IGama LikaThixo Nabaguquleli ,eBhayibhile

EKUQALENI kwenkulungwane yesibini, emva kokuba owokugqibela kubapostile efile, abantu baqalisa ngamandla ukutyeka kukholo lwamaKristu nokwaxelwa kwangaphambili nguYesu nangabalandeli bakhe. Intanda-bulumko neemfundiso zobuhedeni zangena ebandleni; kwavela amahlelo neeyantlukwano, baza ubunyulu bantlandlolo bokholo bonakaliswa. Yaye igama likaThixo layekwa ukusetyenziswa.

Njengoko obu buKristu bowexuko bandayo, kwafuneka ukuba iBhayibhile iguqulelwe isuka kwisiHebhere nakwisiGrike santlandlolo isisiwa kwezinye iilwimi. Abaguquleli balibhala njani igama likaThixo kwiinguqulelo zabo? Babedla ngokusebenzisa igama elithi “Nkosi.” IBhayibhile eyayinempembelelo kunene ngelo xesha yayiyiVulgate yesiLatini, inguqulelo yeBhayibhile eyenziwa nguJerome eyisa kwisiLatini esasithethwa ngokuqhelekileyo. UJerome wabhala igama elithi Dominus, “Nkosi” endaweni yoonobumba abane (YHWH).

Ekugqibeleni, iilwimi ezintsha, ezinjengesiFrentshi, isiNgesi neSpanish, zaqalisa ukuvela eYurophu. Noko ke, iCawa yamaKatolika yakwalela ukuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile isisiwa kwezi lwimi zintsha. Ngaloo ndlela, ngoxa amaYuda awayesebenzisa iBhayibhile ebhalwe ngolwimi lwesiHebhere santlandlolo akwalayo ukulibiza igama likaThixo xa ayelibona, “amaKristu” amaninzi ayesiva iBhayibhile ifundwa kwiinguqulelo zesiLatini ezazingalisebenzisi eli gama.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, igama likaThixo labuya lasetyenziswa. Ngowe-1278 labonakala ngesiLatini kwincwadi ethi Pugio fidei (Dagger of Faith), ebhalwe nguRaymundus Martini, owayeyimonki yaseSpeyin. URaymundus Martini wasebenzisa indlela yokulibhala ethi Yohoua.a Kungekudala emva koko, ngowe-1303, uPorchetus de Salvaticis wagqiba incwadi enomxholo othi Victoria Porcheti adversus impios Hebraeos (Porchetus’ Victory Against the Ungodly Hebrews). Kule ncwadi naye, walikhankanya igama likaThixo, elibhala ngokwahlukahlukeneyo ngokuthi Iohouah, Iohoua nangokuthi Ihouah. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1518, uPetrus Galatinus wapapasha incwadi enomxholo othi De arcanis catholicae veritatis (Concerning Secrets of the Universal Truth) athi kuyo abhale igama likaThixo ngokuthi Iehoua.

Eli gama laqalisa ukuvela kwiBhayibhile yesiNgesi ngowe-1530, xa uWilliam Tyndale wapapasha inguqulelo yeencwadi ezintlanu zokuqala zeBhayibhile. Kule nguqulelo walibhala igama likaThixo, elalidla ngokubhalwa ngokuthi Iehouah, kwiindinyana eziliqela,b yaye kumagqabaza akolu hlelo, wabhala wathi: “UIehovah ligama likaThixo . . . Ngaphezu koko naphi na apho ubona igama elithi NKOSI libhalwe ngamagama amakhulu (ngaphandle kokuba kukho impazamo ekubhaleni) ngesiHebhere nguIehovah.” Ngale ndlela kwavela uqheliselo lokusebenzisa igama likaYehova kwiindinyana nje ezimbalwa nokubhalwa kuthiwe “NKOSI” okanye “THIXO” kwezinye iindawo ezininzi apho kukho amaqabane amane kwisibhalo sesiHebhere.

Ngowe-1611 kwapapashwa iAuthorized Version, eyaba yeyona nguqulelo yesiNgesi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Kuyo, eli gama labonakala izihlandlo ezine kwiindinyana zayo. (Eksodus 6:3; INdumiso 83:18; Isaya 12:2; 26:4) U-“Ya,” osisishunqulelo esibumbongo seli gama, wabonakala kwiNdumiso 68:4. Yaye eli gama labonakala ngokupheleleyo kumagama eendawo njengeli lithi “Yehova-ozibonelayo.” (Genesis 22:14; Eksodus 17:15; ABagwebi 6:24) Phofu ke, belandela umzekelo kaTyndale, kwiimeko ezininzi abaguquleli babhala igama elithi “NKOSI” okanye “THIXO” endaweni yegama likaThixo. Kodwa ukuba igama likaThixo lalinokuvela kwiindinyana ezine, kutheni le nto lalingena kuvela kuzo zonke ezinye iindinyana ezingamawakawaka ezinalo kwisiHebhere santlandlolo?

Into efana nale yayisenzeka kulwimi lwesiJamani. Ngowe-1534, uMartin Luther wapapasha inguqulelo yakhe epheleleyo yeBhayibhile, awayisekela kwiilwimi zantlandlolo. Ngasizathu sithile akazange aliquke igama likaThixo kodwa wasebenzisa magama wambi anjengelithi HERR (“NKOSI”). Phofu ke, wayelazi igama likaThixo, ekubeni kwintshumayelo engoYeremiya 23:1-8, awayinikela ngowe-1526, wathi: “Eli gama lithi Yehova, Nkosi, lelikaThixo oyinyaniso kuphela.”

Ngowe-1543 uLuther ebonakalisa uphawu lwakhe lokuthetha ngokungqalileyo wabhala oku: “Into yokuba ngoku athi [amaYuda] igama likaYehova lelingenakubizwa, awakwazi akuthethayo . . . Ukuba linokubhalwa ngosiba nangeinki, kungani lingenakuthethwa, nto leyo elunge ngakumbi kunokulibhala ngosiba nangeinki? Kutheni engathi kwakhona alinakubhalwa, alinakufundwa okanye alinakucingwa? Xa zonke izinto ziqwalaselwa, kukho imposiso ethile.” Sekunjalo, uLuther akazange aziguqule izinto kwinguqulelo yakhe yeBhayibhile. Phofu ke, kwiminyaka yamva, ezinye iiBhayibhile zesiJamani zazinalo eli gama kwiEksodus 6:3.

Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, abaguquleli beBhayibhile baba ziintlaba zahlukane. Bambi bakuphepha nakuphi na ukusebenzisa igama likaThixo, ngoxa abanye babelisebenzisa ngokubanzi kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere, enoba babelibhala ngokuthi Yehova okanye ngokuthi Yahweh. Masiqwalasele iinguqulelo ezimbini ezaliphephayo eli gama size sibone isizathu sokwenziwa koku njengoko sichazwa ngabaguquleli bazo.

Isizathu Sokuba Balishiyayo

Xa uJ. M. Powis Smith noEdgar J. Goodspeed bavelisa inguqulelo yezi mini yeBhayibhile ngowe-1935, abafundi bafumanisa ukuba kwakusetyenziswe igama elithi NKOSI nelithi THIXO kwiindawo ezininzi njengamela igama likaThixo. Isizathu soku sachazwa kwintshayelelo ngokuthi: “Kule nguqulelo silandele isiko lamaYuda agcine isithethe saza endaweni yegama ‘Yahweh’ sabhala ‘Nkosi,’ endaweni yebinzana elithi ‘iNkosi uYahweh,’ sathi ‘iNkosi uThixo.’ Kuzo zonke iindawo apho igama elithi ‘Nkosi’ okanye ‘Thixo’ limela ‘uYahweh’ wantlandlolo kusetyenziswe oonobumba abakhulu ababhalwe kancinane.”

Ngoko, iguqula ngokungaqhelekanga isithethe samaYuda awayefunda igama elithi YHWH kodwa alibize ngokuthi “Nkosi,” le ntshayelelo ithi: “Ngoko ke, nabani na, onqwenela ukulondoloza ubumnandi bendlela ekwakubhalwe ngayo ntlandlolo angasuka nje afunde athi ‘Yahweh’ naphi na apho abona uNKOSI okanye uTHIXO”!

Ekufundeni oku, ngokukhawuleza kufika lo mbuzo engqondweni: Ukuba ukufunda uthi “Yahweh” endaweni yokuthi “NKOSI” kulondoloza “ubumnandi bendlela ekwakubhalwe ngayo ntlandlolo,” kutheni le nto abaguquleli bengamsebenzisanga “uYahweh” kwinguqulelo yabo? Kutheni le nto, ngokokutsho kwabo, ‘bebhale’ igama elithi “NKOSI” endaweni yegama likaThixo baze ngaloo ndlela babufihle ubumnandi bendlela ekwakubhalwe ngayo ntlandlolo?

Abaguquleli bathi babelandela isiko lamaYuda agcine isithethe. Kanti ngaba oko kububulumko kumKristu? Khumbula, yayingabaFarisi, abalondolozi bamasiko amaYuda agcine isithethe, abamcekisayo uYesu baza baxelelwa nguye ngokuthi: “Niwuphangile ke igunya umthetho kaThixo ngenxa yesithethe senu.” (Mateyu 15:6) Ukusebenzisa gama limbi ngokwenyaniso kulenza buthathaka iLizwi likaThixo.

Ngowe-1952, iRevised Standard Version yeZibhalo zesiHebhere yapapashwa ngesiNgesi, yaye nayo le Bhayibhile, yasebenzisa magama wambi endaweni yegama likaThixo. Oku kwakuphawuleka kuba iAmerican Standard Version yangaphambili, le Bhayibhile eyayiluhlaziyo lwayo, yalisebenzisa igama likaYehova kuzo zonke iZibhalo zesiHebhere. Ngenxa yoko, ukushenxiswa kweli gama yayikukutyeka okubalaseleyo. Kutheni kwenziwa le nto nje?

Kwintshayelelo yeRevised Standard Version, sifunda oku: “Ngenxa yezizathu ezibini iKomiti ibuyele kwindlela eqheleke ngakumbi esetyenziswa yinguqulelo eyiKing James [oko kukuthi, ukushenxisa igama likaThixo]: (1) igama elithi ‘Yehova’ aliyimeli ngokuchanileyo nayiphi na imo yeGama elakha lasetyenziswa kwisiHebhere; yaye (2) ukusetyenziswa kwalo naliphi na igama lokoqobo kuThixo omnye nekukuphela kwakhe, ngokungathi bekukho abanye oothixo amele ahlulwe kubo, kwayekwa ebuYudeni ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu yaye akulufanelanga ngokupheleleyo ukholo lweCawa yamaKristu luphela.”

Ngaba ezi zizizathu ezivakalayo? Kaloku, njengoko sekuxutyushiwe ngaphambilana, igama elithi Yesu aliyimeli ngokuchanileyo imo yantlandlolo yegama loNyana kaThixo elalisetyenziswa ngabalandeli bakhe. Kanti oku akuzange kuyiphembelele le Komiti ukuba ikuphephe ukulisebenzisa elo gama nokuba endaweni yalo isebenzise isibizo esinjengesithi “Mlamli” okanye “Kristu.” Liyinyaniso elokuba, ezi zibizo ziyasetyenziswa, kodwa zisetyenziswa ukongezelela kwigama elithi Yesu, kungekhona endaweni yalo.

Ngokubhekisele kwisizathu sokuba abakho abanye oothixo uThixo oyinyaniso amele ahlulwe kubo, oko ngokucacileyo akuyonyaniso. Kukho izigidi zoothixo abanqulwa luluntu. Umpostile uPawulos wathi: “Kukho oothixo abaninzi.” (1 Korinte 8:5; Filipi 3:19) Kakade ke, kukho kuphela uThixo omnye oyinyaniso, njengoko uPawulos eqhubeka esitsho. Ngenxa yoko, enye ingenelo enkulu yokusebenzisa igama loThixo oyinyaniso yeyokuba limahlula kubo bonke oothixo bobuxoki. Ngaphandle koko, ukuba ukusebenzisa igama likaThixo ‘akufanelekanga ngokupheleleyo,’ kutheni libonakala phantse izihlandlo ezingama-7 000 kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere zantlandlolo?

Inyaniso yeyokuba, abaguquleli abaninzi abakhange babe nemvo yokuba eli gama, kunye nendlela elibizwa ngayo kwezi mini, alinandawo eBhayibhileni. Balibhalile kwiiBhayibhile zabo, yaye ngalo lonke ithuba umphumo ube yinguqulelo enikela imbeko engakumbi kuMbhali weBhayibhile nevisisana ngokuthembeke ngakumbi nokwakubhalwe ntlandlolo. Ezinye iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi nezineli gama yinguqulelo iValera (yeSpanish, eyapapashwa ngowe-1602), iAlmeida (yesiPhuthukezi, eyapapashwa ngowe-1681), iBhayibhile yesiXhosa (eyapapashwa ngowe-1859), kwaneAmerican Standard Version (ngesiNgesi, eyapapashwa ngowe-1901). Zimbi iinguqulelo, ngokuphawulekayo iThe Jerusalem Bible, zikwasebenzisa igama likaThixo ngendlela engaguquguqukiyo kodwa libhalwe ngokuthi Yahweh.

Ngoku funda ngamagqabaza abanye abaguquleli abalibhalayo eli gama kwiinguqulelo zabo uze uthelekise indlela abacinga ngayo neyabo balishiyayo eli gama.

Isizathu Sokuba Abanye Balibhale Eli Gama

Nanga amagqabaza omguquleli weAmerican Standard Version yowe-1901: “[Abaguquleli] beyiseka ngamxhelo mnye kukuba iinkolelo zamaYuda, ezalijonga iGama likaThixo lingcwele gqitha ukuba libe lingabizwa, zazingasafanele zongamele kwinguqulelo yesiNgesi okanye nakweyiphi na eyiyenye yeTestamente Endala . . . Eli Gama lisiSikhumbuzo, elichazwe kwiEks. iii. 14, 15 neligxininiswe njengelinjalo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiTestamente Endala yantlandlolo, limfanisa uThixo njengoThixo ongumntu, njengoThixo womnqophiso, uThixo wesityhilelo, uMhlanguli, iSihlobo sabantu bakhe . . . Eli gama lobuqu, linobuncwane bokunxulumana kwalo nezinto ezingcwele, ngoku libuyiselwe endaweni eliyibanga ngokungathandabuzekiyo esibhalweni esingcwele.”

Ngokufanayo, kwintshayelelo yeElberfelder Bibel yantlandlolo engesiJamani sifunda oku: “Jehova. Siye salilondoloza eli gama loThixo woMnqophiso kaSirayeli kuba umfundi uye waqhelana nalo kangangeminyaka.”

USteven T. Byington, umguquleli weThe Bible in Living English, ucacisa isizathu sokuba esebenzisa igama likaThixo: “Indlela yokulibhala neyokulibiza azibalulekanga kakhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukucacisa into yokuba eli ligama lobuqu. Kukho iindinyana eziliqela ezingenakuqondwa ngokuchanileyo ukuba siguqulela eli gama ngesibizo nje esinjengesithi ‘Nkosi,’ okanye okubi ngakumbi, ngokusebenzisa isichazi esenziwe isibizo [ngokomzekelo, uSonini-nanini].”

Okubangel’ umdla yimeko yenye inguqulelo kaJ. B. Rotherham. Walisebenzisa igama likaThixo kwinguqulelo yakhe kodwa wakhetha ukuthi Yahweh. Phofu ke, kwincwadi yamva, ethi Studies in the Psalms, eyapapashwa ngowe-1911, wabuyela kwigama elithi Yehova. Kutheni? Uyachaza: “UJEHOVAH.—Ukusetyenziswa kweli gama lesiNgesi elisiSikhumbuzo (Eks. 3:18) kwinguqulelo yangoku yeeNdumiso akubangelwa kuko nakuphi na ukungaqiniseki ngokubhekisele kwindlela yokulibiza echane ngakumbi, enguYahwéh; kodwa kungenxa yobungqina obusengqiqweni obukhethwe ngokobuqu obungokunqwenela ukunxibelelana nabantu kumcimbi ololu hlobo, ekuthi kuwo eyona nto iphambili ibe kukuqondwa lula kwegama likaThixo elisetyenzisiweyo.”

KwiNdumiso 34:3 abanquli bakaYehova bayabongozwa: “Menzeni mkhulu kunye nam uYehova, siliphakamise kunye igama lakhe.” Abafundi beenguqulelo zeBhayibhile ezilishenxisayo igama likaThixo banokusabela ngokuzeleyo njani kweso sibongozo? AmaKristu avuyiswa kukuba ubuncinane bambi abaguquleli baye banenkalipho yokuliquka igama likaThixo ekubhaleni kwabo iZibhalo zesiHebhere, baza ngaloo ndlela balondoloza oko uSmith noGoodspeed bakubiza ngokuthi ‘bubumnandi bendlela ekwakubhalwe ngayo ntlandlolo.’

Phofu ke, iinguqulelo ezininzi, naxa ziliquka igama likaThixo kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere, ziyalishenxisa kwiZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike, “iTestamente Entsha.” Siyintoni isizathu sokwenziwa koku? Ngaba umntu unokuthethelelwa nangayiphi na indlela ngokusebenzisa igama likaThixo kule nxalenye yokugqibela yeBhayibhile?

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 17]

Abaguquleli beAuthorized Version balilondoloza igama likaThixo, elithi Yehova, kwiindinyana ezine kuphela, bebhala elithi THIXO nelithi NKOSI kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 22]

Ukuba ukusebenzisa igama likaThixo ‘akufanelekile ngokupheleleyo,’ kutheni le nto libonakala phantse izihlandlo ezingama-7 000 kwizibhalo zesiHebhere zantlandlolo?

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 20, 21]

Ngaba Kukuthiywa KweGama LikaThixo?

Okwangoku, ayikho inguqulelo yeBhayibhile ngolwimi lwesiBhulu (oluthethwa ngabantu baseMzantsi Afrika abayinzala yamaDatshi) enegama likaThixo. Oku kuyamangalisa, ekubeni iinguqulelo ezininzi zeelwimi zezizwe ezithethwa kwelo lizwe eli gama zilisebenzisa ngokukhululekileyo. Masibone ukuba kwenzeka njani oku.

NgoAgasti 24, 1878, kwenziwa isicelo esinamandla kwintlanganiso yoMbutho Wabantu Abantetho IsisiBhulu Sokwenene (G.R.A.) sokuba kwenziwe inguqulelo yeBhayibhile ngolwimi lwesiBhulu. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, lo mbandela waphinda waphakanyiswa kwakhona, kwaza ekugqibeleni kwagqitywa ukuba kuhanjelwe phambili kuguqulelwe iBhayibhile isuswe kwiilwimi zantlandlolo. Lo msebenzi wabekwa ezandleni zikaS. J. du Toit, owayenguMphathi weMfundo eTransvaal.

Ileta enemiyalelo eya kudu Toit yaquka le migaqo ikhokelayo ilandelayo: “Igama lokoqobo leNkosi, uYehova okanye uJahvê, limele liyekwe lingaguqulelwanga [oko kukuthi, lingathatyathelwa indawo lelithi Nkosi okanye Thixo] kuyo yonke.” US. J. du Toit waguqulela iincwadi ezisixhenxe zeBhayibhile ezisa kwisiBhulu, yaye igama likaYehova lalibonakala kuzo zonke.

Ezinye iimpapasho zaseMzantsi Afrika nazo, ngaxa lithile zazinalo igama likaThixo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiDe Korte Catechismus (The Short Catechism), nguJ. A. Malherbe, 1914, kwabonakala oku kulandelayo: “Lingubani iGama likaThixo elibalaseleyo?” Yathini impendulo? “NguYehova, obhalwe ngokuthi NKOSI ngoonobumba abakhulu kwiiBhayibhile zethu. Eli [gama] alizange linikwe nasiphi na isidalwa.”

KwiDie Katkisasieboek (ikatekizim eyapapashwa liBhunga Elimanyeneyo Lesikolo Secawa saseDatshi eMzantsi Afrika) kwavela lo mbuzo ulandelayo: “Simele singaze na silisebenzise igama elithi Yehova okanye elithi NKOSI? Oko koko kwenziwa ngamaYuda . . . Akuyontsingiselo yomthetho oko. . . . Sinokulisebenzisa iGama lakhe, kodwa singaze silisebenzise ngendelelo.” Kude kube lithuba lakutshanje, iinkupho ezishicilelwe ngokutsha zeDie Halleluja (iculo) nazo zazinalo igama likaYehova kwezinye iingoma.

Phofu ke, inguqulelo kadu Toit ayizange ithandwe, yaye ngowe-1916 kwamiselwa iBhunga Lokuguqulela IBhayibhile ukuze lilungiselele ukuveliswa kweBhayibhile yesiBhulu. Eli Bhunga umgaqo walo wawungowokulishenxisa igama likaYehova eBhayibhileni. Ngowe-1971 uMbutho weBhayibhile woMzantsi Afrika wapapasha “inguqulelo yokwexeshana” yeencwadi ezimbalwa zeBhayibhile ngesiBhulu. Ngoxa igama likaThixo lakhankanywayo kwintshayelelo, alizange lisetyenziswe ngaphakathi kule nguqulelo. Ngokufanayo, ngowe-1979 kwavela inguqulelo entsha ‘yeTestamente Entsha’ neyeeNdumiso yaye nayo ngokukwanjalo yayingenalo igama likaThixo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukususela ngowe-1970 igama likaYehova liye lashenxiswa kwiDie Halleluja. Yaye ushicilelo lwesithandathu lohlelo oluhlaziyiweyo lweDie Katkisasieboek, eyapapashwa yiCawa yaseDatshi eMzantsi Afrika, nalo ngoku alunalo eli gama.

Enyanisweni, imigudu yokushenxisa igama elithi Yehova ayipheleliselwanga kwiincwadi. Icawa yaseDatshi ePaarl yayifudula inelitye elikwimbombo ekwakukrolwe kulo amazwi athi JEHOVAH JIREH (“UYehova Uya Kusilungiselela”). Umfanekiso wale cawa nelitye lembombo layo wabonakala kwinkupho yephephancwadi uVukani! kaOktobha 22, 1974, engolwimi lwesiBhulu. Ukususela ngoko, eli litye lembombo liye lasuswa kwaza kwabekwa elinye elinamazwi athi DIE HERE SAL VOORSIEN (“INKOSI Iya Kusilungiselela”). Isibhalo nomhla obhalwe kweli litye lembombo ziyekwe njengokuba zazinjalo kodwa igama likaYehova liye lashenxiswa.

Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi abantetho isisiBhulu namhlanje abalazi igama likaThixo. Amalungu eecawa alaziyo ayakuphepha ukulisebenzisa. Bambi bade benze impikiswano, besithi igama likaThixo lelithi NKOSI baze batyhole amaNgqina kaYehova ngokuvelisa igama elithi Yehova.

[Imifanekiso]

Icawa YaseDatshi ePaarl, eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphambili, igama elithi Yehova lalikrolwe kwilitye lembombo (ngentla ekunene). Kamva, kwabhalwa gama limbi (ngentla ekhohlo)

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 18]

Igama likaThixo libhalwe ngokuthi Yohoua labonakala ngowe-1278 kwincwadi ethi Pugio fidei njengoko libonwa kulo mbhalo-ngqangi (wenkulungwane ye-13 okanye ye-14) ovela kwithala leencwadi laseSte. Geneviève, eParis, eFransi (iphepha 162b)

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 19]

Kwinguqulelo yakhe yeencwadi ezintlanu zokuqala zeBhayibhile, eyapapashwa ngowe-1530, uWilliam Tyndale walifaka igama likaThixo kwiEksodus 6:3. Wakucacisa ukulisebenzisa kwakhe eli gama kumagqabaza angale nguqulelo

[Inkcazelo]

(Lo mfanekiso unikelwe liThala Leencwadi LoMbutho weBhayibhile waseMerika, eNew York)