Ko He Fakasiosio Ki Te ʼu Koloā ʼa Chester Beatty
“ ʼE MAʼUHIGA koteʼuhi ʼe maʼu ai te ʼu koloā ʼo te ʼu sivilisasio ʼe mole kei maʼuʼuli, . . . mo makehe ʼi te matalelei ʼo tona ʼu kiʼi fakatātā pea mo te ʼu paki.” Ko te fakamatala ʼaia ʼo ʼuhiga mo te Tānakiʼaga Tohi ʼo Chester Beatty ʼi Dublin, ʼi Ilelani, neʼe fai e te tagata ko R. J. Hayes, ʼaē ki muʼa atu neʼe leʼoleʼo ki te mātaga ʼāfea ʼaia. ʼE maʼu ai te ʼu tuʼuga meʼa maʼuhiga ʼo te temi muʼa, mo te ʼu mātaga maʼuhiga, mo te ʼu tohi pea mo te ʼu hiki tohi kua tahitahiga tona maʼu pea mo maʼuhiga ʼaupito. Neʼe ko ai koa ia Chester Beatty? Pea koteā te ʼu koloā ʼaē neʼe ina tānaki?
Ko Alfred Chester Beatty, ʼaē neʼe tupu ʼi te taʼu 1875 ʼi Amelika, neʼe koga Pilitania, Ekosi, pea mo Ilelani. ʼI tona taʼu 32, neʼe liliu ʼo koloaʼia, he neʼe poto gāue ʼi te lameni pea neʼe fai tokoni ki te sivi ʼo te ʼu lameni. ʼI tona maʼuli katoa, neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi tona ʼu koloā moʼo tānaki te ʼu meʼa matalelei mo maʼuhiga ʼaupito. ʼI tana mate ʼi tona taʼu 92 ʼi te taʼu 1968, neʼe tuku fuli e Beatty ia te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe tānaki maʼa te hahaʼi ʼo Ilelani.
Koteā ʼAē Neʼe Ina Tānaki?
ʼE lahi te ʼu meʼa kehekehe neʼe tānaki e Beatty. ʼE ko te kihiʼi vaega pe ʼaē ʼe fakahā mokā hoko tona ʼu fakahāhāʼaga meʼa. Neʼe ina tānaki te ʼu meʼa ʼe maʼu tahitahiga pea mo maʼuhiga mai te ʼu temi kehekehe pea mo te ʼu fenua kehekehe, ʼo mafola ʼaia ia taʼu ʼe lauʼi afe—mai Eulopa ʼi te temi ʼo te Moyen-Âge pea mo te Renaissance ʼo feiā mo te ʼu fenua kehekehe ʼo Asia pea mo Afelika. Ohage la, ʼe lau ko te ʼu mātaga Saponia ʼaē neʼe ina tānaki, ko te ʼu lauʼi papa togi neʼe pena, ʼe kau ki te ʼu mātaga matalelei ʼaupito ʼi te malamanei katoa.
Kae ʼi te ʼu mātaga ʼaē neʼe tānaki, ʼe ʼi ai te ʼu tuʼuga meʼa ʼe kehe age, ʼe ko te ʼu lauʼi teau maka Papiloni pea mo Sumérien ʼaki tanatou ʼu faʼahiga faitohi. Ko te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe maʼuʼuli ʼi Mesopotamia kua hili kiai te ʼu taʼu e 4 000 tupu, neʼe nātou tohi fuli tonatou maʼuli ʼi te ʼu maka ʼaia, pea neʼe nātou haka. ʼE lahi te ʼu maka ʼaia neʼe hāo ʼo aʼu mai ki totatou temi, ʼo fakahā lelei mai te faʼahiga faitohi ʼo te temi muʼa.
Ko He Fia Fai Ki Te ʼu Tohi
ʼE ʼiloga ia neʼe fia fai ia Chester Beatty ki te faʼu ʼo he ʼu tohi matalelei. Neʼe ina tānaki te ʼu lauʼi afe tohi faka mālama pea mo te ʼu tohi faka lotu, neʼe kau ai mo te ʼu tohi matalelei neʼe hiki mai te Coran. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te tagata faitohi, neʼe ina “leleiʼia ia te ʼu fai numelo ʼaē neʼe tohi faka Alape, . . . pea neʼe lēsili tana fia fai ki te ʼu lanu ʼaki te fakamatalelei ʼo te faʼahiga faitohi ʼaki te aulo pea mo te siliva mānifi pea mo te tahi ʼu maka maʼuhiga.”
Neʼe leleiʼia e Chester Beatty ia te sasipa, ʼaē neʼe toe fia fai foki kiai mo te ʼu hau ʼo Siaina ʼi te ʼu sēkulō ʼi muʼa atu. Maʼa te ʼu hau, ko te sasipa ʼe maʼuhiga age ʼi te ʼu maka maʼuhiga fuli, pea mo maʼuhiga age ʼi te aulo. Neʼe fakatotonu e te ʼu pule ʼaia ia te kau tufuga faiva ke nātou fakaliliu te ʼu sasipa ʼaia ke lau mānifi. Pea ko te kau tagata fai pena faiva, neʼe nātou fai leva te ʼu paki ʼi te pasina sasipa māninifi ʼaia ʼaki te faʼahiga faitohi matalelei pea mo te ʼu paki neʼe nātou fai ʼaki te aulo, pea ʼe kau te ʼu tohi ʼaia ʼi te ʼu faʼahiga tohi matalelei ʼaupito kua fai e te tagata. Ko te ʼu tohi feiā ʼa Beatty kua ʼiloa ʼi te malamanei katoa.
Ko He ʼu Hiki ʼo Te Tohi-Tapu ʼe Maʼuhiga ʼAupito
Kia nātou ʼaē ʼe nātou manako ki te Tohi-Tapu, ko te ʼu koloā lalahi ʼa Chester Beatty ʼe ko te ʼu tuʼuga tohi faka Tohi-Tapu ʼo te temi muʼa. ʼE ʼiloga ʼi te ʼu tohi matamatalelei ʼaupito ʼaē neʼe hiki nima, ia te faʼa kātaki pea mo te faiva ʼa te kau sikalaipe ʼaē neʼe nātou hiki nima te ʼu tohi ʼaia. Ko te ʼu tohi ʼaē neʼe tā, ʼe hā ʼaki ai te faiva pea mo te poto gāue ʼo te kau haʼi tohi muʼamuʼa pea mo te kau tā tohi. Ohage foki la, ko te Biblia Latina neʼe tā ʼi Nuremberg ʼi te taʼu 1479 e Anton Koberger, ʼaē neʼe lagi maʼuli ʼi te temi ʼo Johannes Gutenberg pea ʼe lau “ ʼe kau ki te kau tā tohi muʼamuʼa maʼuhiga pea neʼe nātou gāue hoholo.”
ʼI te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe fakahāhā ʼi te Tānakiʼaga Tohi ʼo Chester Beatty, neʼe ʼi ai te kiliʼi manu ʼo te fā sēkulō ʼaē neʼe faitohi kiai ia Éphrem, ko he tagata poto Silia. ʼE lahi te palalau ʼa Éphrem ki te tohi neʼe fai ʼi te lua sēkulō neʼe fakahigoaʼi ko te Diatessaron. ʼI te tohi ʼaia, neʼe fakatahiʼi e te tagata faitohi ko Tatien ia te ʼu Evaselio e fā ʼo te maʼuli ʼo Sesu Kilisito ʼo fakaliliu ko te tohi e tahi. Ki muli age, neʼe palalau te hahaʼi faitohi ki te Diatessaron, kae neʼe mole ʼi ai he tohi feiā neʼe lava taupau ʼo aʼu mai ki totatou temi. Ko ʼihi kau popoto ʼo te 19 sēkulō neʼe nātou fakalākilua ki te moʼoni ʼo te tohi ʼaia. Kae ʼi te taʼu 1956, neʼe maʼu e Beatty ia te fakamatala ʼa Éphrem ki te tohi ʼa Tatien ʼaē ko te Diatessaron—ko he maʼu neʼe hilifaki ki te ʼu fakamoʼoni ʼo te totonu ʼa te Tohi-Tapu pea mo tatatou lava falala kiai.
Ko He Koloā ʼo Te ʼu Tohi Neʼe Hiki Nima ʼi Te Papilusi
Neʼe lahi te tahi ʼu tohi ʼa Beatty neʼe ko te ʼu tohi faka loto pea mo faka mālama neʼe hiki nima ki te papilusi. Ko te ʼu codex papilusi e 50 tupu ʼe lau tonatou ʼu taʼu ki te fā sēkulō ʼo totatou temi. Ko ʼihi ʼi te ʼu papilusi ʼaia neʼe fakahāo mai te tuʼuga papilusi neʼe tuku fualoa feiā ʼi te toafa ʼi Esipito, ʼi te ʼu huaʼaga ʼotaʼota. ʼE lahi te ʼu tohi papilusi neʼe kua maeveeve ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe fakatau ai. Neʼe ʼōmai te hahaʼi fakatau meʼa mo te ʼu kalato ʼe fonu ai te ʼu toega papilusi. ʼE ʼui fēnei e Charles Horton, te tagata leʼo ʼo te ʼu mātaga ʼo te Tānakiʼaga Tohi ʼo Chester Beatty: “Ko nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou fia totogi te ʼu papilusi ʼaia neʼe nātou fakaulu tonatou nima ki te kalato ʼo fā ki te ʼu toega lahi ʼo te ʼu papilusi.”
ʼE ʼui fēnei e Horton, “ ʼi te ʼu meʼa maʼuhiga” ʼaē neʼe maʼu e Beatty, ʼe ʼi ai te ʼu codex faka Tohi-Tapu maʼuhiga ʼaē ʼe “maʼu ai te ʼu tohi ʼo te ʼu ʼuluaki hiki ʼiloa ʼo te Tauhi ʼĀfea pea mo te Tauhi Foʼou.” ʼI te ʼiloʼi e te hahaʼi fakatau koloā ia te maʼuhiga ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼaia, neʼe lagi nātou hae te ʼu tohi ʼaia pea mo nātou fakatau kehekehe te ʼu kogaʼi tohi ki te ʼatu ʼu hahaʼi kehekehe. Kae neʼe lava totogi fakalahi e Beatty ia te ʼu tohi. Koteā koa te maʼuhiga ʼo te ʼu codex ʼaia? ʼE fakamatalatala e Sir Frederic Kenyon ʼo ʼuhiga mo te codex ʼaia ʼaē neʼe maʼu “ ʼe maʼuhiga ʼaupito” koteʼuhi neʼe maʼu e Tischendorf ia te Codex Sinaiticus ʼi te taʼu 1844.
ʼE lau te ʼu taʼu ʼo te codex ki te lua pea mo te fā sēkulō ʼo totatou temi. ʼI te ʼu tohi faka Hepeleo ʼaē neʼe fakaliliu ki te faka Keleka ʼe ʼi ai te ʼu hiki ʼo te tohi ʼo Senesi. ʼE ʼui e Kenyon, ʼe maʼuhiga te ʼu tohi ʼaia, “koteʼuhi ko te tohi [ʼo Senesi] ʼe teitei pe ke mole maʼu te ʼu tohi ʼo te Vaticanus pea mo te Sinaiticus ʼi te [ʼu tohi ʼo te fā sēkulō ʼaē neʼe hiki nima ki te ʼu kiliʼi manu].” Ko te ʼu codex e tolu ʼe maʼu ai te ʼu Koga Tohi-Tapu Faka Kilisitiano Faka Keleka. ʼE ʼi ai te tahi codex ʼe maʼu ai te ʼu Evaselio e fā pea mo te koga lahi ʼo te tohi ʼo Gaue. Ko te lua codex, ʼo hilifaki kiai mo te tahi ʼu pasina neʼe maʼu e Beatty ki muli age, ʼe teitei maʼu katoa ai te ʼu tohi ʼa te ʼapositolo ko Paulo, pea mo tana tohi ki te kau Hepeleo. ʼI te tolu codex ʼe maʼu ai te kiʼi koga veliveli ʼo te tohi ʼo Apokalipesi. Maʼa Kenyon, ko te ʼu papilusi ʼaia “neʼe nātou fakalahi te fakamoʼoni—ʼaē kua mālohi ʼaupito—ʼo tatatou falala ki te tohi ʼo te Tauhi Foʼou ʼaē ʼe tou maʼu ʼi te temi nei.”
ʼE fakahā e te ʼu papilusi faka Tohi-Tapu ʼo Chester Beatty, te kamata fakaʼaogaʼi tautonu e te kau Kilisitiano ia te codex kae nātou tuku keheʼi te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te takaiga tohi ʼaē ʼe faigataʼa tona fakaʼaogaʼi, lagi ʼi muʼa ʼo te fakaʼosi ʼo te ʼuluaki sēkulō ʼo totatou temi. ʼE toe fakahā foki e te ʼu papilusi ʼaia ia te mole lahi ʼo te ʼu meʼa ke tohi kiai, koia neʼe tau faitohi ia te hahaʼi hiki tohi ki te ʼu lauʼi papilusi kua ʼosi fakaʼaogaʼi. Ohage foki la, ʼe ʼi ai te tohi faka Copte ʼo te kogaʼi tohi ʼo te Evaselio ʼo Soane ʼe tohi “ ʼi te meʼa ʼe hage ko he tohi ako ʼe tuʼu ai te fai numelo faka Keleka.”
ʼE mole faʼa matalelei te agaaga ʼo te ʼu papilusi ʼaia, kae ʼe maʼuhiga ʼaupito. ʼE ko te fakamoʼoni lelei ʼaia ʼo te kamataʼaga ʼo te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano. ʼE ʼui fēnei e Charles Horton: “ ʼI te ʼu papilusi ʼaia, ʼe koutou lava sio tonu ki te ʼu faʼahiga tohi ʼaē neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e ʼihi kūtuga ʼo te ʼu ʼuluaki Kilisitiano—ko he ʼu tohi neʼe maʼuhiga ʼaupito kia nātou.” (Tāʼaga Lea 2:4, 5) Kapau ʼe ʼi ai hokotou faigamālie ke koutou vakaʼi te ʼu koloā ʼaia ʼi te Tānakiʼaga Tohi ʼo Chester Beatty, ʼe mole koutou fakahemala anai.
[Paki ʼo te pasina 31]
Ko te lauʼi papa togi Saponia neʼe fai e Katsushika Hokusai
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Neʼe kau ia te “Biblia Latina” ʼi te ʼu ʼuluaki hiki ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē neʼe tā
[Paki ʼo te pasina 31]
ʼE lagolago te fakamatala ʼa Éphrem ki te “Diatessaron” ʼa Tatien ʼo ʼuhiga mo te moʼoni ʼo te Tohi-Tapu
[Paki ʼo te pasina 31]
ʼE teitei maʼu katoa ʼi te tahi codex ʼo te ʼu codex ʼaē ʼe ʼāfea ʼaupito ʼo te Chester Beatty P45, ia te ʼu Evaselio e fā pea mo te koga maʼuhiga ʼo te tohi ʼo Gaue ʼi te tohi pe e tahi
[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 31]
All images: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin
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Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin