼu kupu faka Hepeleo ʼo te Tohi-Tapu pea mo te faʼahiga fakatuʼutuʼu ʼo te ʼu kupusiga palalau ʼo te lea ʼaia, pea mo tana faiga tuʼumaʼu ke fakakeheʼi te ʼuhiga fakatā pea mo te ʼuhiga moʼoni ʼo he kogaʼi tohi, koia ko te gāue ʼaē neʼe fai e Rashi ʼe maʼuhiga ki te ʼu tagata fai kumi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu pea mo te ʼu hahaʼi fai fakaliliu.

[Nota ʼi te lalo pasina]

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 26]

Text: Per gentile concessione del Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali