Idabi Ekudala Lisiliwa Nxamnye Nobukhoboka
“Ukuba likhoboka: kukunyamezela ukuxhatshazwa, ukunyamezela impatho-mbi ngenxa yokoyika ugonyamelo.”—UEuripides, umbhali wemidlalo ongumGrike owayephila ngenkulungwane yesihlanu ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo.
UBUKHOBOKA obu baqala kudala yaye abuzange bathandwa. Ukususela ngexesha lokuqalisa kwempucuko eYiputa naseMesopotamiya, amazwe anamandla ayefumana amakhoboka kumazwe awayengenamandla angabamelwane bawo. Yaqala apho ke imbali ebuhlungu yokuphathwa kwabantu ngokungekho sikweni.
Ebudeni benkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, iYiputa yenza uhlanga lwabantu abanokuba malunga nezigidi eziliqela baba ngamakhoboka. (Eksodus 1:13, 14; 12:37) Xa ummandla weMeditera wawulawulwa yiGrisi, ntsapho nganye kwiintsapho ezininzi zamaGrike yayinekhoboka—njengoko kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwamanye amazwe ukuba ntsapho nganye ibe nenqwelo-mafutha. Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike, uAristotle sayithethelela le nto ngokuthi abantu baziindidi ezimbini, kukho iinkosi namakhoboka, yaye ngemveli iinkosi zinelungelo lokulawula, ngoxa amakhoboka ezalelwe ukuthobela.
AmaRoma ayethe kratya kumaGrike ngokuthanda ukuba namakhoboka. Ngemihla kampostile uPawulos, malunga nesiqingatha sabemi besixeko saseRoma—ekubonakala ukuba babengamakhulu amawaka—babengamakhoboka. Yaye kubonakala ukuba uBukhosi baseRoma babudla ngokufuna isiqingatha sesigidi samakhoboka nyaka ngamnye ukuze akhe amatye ezikhumbuzo, asebenze emigodini, alime amasimi aze asebenze kumapomakazi ezinhanha.a Abo babethinjwa emfazweni babedla ngokwenziwa amakhoboka, ngoko ukunganeli kweRoma ngamakhoboka kusenokuba ngoyena nobangela wokuba obo bukhosi buyithande imfazwe.
Nakuba ukwenziwa kwabantu amakhoboka kwehla ngomlinganiselo othile emva kokuphela koBukhosi bamaRoma, akuzange kuyekwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokutsho kweDomesday Book (yowe-1086 C.E.), ngamaxesha aphakathi, abasebenzi baseNgilani abali-10 ekhulwini babengamakhoboka. Yaye ngelo xesha amakhoboka ayengabantu abathinjwe emfazweni.
Noko ke, ukususela ngexesha lobukho bukaKristu, alikho elinye ilizwekazi eliye lanyamezela intlungu yokwenziwa kwabantu amakhoboka njengeAfrika. Kwanangaphambi kobukho bukaYesu, abantu beYiputa yamandulo baberhweba ngamakhoboka aseTiyopiya. Ebudeni beminyaka enokuba li-1 250, abantu baseAfrika abamalunga ne-18 lezigidi basiwa eYurophu nakuMbindi Mpuma ukuze babe ngamakhoboka kwezo ndawo. Kuthe xa amazwe aseMerika esenziwa amathanga ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwavuleka olunye urhwebo lwamakhoboka, yaye akuzange kube kudala emva koko, ukuthuthwa kwamakhoboka enqumla iAtlantiki kwaba lelona shishini linengeniso ehlabathini. Ababhali-mbali bathi phakathi kowe-1650 nowe-1850 angaphezu kwe-12 lezigidi amakhoboka awathatyathwa eAfrika.b Uninzi lwawo lwaluthengiswa kwiindawo zokurhweba ngamakhoboka.
Idabi Nxamnye Nobukhoboka
Kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo, abantu kunye namazwe enza amatile-tile okuzikhulula kwidyokhwe yobukhoboka. Kwinkulungwane yokuqala ngaphambi kobukho bukaKristu, uSpartacus wayekhokele umkhosi wamakhoboka aseRoma angama-70 000 xa ayesilwa idabi lenkululeko abangazange bayifumane. Malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini ezadlulayo, awaseHaiti amakhoboka aphumelela kweyawo imvukelo, kuba akwazi ukufumana urhulumente ozimeleyo ngowe-1804.
Noko ke, eUnited States ubukhoboka baqhubeka ixesha elide. Amanye amakhoboka kwelo alwela ukuzibulala ezama ukuba wona kunye nabantu abathandayo bafumane inkululeko. Kwakukho nabantu ababengengomakhoboka ababesilwa ngokunyanisekileyo nxamnye nabo ngokuzama ukuba bupheliswe okanye ngokunceda amakhoboka azimelayo. Sekunjalo, le mpatho-mbi ayizange iphele de kwaba sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 xa yabhangiswa ngokusemthethweni kulo lonke elo lizwe. Noko ke, kuthekani ngomhla wethu?
Ngaba Kubuywe Nemband’ Esikhova Kweli Dabi?
IUniversal Declaration of Human Rights ithi: “Akukho mntu ufanele enziwe ikhoboka; ubukhoboka nokurhweba ngamakhoboka kufanele kungavunyelwa nangayiphi na indlela.” Loo mbono yavakaliswa ngehlombe ngowe-1948 intle gqitha. Abantu abaninzi abazimiseleyo baye bancama ixesha, amandla nobuncwane babo ukuze kufikelelwe olo sukelo. Noko ke, kusekude engqinibeni.
Njengoko inqaku elandulelayo liye labonisa, izigidi zabantu zisabila zisoma zisebenzela ilize, yaye uninzi lwazo luye lwathengwa okanye lwathengiswa ngenkani. Nangona kusenziwa imizamo enyanisekileyo yokuphelisa ubukhoboka—kutyobelwa nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezibugatyayo—kuyabonakala ukuba inkululeko yokwenene yomntu wonke iseziinkwenkwezi. Ngenxa yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ukurhweba ngamakhoboka okungekho mthethweni kulelona shishini linengeniso. Kodwa kwelinye icala, kubonakala ngathi zikho nezinye izinto ezikhobokisa abantu. Ngaba iimeko ziya kuze zitshintshe? Makhe sibone.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Enye incwadi yamandulo ithi kusenokwenzeka ukuba amanye amaRoma awayezizinhanha ayenamakhoboka afikelela kuma-20 000.
b Abanye babefundisi abanganyanisekanga babesithi uThixo uyayixhasa loo nkohlakalo yokuthengiswa kwabantu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi basenempazamo yokucinga ukuba iBhayibhile iyayixhasa loo nkohlakalo, noxa kungenjalo. Bona inqaku elithi “Imbono YeBhayibhile: Ngaba uThixo Wayelwamkele Urhwebo Lwamakhoboka?” kwinkupho kaVukani! kaSeptemba 8, 2001.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 20, 21]
Emva phayaa, abantu baseAfrika abathengwe kwiinqanawa (ezingasentla) zamakhoboka babedla ngokuthengiswa kwiindawo zokurhweba ngamakhoboka eMerika
[Inkcazelo]
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