Ngubani Onetyala?
UJIM VANDERWOOD weBhunga Lokuthintela Ukunxila laseMohawk Valley kwiLizwana laseNew York uthi, kubantu abaninzi “ukunxila kwamkelekile.” Ngelishwa, bambalwa gqitha abanokulikhanyela ngokunempumelelo elokuba ukusela, kwanokuba yindla-manzi evunyiweyo, kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwibutho labo.
Kangangeminyaka emininzi inkoliso yamabutho abantu ibikunyamezela ukusela rhoqo, kwanokusela ngokugqithiseleyo. Oku kuye kwakhuthaza abanye ukuba baxelise eso simo sengqondo sikavula-zibhuqe. Kunjengokuba lo kaVanderwood esitsho: “Jonga kwimifanekiso eshukumayo. Sisoloko sibothulel’ umnqwazi abantu abasela ngokugqithiseleyo baze sekunjalo babe ngamacowboy abalaseleyo. Oku kujongwa njengento ekwenza umntu obalaseleyo. Ukuphepha njani oko?”
Ngaloo ndlela, ngoxa ngokuyintloko ingabantu ababangela iingozi ngokusela baze baqhube ababekek’ ityala, ibutho labantu eliyekelelayo nelinesimo sengqondo esingalungelelananga ngokuselwa kotywala nalo ngomlinganiselo othile linetyala.
Igosa lokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho uJim Thompson uthi: “Ukusela akusoloko kusamkelwa nje kuphela kodwa kukhuthazwa gqitha.” Exelela uVukani! wathi: “Uninzi lwemidlalo ixhaswa lushishino lotywala, njengeshishini lebhiya.” Waphawula ukuba ebudeni bemidlalo emininzi, “ezona zinto zibhengezwayo gqitha kumabonwakude yibhiya, zonke iincutshe zemidlalo zibalaselisa ibhiya eziyithandayo.”
Amalungu oMbutho Welizwe Wabasasazi nawoMbutho Welizwe Wababhengezi awazange aye kwisifundo esasiqhutywa ngolwalathiso lowayesakuba ngugqirha wesizwe waseUnited States uC. Everett Koop. Kwakutheni? Kungenxa yokuba kwakuza kuthethwa ngengxaki yokuqhuba kukabani ngoxa ephantsi kwempembelelo yotywala nangombandela walowo unetyala. UGqr. Patricia Waller, owayengusihlalo kwiNtlanganiso yesi sifundo, wathi: “Inyaniso ikukuba thina [bantu] siye sayibangela ngokwethu le ngxaki, yaye abantu bazizidenge ngokwaneleyo ukuba bayithobele ingcinezelo esiye sayibeka phezu kwabo ukususela okoko bathi babadala ngokwaneleyo ukuphawula nantoni na ekumabonwakude. ‘Kodwa,’ [abantu bathi] ‘asinatyala. Asiyongxaki yethu leyo.’”
Isaphuli-mthetho Esiselula Namhlanje—Indla-manzi Eyingxaki Ngomso
Ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinjengomabonwakude, imifanekiso eshukumayo nangezibhengezo, ukusela kuyabalaseliswa. Oku kudlulisela isigidimi esithi, ‘Ungasela uze uphile ngolonwabo emva koko,’ kwiingqondo zabantu abaselula nabangenamava.
UGqr. T. Radecki WoMbutho Wesizwe Wokuthintela Ugonyamelo Lukamabonwakude eUnited States uthi, “Umntwana nje oqhelekileyo uya kubona utywala buselwa kangangezihlandlo ezingama-75 000 kumabonwakude ngaphambi kokuba yena abe kubudala obamkelekileyo bokuba angabusela utywala.” Umphengululi waseBritani uAnders Hansen wahlolisisa ezona nkqubo zikamabonwakude zithandwayo eBritani waza wafumanisa ukuba ama-71 ekhulwini azo zonke iinkqubo zamabali ziquka ukusela. Ngokomlinganiselo, kwakukho imiboniso yokusela esisi-3,4 ngeyure nganye ‘eneziganeko ezimbalwa kakhulu zokuselwa kotywala okunemiphumo ephawulekayo,’ enjengeengozi zeenqwelo-mafutha nokubulawa kwabantu, wavakalisa loo ntlungu lo kaHansen.
Ebhala kwiThe Washington Post, umbhali wemihlathi uColman McCarthy ukubeka oku ngolu hlobo: “Kwizinto zolonwabo nakwimidlalo yabo . . . babesakuba ziimbaleki ngoku abangababhengezi botywala zizibhengezo namaphulo okurhwebesha abantwana nokudlulisela kubafundi bakwanokholeji ingcamango yokuba ukusela utywala, nokuzintyintya ngabo, kuyimfuneko ukuze ube ngumntu phakathi kwabantu. Oku unokukubona kwisibhengezo esithi ‘ihlwabise ngencasa yaye ayihluthisi kangako’ bafondini, ukuba akuyiphethanga iglasi yakho, uphoswe yinto enkulu.”
ERashiya, ukusela uze uqhube kuyeyona ngxaki inkulu yelo lizwe. Amanye amagosa apho ayakuthandabuza ukuba imikhwa yokusela inokuguqulwa. Elinye lathi: “Kuyimvelo yethu thina bantu baseRashiya.” Ngoxa oku kusenokuba kuyinyaniso, ukusela kugqalwa ngabaninzi njengendlela yokuzonwabisa. Ngoko abaselula nabangenamava bakhulela kwimeko-bume yokusela.
UJ. Vanderwood uchaza ukuba eUnited States kukho “umkhwa wokusela kwabantu abaselula. Utywala bufana nomdlalo webhola yephini, ibhola eqengqwayo, umdlalo wesuperbowl, ixesha lokuzonwabisa. Ukuba kuthethwa ngokuzonwabisa, kucingwa ngotywala, ukuba kuthethwa ngotywala, kucingwa ngokuzonwabisa.” Uthi: “Usenokudlula kwelo nqanaba ukuba akukhange uzenze ikhoboka loku ngokwengqondo, ngokwendlela okhule ngayo, okanye ngokomzimba.” Kodwa wandula alumkise ngokuthi: “Into esiyifumene ngophando, yaye iye yangqinelwa ngokubanzi, kukuba, ukuba uqalisa ukuba yindla-manzi xa uneminyaka eli-14, 15, okanye eli-16, usenokuba likhoboka lotywala kwisithuba sonyaka. Ukuba uqalisa xa usandul’ ukugqiba iminyaka engama-20 ubudala, oku kusenokwenzeka kwiminyaka embalwa emva koko.”
Ngaba kuyinto eyothusayo ngoko ukuba unobangela ophambili wokufa kwabaneminyaka eli-16 ukusa kwengama-24 eUnited States iziingozi zasezindleleni nezinxulumene nokuselwa kotywala? Alithandabuzeki elokuba bukwangumbulali ophambili nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Ngenxa yoku, uGqr. Waller ufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba abazali abanenyameko nabazama ukukhulisa abantwana babo kwimeko-bume yekhaya eliphila ngaphandle kotywala bajamelene nebutho labantu “elitsalela kwelinye” icala.
Ngoko umntu oselula oselayo namhlanje usenokuba nengxaki yokunxila kwixesha elizayo. Yaye ngokufuthi akanyangeki lula, nto leyo emenza abe sisisongelo esikhulu kukhuseleko lwasezindleleni. Esinye isaphuli-mthetho esaziwayo esineminyaka engama-34 ubudala, emva kokuya kwinkqubo karhulumente yokunceda amanxila, sasela sanxila kangangokuba saqhuba iveni yaso kwicala elingelilo kuhola wendlela waseKentucky. Santlitheka kuduladula owayezaliswe ngabakwishumi elivisayo yaye abantu abangama-27—abaselula abangama-24 nabadala aba-3—bafa ngenxa yokutsha. Enyanisweni, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabo babanjelwa ukuqhuba benxilile babekhe babanjelwa oku ngaphambili.
Utywala—Isiyobisi Esisemthethweni
Iziphatha-mandla ezininzi zizisa engqalelweni yabantu bonke ukuba utywala sisiyobiso esisemthethweni. Zibufanisa utywala nezinye iziyobisi ezikhobokisayo.
Kwindibano emfutshane eyayiqhutyelwa eWhite House, umongameli Bush waseUnited States wavakalisa ukuba ukuqhuba unxilile ‘kwenzakalisa njengesiyobisi icrack. Kuyinto esuka nje yenzeke njengogonyamelo lwamaqela. Yaye kubulala abantwana abangaphezu kwabo bafa ngenxa yezo zinto zihlanganiswe zombini.” Kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba “simele sifundise abantwana bethu ukuba utywala busisiyobisi.”
Ukuba ngaphambili ubungabugqali utywala njengesiyobisi, akuwedwa koko. UC. Graziano, umalathisi kukhuseleko lwendlela uthi: “Uninzi lwabantu aluzidibanisi ezo zinto,” yaye wongezelela ngokuthi: “Amagqwetha, oogqirha, iijaji. Utywala bunokuphembelela nabani na . . . Buninzi. Bufumaneka lula gqitha!” Ngenxa yokuba busemthethweni kwinkoliso yamazwe, bunokuthengwa kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zeevenkile. Ngokufuthi bubekelwa imiqathango embalwa gqitha.
Ngokwezobugcisa, utywala bukukutya kuba bunamandla amaninzi. Kodwa bukwamele bubalelwe kwiziyobisi kuba budodobalisa imithambo-luvo yomzimba. Ukuba buselwe ngokugqithiseleyo buyanxilisa ngokufana nesiyobisi. Ngenxa “yokuba bunamandla okuguqula isimo somntu, budambisa ukuxinezeleka,” utsho njalo uJ. Vanderwood. “Bukwenza ukhululeke, buguqule indlela ocinga ngayo. Uziva ngathi unamandla ngoxa ungenawo.” Ilapho ke ingxaki yokusela uze uqhube. Njengoko equkumbela uthi: “Ungumntu onamandla angaphelelanga owenza isigqibo esingaphelelanga ngento aza kuyenza ngokungaphelelanga.”
Bambi abazibona bekwiimeko ezinzima—uqhawulo-mtshato, ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi, iingxaki zentsapho—ngokufuthi babhenela ekuseleni ngokugqithiseleyo ngelinge lokujamelana nengcinezelo nokuxinezeleka. Bekule meko benza izinto “ngeendlela zobuyatha, zokungakhathali, kuquka iDWI [Ukuqhuba Ngoxa Benxilile],” itsho njalo iJournal of Studies on Alcohol.
Noko ke, kwimeko yotywala akuyomfuneko ukuba umntu ade anxile ngaphambi kokuba amandla akhe okwenza izinto achaphazeleke. Kuphela nje ithamo elinye okanye amabini anokulwenza buthathaka ugwebo lomqhubi kuze kumenze abe sisisongelo kuye nakwabanye.
Esi sibetho siyingozi ngokwenene kwibutho labantu, eliye lazityhefa ngomxube obulalayo wokunyoluka ngakwezoshishino nesimo sengqondo sokuyekelela ngale nto isemthethweni kodwa enokuba yingozi enkulu gqitha. Ngoko, yiyiphi intuthuzelo abanayo abo banesingqala ngenxa yale ntlekele? Liliphi ithemba lokwenene elinokubakho ngokufumaneka kwesicombululo?
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 10]
Abakwishumi elivisayo abazintyintya ngotywala basenokuba ngamakhoboka ngonyaka omnye
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 10]
Akuyomfuneko ukuba ubani ade anxile ngaphambi kokuba amandla akhe okuqhuba achaphazeleke
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]
Ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinjengomabonwakude, ukusela kuye kwabalaseliswa