IDomesday Book—Uhlolisiso Olungaqhelekanga
UWilliam owayengumlawuli waseNormandy (iphondo laseFransi) woyisa iNgilani ngowama-1066. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithoba kamva, uWilliam wayalela ukuba kwenziwe uhlolisiso lalo mmandla wakhe umtsha. Incwadi eyabhalwa ngolu hlolisiso yabizwa ngokuba yiDomesday Book. Kutheni le ncwadi iseyenye yezona ncwadi zembali zibalulekileyo eNgilani?
UWILLIAM wagaleleka kufuphi nedolophu yaseNgilani iHastings ngoSeptemba wowe-1066. Apho, woyisa umkhosi kaKumkani uHarold wamaNgesi ngo-Oktobha 14, waza wambulala lo kumkani. NgeKrismesi yowe-1066 uWilliam kamva owabizwa ngokuba nguMoyisi, wabekwa ukuba abe ngukumkani eWestminster Abbey eLondon. Zawahambela njani izinto amaNgesi phantsi kolawulo lwalo kumkani mtsha?
Uhlolisiso Olukhulu
UKumkani uWilliam I wawutshabalalisa umntla welizwe waza walinciphisa kakhulu inani labantu ababehlala kuloo mmandla. UTrevor Rowley, owayesakuba ngumhlohli kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford uthi: “Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu baseNtla (1068-70) kwakuyinkohlakalo nditsho naxa kuthelekiswa nezenzo zobuhange zaloo maxesha.” Abantu babesoloko bemvukela uWilliam yaye umkhosi wakhe wamajoni alishumi lamawaka nangaphantsi, wawuhlala phakathi kwezigidi ezibini zabantu ababengafuni nokuwubona. Ekugqibeleni, abantu baseNormandy bakha iinqaba ezingaphezu kwama-500—yaye eyona idumileyo kuzo yiNqaba yaseLondon.
NgoDisemba 1085, kwiminyaka eli-19 emva kohlaselo lwakhe, uWilliam wachitha iintsuku ezintlanu ehleli namagosa enkundla yakhe eGloucester, eNgilani bequlunqa icebo lokwenza uhlolisiso lwelizwe ngaphandle nje kweLondon neWinchester. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo kwathunywa amagosa enkundla kumaphondo asixhenxe ngaxeshanye, ukuba aye kudlan’ indlebe nabameli bawo nokuze ahlole ubutyebi belizwe.
Ukumkani kwakufuneka afumane imali yokuhlawula umkhosi wakhe. Kwakhona, kwakufuneka azinzise amabango omhlaba. Impumelelo yakhe kwezi zinto yayiza kubangela ukuba abantu baseNormandy nakwezinye iindawo zaseFransi bahlale eNgilani nto leyo eyayiza kwenza abantu baseNormandy baqhubeke bekhonya kwelo.
“Imini Yentshabalalo”
Kungekudala emva kokoyisa kwakhe amaNgesi, uKumkani uWilliam wohlutha umhlaba wezidwangube zaseNgilani waza wawunika iingcungcu zaseNormandy. Uhlolisiso lweNgilani olwenziwa nguWilliam lwafumanisa ukuba isiqingatha sobutyebi belo lizwe sasiphantsi kwamadoda angaphantsi kwama-200 nokuthi ayemabini kuphela kuwo awayengamaNgesi. Uninzi lwamaNgesi angama-6 000 kwafuneka lurente umhlaba owawukade ungowalo ngaphambi kowe-1066 ngoxa amahlwempu nabanye abantu ababengenamhlaba babephila ngamabona ndenzile.
Olu hlolisiso lwakwenza kwasemthethweni ukuhluthwa komhlaba ngabantu baseNormandy. Kwakhona, waphinda wawahlolisisa ngokutsha amaxabiso omhlaba nawamakhaya awayeqeshwe ngabantu kuquka amahlathi namathafa, kusenzelwa irhafu. Nesilwanyana ngasinye kuquka inkabi yenkomo, ithokazi layo kunye nehagu zaqukwa kolu hlolisiso. AmaNgesi awayecinezelwe ayekhathazekile ngenxa yolu hlolisiso kuba ayesazi ukuba ayengenakuluphikisa. Alufanisa “neMini Yomgwebo” okanye “iMini Yentshabalalo.” Kungenxa yoko lento olu hlolisiso lwabizwa ngokuba yiDomesday Book.
IDomesday Book inemiqulu emibini ebhalwe ngesiLatin. IGreat Domesday ebhalwe ephepheni elikhulu inamaphepha angama-413; yaye iLittle Domesday ebhalwe ephepheni elincinane inamaphepha angama-475.a UWilliam wafa ngowe-1087 ingekagqitywa ukubhalwa le ncwadi. Lo msebenzi ungaka wagqitywa njani ngonyaka nje omnye?
Abantu baseNormandy bafumanisa ukuba urhulumente wamaNgesi wayeneenkcukacha zabanini bomhlaba kunye nabantu ababewuqeshile kuquka neengxelo zemali karhulumente nezerhafu. Abantu baseNormandy basebenzisa olu lwazi ukuze bahlolisise ngokutsha irhafu yaye bathumela amagosa kwiphondo ngalinye ukuze aye kuphanda.
Le Ncwadi Namhlanje
KumaXesha Aphakathi iDomesday Book yayidla ngokuphathwa yindlu yasebukhosini. Ekuqaleni yayisetyenziswa xa kuconjululwa amabango omhlaba; noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-18, igqwetha leNgesi elidumileyo uMhlekazi uWilliam Blackstone wacaphula kuyo xa wayegqiba enoba abaqeshi bomhlaba othile babenalo kusini na ilungelo lokuvota. Iye yagcinwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kodwa ngoku igcinwe kwiNational Archives yaseUnited Kingdom.
Ngowe-1986, xa kwakubhiyozelwa iminyaka engama-900 ikho, le ncwadi yadityaniswa ukuze ibe yimiqulu emihlanu. Inguqulelo yayo yesiNgesi iyafumaneka kubaphengululi nababhali-mbali. Ijelo leendaba iBBC lathi le ncwadi, “ngumqulu osisiseko sezinto ezigcinwe lilizwe yaye . . . isasebenza njengobungqina bobunini bomhlaba.” Ngowe-1958 yasetyenziswa xa kwakugqitywa enoba idolophu ethile yamandulo inalo kusini na ilungelo lokuba nemarike.
Abembi bezinto zakudala basebenzisa iDomesday Book xa befuna ukubona iindawo awayehlala kuzo amaNgesi kunye nabantu baseNormandy ngamaxesha aphakathi. Kwasetyenziswa inkcazelo ekuyo xa kwakusekwa uhlanga lwamaNgesi.
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a IGreat Domesday yayinoluhlu olwenziwe lufutshane lwemihlaba eyayinokuhlawuliswa irhafu ngoxa kwakungenjalo ngoluhlu olwalukwiLittle Domesday nolungazange lufakwe kumqulu omkhulu.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
IMFAZWE KAWILLIAM YOMNQAMLEZO
UWilliam wacela upopu ukuba athi uhlaselo lwakhe lwaluyinxalenye yemfazwe yomnqamlezo, emthembisa ngokumnika ulawulo olungakumbi lwecawa yaseNgilani eyayingalawuleki. Upopu wavuma. UNjingalwazi uDavid C. Douglas uthi, elo nyathelo likaWilliam “lalikrelekrele.” Omnye umbhali-mbali owaziwayo uGeorge M. Trevelyan, kwincwadi yakhe ethi History of England uthi, “kwamnceda kakhulu uWilliam ukuxhaswa ngupopu kwinto eyayibonakala ukuba ikukuphangwa okufihlakeleyo kunokuba ibe yimfazwe yomnqamlezo.”
[Inkcazelo]
© The Bridgeman Art Library
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 22]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
ENGLAND
LONDON
Hastings
English Channel
NORMANDY
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 22]
Book: Mary Evans/The National Archives, London, England