Isahluko 13
UHlaziyo—Iphulo Elazisa Inguqulelo
1, 2. (a) Enye incwadi exubusha ngoHlaziyo iyichaza njani iCawa yamaRoma Katolika yamaxesha aphakathi? (b) Yiyiphi imibuzo ephakanyiswayo ngokuphathelele imeko yeCawa yaseRoma?
“ISHWANGUSHA lokwenene lecawa yamaxesha aphakathi likukuba yaye yashiywa ngamaxesha. . . . Kunokuba ihambele phambili, kunokuba inikele ukhokelo lokomoya, yaye yahlehlela emva yaza yawohloka, onke amalungu ayo ayonakele.” Itsho njalo incwadi iThe Story of the Reformation ngeCawa yamaRoma Katolika enempembelelo enkulu neyayibalasele phantse kulo lonke elaseYurophu ukususela ngenkulungwane yesi-5 ukusa kwinkulungwane ye-15 C.E.
2 Kwenzeka njani ukuba iCawa yaseRoma iwe kwisigxina sayo esiphakamileyo ukuze ibe ‘yewohlokileyo neyonakeleyo’? Kwenzeka njani ukuba oopopu, ababezibanga bengamalandela abapostile, basilele kwanokunikela “ukhokelo lokomoya”? Ibe waba yintoni umphumo woku kusilela? Ukuze sifumane iimpendulo, sifanele sihlolisise ngokufutshane ukuba kanye kanye yaba luhlobo olunjani lwecawa yaye yaba nayiphi indima kwiphulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo wenyaniso.
Ukuwohloka KweCawa
3. (a) Yayinjani imeko yeCawa yaseRoma ngokubhekisele kwizinto eziphathekayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15? (b) ICawa yazama njani ukulondoloza uzuko lwayo?
3 Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, iCawa yaseRoma, kuquka amarhamente, kwanemizi yeemonki neyoonongendi ekummandla eyayiwulawula, yaye yaba yeyona inomhlaba omkhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kwaye kwakhutshwa ingxelo yokuba malunga nesiqingatha somhlaba waseFransi nowaseJamani kwakunye nesibini kwisihlanu okanye ngaphezulu somhlaba waseSweden nowaseNgilani sasingowayo. Waba yintoni umphumo? “Uzuko lweRoma lwanda ngokungathethekiyo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1400 nasekuqaleni kweyee-1500, yaye ukubalasela kwayo kwezobupolitika kwaba ngundaba-mlonyeni okwexeshana,” itsho njalo incwadi ethi A History of Civilization. Phofu ke, lonke uzuko lwalusiza ngemali, yaye ukuze bahlale benalo, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba oopopu bafumane imithombo emitsha yengeniso. Echaza iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezathi zasetyenziswa, umbhali-mbali uWill Durant wabhala oku:
“Kwakufuneka ukuba ndwalutho nganye yecawa ithumele kwiBhunga Eliphetheyo likapopu—abaphathiswa bakapopu—isiqingatha sengeniso yesikhundla sayo kunyaka wokuqala (“annates”), ize emva koko ithumele isishumi nyaka ngamnye. Ubhishopu omkhulu osemtsha wayefanele ahlawule upopu isixa-mali esikhulu sepallium—ilaphu elimhlophe lomqhaphu elisisiqinisekiso nomqondiso wegunya lakhe. Ekufeni kwayo nayiphi na ikhadinale, ubhishopu omkhulu, ubhishopu okanye umphathi weemonki, ubuncwane bakhe babubuyiselwa kupopu. . . . Naluphi na ugwebo okanye inceba eyayisenziwa liBhunga Eliphetheyo Lecawa zazifuna ukuba kunikelwe ngesipho, ibe maxa wambi ubungakanani besigwebo babuxhomekeka kubungakanani besipho.”
4. Intywenka yemali eyangena ecaweni yabachaphazela njani oopopu?
4 Intywenka yemali eyayingena minyaka le kwimikhumbi yoopopu yokugcina imali yagqibela ngokukhokelela ekuxhaphazeni nasekonakaleni okukhulu. Kwaye kwathiwa ‘kwanopopu akanakuchukumisa itela ize ingangcoli iminwe yakhe,’ ibe imbali yecawa yeli xesha iye yaba noko omnye umbhali-mbali wakubiza ngokuthi “lungcelele loopopu abagxuphuleke ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yehlabathi.” Oopopu abanjalo babequka uSixtus IV (owayengupopu ngowe-1471-84), owachitha isityhwentywe semali ekwakheni indlu yenkonzo eyiSistine Chapel, eyathi yathiywa ngaye, nasekutyebiseni abatshana bakhe abaninzi; uAlexander VI (owayengupopu ngowe-1492-1503), uRodrigo Borgia owayedume kakubi, owabavuma ekuhleni waza wabanika izikhundla eziphakamileyo abantwana bakhe abayimigqakhwe; noJulius II (owayengupopu ngowe-1503-13), umtshana kaSixtus IV, owayezinikele ngakumbi kwiimfazwe, kwezobupolitika nakwezobugcisa kunakwimisebenzi yakhe yonqulo. Wayenezizathu ezivakalayo umphengululi waseNetherlands ongumKatolika uErasmus xa wabhala oku ngowe-1518: “Ukungabi nazintloni kweBhunga Eliphetheyo Lecawa yaseRoma sekude kwafikelela encotsheni yako.”
5. Iingxelo zaloo maxesha zazibonisa ntoni ngokubhekisele kwihambo yokuziphatha kwabefundisi?
5 Yayingengabo oopopu kuphela ababonakele nababeziphethe kakubi. Ngelo xesha kwakukho intetho eqhelekileyo eyayisithi: “Ukuba ufuna ukonakalisa unyana wakho, menze abe ngumfundisi.” Oku kuxhaswa ziingxelo zabantu ababephila ngelo xesha. Ngokutsho kokaDurant, eNgilani, phakathi “kwezimangalo zokuziphatha okuvakalala, [ngokwesini] ezagcinwa kwingxelo ngowe-1499, . . . isibalo sabefundisi ababebandakanyekile sasimalunga nama-23 ekhulwini xa kuthelekiswa nenani labo lilonke, nangona inani labefundisi lalinokuba ngaphantsi kwesi-2 ekhulwini xa kuthelekiswa nabemi ngokubanzi. Bambi abefundisi ekwakuxelwa kubo izono babehlawulisa ngokuxolela kwabo aboni abangamabhinqa ngokuthi babe neentlobano zesini kunye nabo. Abefundisi abaninzi babenamashweshwe; eJamani phantse bonke babenawo.” (Thelekisa eyoku-1 yabaseKorinte 6:9-11; Efese 5:5.) Ukonakala kokuziphatha kwafikelela nakwamanye amazwe. Kuthiwa omnye ummi waseSpeyin owayephila ngelo xesha wakhalaza esithi: “Ndibona ngathi asinakufumana nantoni na kubefundisi bakaKristu ngaphandle kokukhupha imali; ubhaptizo lufuna imali . . . umtshato ufuna imali, ukuxela izono kufuna imali—hayi khona, asikho nje isithethe esenziwa ngaphandle kwemali! Iintsimbi zecawa azingekhe zikhale ingekho imali, akunakuqhutywa mngcwabo ecaweni ngaphandle kwemali; ngoko kubonakala ngathi iParadisi iziinkwenkwezi kwabo bangenamali.”—Thelekisa eyoku-1 kuTimoti 6:10.
6. UMachiavelli wayichaza njani iCawa yaseRoma? (Roma 2:21-24)
6 Ukuze sishwankathele imeko yeCawa yaseRoma ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, sicaphula amazwi kaMachiavelli, isithandi sobulumko esidumileyo saseItali esasiphila ngelo xesha:
“Ukuba unqulo lobuKristu lwalugcinwe ngokwemiyalelo yoMseki walo, ibutho leNgqobhoko ngelimanyene ibe lonwabe ngakumbi kunokuba linjalo ngoku. Yaye ngelingakhange lonakale kakhulu ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba okukhona abantu besondela ngakumbi kwiCawa yaseRoma, eyeyona iphambili kunqulo lwabo, kube kokukhona bephambuka elunqulweni.”
Imigudu Yamandulo YoHlaziyo
7. Yiyiphi imigudu ephuthileyo eyenziwa yicawa ukuze iphelise ezinye zeendlela zokuxhaphaza?
7 Amanqam ecawa awazange aphawulwe kuphela ngamadoda anjengoErasmus noMachiavelli kodwa kwanayicawa ngokwayo. Kwahlanganiswa amabhunga ecawa ukuze kuvakaliswe ezinye zezikhalazo nokuxhaphaza okuthile okwakusenzeka kuyo, kodwa imiphumo yoko ayizange ihlale ihleli. Oopopu, ababezigwagwisa ngegunya labo nangozuko ababenalo, bayikhaba ngawo omane nayiphi na imigudu yokwenene yohlaziyo.
8. Waba yintoni umphumo wokungakhathali okuqhubekayo kwecawa?
8 Ukuba icawa yayizimisele ngakumbi ukuphucula imeko yayo, ngokunokwenzeka ngelungazange lubekho uHlaziyo. Kodwa, enyanisweni, izijwili zabantu ababefuna uhlaziyo zaqalisa ukuvakala ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwecawa. KwiSahluko 11 siye sakhankanya iiWaldenses neeAlbigenses. Nangona zagwetywa njengabaqhekeki zaza zatshutshiswa ngokungenatarhu, zashiya zibangele ukuba abantu bangakholiswa kukuxhaphaza kwabefundisi bamaKatolika ibe zibavuselele umnqweno wokufuna ukubuyela eBhayibhileni. Uluvo olunjalo lwabonakaliswa ngabaseki abaliqela bamandulo benkqubo yoHlaziyo.
Usukuzwano Ecaweni
9. Wayengubani uJohn Wycliffe, ibe washumayela ngokuchasene nantoni?
9 UJohn Wycliffe (1330?-84) ekudla ngokubhekiselwa kuye “njengekhwezi lokusa loHlaziyo,” wayengumfundisi wamaKatolika nonjingalwazi wonqulo eOxford, eNgilani. Ekuqonda kakuhle ukuxhaphaza kwecawa, wabhala waza washumayela ngokuchasene nemibandela enjengokonakala okukhoyo kwiinkqubo zeemonki, ukuhlawulwa koopopu, imfundiso yokuba isonka newayini zoMthendeleko ziyaguqulwa ngokoqobo zibe ngumzimba negazi likaYesu Kristu, ukuvunywa kwezono nokubandakanyeka kwecawa kwimicimbi yehlabathi.
10. OkaWycliffe wakubonisa njani ukuzinikela kwakhe eBhayibhileni?
10 Lo mfo kaWycliffe wayethetha ngokungacengi solalaphi ngokungakumbi xa kufikelelwa kumbandela wokutyeshela kwecawa imfundiso yeBhayibhile. Ngesinye isihlandlo wavakalisa oku: “UThixo ebenqwenela ukuba mrhamente ngamnye wecawa nganye ekweli lizwe abe neBhayibhile esemgangathweni nolwazi oluhle ngevangeli, kwanokuba abefundisi bayifundisise kakuhle, baze babafundise ngokunyanisekileyo abantu ngevangeli nangemiyalelo kaThixo!” Ngokuvisisana noku, lo kaWycliffe, kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, waqalisa iphulo lokuguqulela iBhayibhile yesiLatini eyisa kwisiNgesi. Encediswa ngamaqabane akhe, ngokukodwa uNicholas waseHereford, wavelisa iBhayibhile epheleleyo yokuqala ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo elo yayilelona galelo likhulu likaWycliffe kwiphulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo.
11. (a) Yintoni abalandeli bakaWycliffe abathi bakwazi ukuyiphumeza? (b) Yintoni eyenzekayo kwiiLollards?
11 Iincwadi zikaWycliffe namacandelo akhe eBhayibhile zasasazwa kulo lonke elaseNgilani liqela labashumayeli ababedla ngokubizwa ngokuba “Ngabefundisi Abangamahlwempu” kuba babenxiba nje iimpahla eziqhelekileyo, bebetha ngezikaTshiwo, yaye bengenabo nobuncwane bezinto eziphathekayo. Kwakhona babebizwa ngokugculelayo ngokuthi baziiLollards, gama elo elivela kwelesiDatshi samaXesha Aphakathi elithi Lollaerd, okanye “umntu odumzelayo xa ethandaza okanye ecula amaculo ecawa.” (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) “Kwathi kwiminyaka nje embalwa, labe inani labo selaphule izikeyi. Kwaye kwabalwa ukuba ubuncinane umntu omnye kubemi abane besizwe wayetyekele ngokwenene okanye ngandlel’ ithile kwiingcamango zabo,” itsho njalo incwadi ethi The Lollards. Kambe ke, konke oku, kwabekw’ esweni yicawa. Ngenxa yokubalasela kwakhe phakathi kodidi lwabalawuli nolwabaphengululi, umfo kaWycliffe wayekwa ukuze azifele ngoxolo ngosuku lokugqibela lowe-1384. Abalandeli bakhe bambathwa ngamashwa. Ebudeni bolawulo lukaHenry IV waseNgilani, bagculelwa ngokuba bangabaqhekeki, ibe abaninzi babo baphoswa emva kwezitshixo, bathuthunjiswa, okanye batshiswa de bafa.
12. Wayengubani uJan Hus, ibe washumayela ngokuchasene nantoni?
12 Omnye owayephenjelelwe ngamandla nguJohn Wycliffe yayinguJan Hus (1369?-1415) waseBohemia (Czechoslovakia), owayekwangumfundisi wamaKatolika yaye ekwayinqununu kwiYunivesithi yasePrague. NjengokaWycliffe, umfo kaHus washumayela ngokuchasene nokonakala kweCawa yaseRoma waza wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokufunda iBhayibhile. Ngenxa yoku ngokukhawuleza yavutha ingqumbo yabaphathi becawa phezu kwakhe. Ngowe-1403 abasemagunyeni bamyalela ukuba ahlukane noku kushumayela kwakhe ngeengcamango zikaWycliffe ezihlazisa upopu, abathi neencwadi zakhe bazitshisa esidlangalaleni. Sekunjalo, lo kaHus waqhubeka ebhala ezona zimangalo zihlabayo ngokuchasene noqheliselo lwecawa, kuquka ukuhlawuliswa kwabantu ukuze kuxolelwe izono.a Wagwetywa waza wasikwa ecaweni ngowe-1410.
13. (a) Lo kaHus wafundisa ukuba yayiyintoni icawa yokwenyaniso? (b) Waba yintoni umphumo wenzondelelo kaHus?
13 UHus wayengalalanisi ekuxhaseni kwakhe iBhayibhile. Wabhala oku, “Ukuvukela upopu onxaxhayo kukuthobela uKristu.” Kwakhona wafundisa ukuba icawa yokwenyaniso, engazange isekwe ngupopu nayiRoma, “ibunjwa ngawo onke amalungu anyuliweyo ebandla likaKristu, elo uKristu ayintloko yalo; nelingumtshakazi kaKristu, awathi ngenxa yothando lwakhe olukhulu ngaye wamhlawulela ngegazi lakhe.” (Thelekisa amaEfese 1:22, 23; 5:25-27.) Ngenxa yako konke oku, wancinwa liBhunga laseConstance waza wagwetywa njengomqhekeki. Emi ngelokuba “kulungile ukufa ulilungisa kunokuphila ungongendawo,” akazange avume ukurhoxa waza watshiswa de wafa esibondeni somthi ngowe-1415. Kwakhona eli bhunga layalela ukuba amathambo kaWycliffe embiwe aze atshiswe nakubeni wayesele eneminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 efile yaye engcwatyiwe!
14. (a) Wayengubani uGirolamo Savonarola? (b) Yintoni uSavonarola awazama ukuyenza, ibe waba yintoni umphumo?
14 Omnye umseki wenkqubo yoHlaziyo wamandulo yayinguGirolamo Savonarola (1452-98) owayeyimonki engumlandeli kaDominic kumzi weemonki eSan Marcos eFlorence, eItali. Ephenjelelwe ngumoya woHlaziyo waseItali, lo kaSavonarola wakugxeka ngokuphandle ukonakala kweCawa noRhulumente. Ebanga ukuba iingcamango zakhe zazisekelwe kwiZibhalo, kwanakwimibono nezityhilelo athi wayezifumene, wazimisela ukuseka inkqubo yobuKristu, okanye ulungelelwano olungokobuthixo. Ngowe-1497 upopu wamsika ecaweni. Kunyaka olandelayo, wabanjwa, wathuthunjiswa, waza waxhonywa. Amazwi akhe okugqibela ayesithi: “INkosi yam yafela izono zam; kwala ntoni na ukuba nam ndinganikeli ngobu bomi bam bungento ngenxa yayo?” Umzimba wakhe watshiswa lwaza uthuthu lwaphoswa kumlambo iArno. Ngokufanelekileyo, lo kaSavonarola wazibiza ngokuba “ungumanduleli yaye uzenze idini.” Kwathi kungadlulanga minyaka mingaphi, uHlaziyo lwavuka lwema ngeenyawo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Indlu Eyahluleleneyo
15. INgqobhoko eNtshona Yurophu yahlulahlulwa njani yinkqubo yoHlaziyo?
15 Zithe zakuvuka ekugqibeleni izivunduvundu zoqhwithela loHlaziyo, zayihlekeza indlu yonqulo yeNgqobhoko eNtshona Yurophu. Njengoko yayilawulwa phantse ngokupheleleyo yiCawa yamaRoma Katolika ngoko, yaba yindlu eyahluleleneyo. Amazwe aseMzantsi Yurophu—i-Itali, iSpeyin, iOstriya, nemimandla yaseFransi—abambelela ubukhulu becala kubuKatolika. Inxalenye eseleyo yahlukana yaba ziimvaba ezintathu eziphambili: eyamaLuthere eJamani naseScandinavia; eyabalandeli bakaCalvin (okanye eyoHlaziyo) eSwitzerland, eNetherlands, eSkotlani, nakwimimandla ethile yaseFransi; neyamaTshetshi eNgilani. Phakathi kwezo mvaba kwakukho amanye amaqela amancinane kodwa abalasele ngakumbi, elokuqala lelama-Anabaptist kwaza kamva kwalandela amaMennonite, amaHutterite namaPuritan, awathi ekuhambeni kwexesha azisasaza iinkolelo zawo eMntla Merika.
16. Ekugqibeleni, yintoni eyenzekayo kwindlu yeNgqobhoko? (Marko 3:25)
16 Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ezi mvaba ziphambili zaqhekeka ngakumbi zaba ngamahlelo amaninzi anamhlanje—iRhabe, elamaEpiscopal, iWesile, iBaptizi, iCongregational, xa sikhankanya nje ezimbalwa. Ngokwenene iNgqobhoko yaba yindlu eyahluleleneyo. Zabakho njani ezi mvaba?
ULuther Neengongoma Zakhe
17. Nguwuphi umhla onokuchazwa njengexesha elingqalileyo lokuqalisa koHlaziyo lobuProtestanti?
17 Ukuba bekunokufuneka kuchazwe ixesha elingqalileyo olwaqala ngalo uHlaziyo lobuProtestanti, bekuya kukhethwa uOktobha 31, 1517, xesha elo eyathi ngalo imonki engumlandeli ka-Augustine uMartin Luther (1483-1546) waxhoma iingongoma zakhe ezingama-95 kucango lwecawa yaseWittenberg eyakhiwe ngokwenqaba kummandla waseJamani oyiSaxony. Phofu ke, yintoni eyaphembelela esi siganeko siphawulekayo? Wayengubani uMartin Luther? Ibe yintoni le wayeyichasa?
18. (a) Wayengubani uMartin Luther? (b) Yintoni eyashukumisela uLuther ekuveliseni iingongoma zakhe?
18 NjengoWycliffe noHus ababengaphambi kwakhe, uMartin Luther wayengumphengululi oyimonki. Wayekwangumfundisi wezakwalizwi nonjingalwazi wezifundo zeBhayibhile kwiYunivesithi yaseWittenberg. ULuther wazenzela igama ngenxa yolwazi awayenalo ngeBhayibhile. Nangona wayeneembono ezibukhali kumbandela wosindiso, okanye wokugwetyelwa ngokholo kunangemisebenzi okanye ngokuzila, akazange acinge ngokwahlukana neCawa yaseRoma. Enyanisweni, ukuvelisa kwakhe ezi ngongoma yayikukusabela kwakhe kwisiganeko esithile esikhethekileyo ibe oko kwakungeyiyo imvukelo ecetyiweyo. Wayechasa ukuhlawuliswa kwabantu ukuze kuxolelwe izono.
19. Ngexesha likaLuther, ukuxolelwa kwezono kwakuxhaphaza njani?
19 Ngexesha likaLuther, iincwadi zikapopu zokuxolelwa kwezono zazithengiswa esidlangalaleni kungekuphela nje ngenxa yabaphilayo kodwa kwanangenxa yabafileyo. “Ngokukhupha nje iqhosha elingenamngxuma, umphefumlo uphuma ngoko nangoko kwiNdawo Yentlambululo-miphefumlo,” leyo yayiyintetho eqhelekileyo. Kubantu nje abaqhelekileyo, ukuxolelwa kwezono kwakuphantse kufane nokuhlawulela i-inshorensi ukuze kuthintelwe nasiphi na isohlwayo sesono. “Naphi na, ukuxolelwa kwisohlwayo sokuthuthunjiswa kwindawo yentlambululo-miphefumlo kuyathengiswa; yaye akuphelelanga nje ekuthengisweni, kodwa kuyanyanzeliswa kwabo bakwalayo,” wabhala esitsho uErasmus.
20. (a) Kwakutheni ukuze uJohn Tetzel aye eJüterbog? (b) Wasabela njani uLuther ekuthengiseni kukaTetzel iincwadi zokuxolelwa kwezono?
20 Ngowe-1517 uJohn Tetzel, imonki engumlandeli kaDominic, waya kuthengisa iincwadi zokuxolelwa kwezono eJüterbog kufuphi naseWittenberg. Inxalenye yemali awayifumana apho yasetyenziselwa ukwakha kwakhona iCawa iSt. Peter eRoma. Enye inxalenye yasetyenziswa nguAlbert waseBrandenburg ekubuyiseleni imali awayeyiboleke ngenjongo yokuhlawula iBhunga Eliphetheyo Lecawa yaseRoma ukuze afumane isikhundla sokuba ngubhishopu omkhulu waseMainz. Lo kaTetzel wakhupha bonke ubuchule bakhe bokuthengisa, yaye abantu beza begilana kuye. ULuther wayefutheka ngumsindo, ibe wasebenzisa ezona ndlela zikhawulezayo zokuvakalisa ekuhleni imbono yakhe ngayo yonke le mbuqe—ngokuxhoma iingongoma ezingama-95 zempikiswano kucango lwecawa.
21. Waphikisa ngelithini uLuther ngokunxamnye nokuhlawuliswa kwabantu ukuze kuxolelwe izono?
21 ULuther wazibiza ezi ngongoma zakhe zingama-95 ngokuthi Ingxelo Yokuchaza Igunya Lokuxolela Izono. Injongo yakhe yayingekokucel’ umngeni igunya lecawa ngaphandle nje kokuphuhlisa ingongoma yokugabadela neyokuxhaphaza kukapopu ngokuthi ahlawulise abantu ukuze kuxolelwe izono. Oku kunokubonwa kwezi ngongoma zilandelayo:
“5. Upopu akanalo ilungelo engenalo negunya lokuxolela naziphi na izohlwayo, ngaphandle kwezo zimiselwe nguye ngegunya lakhe. . . .
20. Ngoko ke upopu, xa ethetha ngokuxolela ngokupheleleyo zonke izohlwayo, sukuba ngokwenene engathethi zonke, kodwa uthetha kuphela ezo zimiselwe nguye. . . .
36. Wonke umKristu ozigwebayo ngokwenene unelungelo lokuxolelwa ngokupheleleyo kwisohlwayo nakwityala nangaphandle kweencwadi zokuxolelwa kwezono.”
22. (a) Yintoni eyaveliswayo neyathi yaba luncedo ekusasazweni kwesigidimi sikaLuther? (b) Yintoni eyenzekayo ngowe-1520 ebandakanya uLuther, ibe waba yintoni umphumo?
22 Ngokuncedwa ngumatshini wokushicilela owawusandul’ ukuveliswa, ezi ngcamango zinamandla azizange zithabathe thuba lide ukufikelela kweminye imimandla yaseJamani—naseRoma. Oko kwaqalisa njengempikiswano nje engombandela wokuhlawuliswa kwabantu ukuze kuxolelwe izono kwathi ngokukhawuleza kwaba yimbambano engemibandela yonqulo neyegunya likapopu. Ekuqaleni, iCawa yaseRoma yaxoxa noLuther yaza yamyalela ukuba arhoxe. Xa okaLuther wazalel’ endle, amagunya ecawa nawobupolitika azama ukumphembelela ukuze ajike kwisigqibo sakhe. Ngowe-1520 upopu wakhupha uxwebhu, okanye ummiselo, owawumalela uLuther ukuba ashumayele waza wayalela ukuba iincwadi zakhe zitshiswe. Efun’ undikho okaLuther walutshisa esidlangalaleni olo xwebhu lukapopu. Upopu wamsika ecaweni ngowe-1521.
23. (a) Yayiyintoni injongo yeNtlanganiso yaseWorms? (b) ULuther wasichaza njani isikhundla sakhe apho eWorms, yaye waba yintoni umphumo?
23 Ngasekupheleni kwaloo nyaka, uLuther wabizelwa entlanganisweni eWorms. Wancinwa ngumlawuli woBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma, uCharles V, umKatolika ozinikeleyo, nangabalawuli abathandathu bamazwe aseJamani, nezinye iinkokeli neziphatha-mandla zonqulo nezaseburhulumenteni. Xa kwakhona wanyanzelwayo ukuba ehle nomcinga, uLuther wanikela le ngxelo yakhe idumileyo: “Ngaphandle kokuba ndigwetywa ziZibhalo yaye kukho isizathu esivakalayo . . . , unotshe ukuba ndirhoxe kuyo nantoni na, kuba ukuphikisa isazela akulunganga yaye kukungathembeki. Thixo ndincede. Amen.” Ngenxa yoko, wavakaliswa njengomvukeli-mbuso ngumlawuli. Noko ke, umlawuli welizwe lakhe laseJamani, uElector Frederick waseSaxony, wamophula emalahleni waza wamnika igwiba lokhuseleko kwinqaba iWartburg.
24. Yintoni uLuther awayiphumezayo ngoxa wayekwinqaba iWartburg?
24 Noko ke, le miqobo ayizange ikuthintele ukusasazwa kweengcamango zikaLuther. Kangangeenyanga ezilishumi, awayezichithe enqabisekile kwiWartburg, uLuther wazinikela ekubhaleni iincwadi nasekuguquleleni iBhayibhile. Waguqulela iZibhalo zesiGrike ezisa kwisiJamani ngokusuka kumbhalo wesiGrike kaErasmus. Wagqibela ngeZibhalo zesiHebhere. IBhayibhile kaLuther yaba koko kanye abantu nje abaqhelekileyo babekufuna. Kwaye kwakhutshwa ingxelo yokuba “kwathengiswa imibhalo engamawaka amahlanu ngeenyanga ezimbini, amakhulu amabini amawaka ngeminyaka elishumi elinesibini.” Impembelelo yayo kulwimi nakwinkolelo engokwesithethe yaseJamani idla ngokuthelekiswa naleyo yeKing James Version yesiNgesi.
25. (a) Kwakutheni ukuze kuthiywe igama elithi Protestanti? (b) Sasiyintoni iSivumo Sokholo saseAugsburg?
25 Kwiminyaka yasemva kweNtlanganiso yaseWorms, inkqubo yoHlaziyo yaxhaswa kakhulu ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba ngowe-1526 umlawuli anike lizwe ngalinye laseJamani ilungelo lokuzikhethela unqulo eliluthandayo, olwamaLuthere okanye olwamaRoma Katolika. Phofu ke, ngowe-1529, xa umlawuli wasirhoxisayo eso sigqibo, ezinye iinkosana zaseJamani zamjikela; ngaloo ndlela inkqubo yoHlaziyo yathiywa igama elithi Protestanti (iMvukelo). Kunyaka olandelayo, ngowe-1530, kwiNtlanganiso yaseAugsburg, umlawuli wenza umgudu wokuvala umsantsa phakathi kwala maqela mabini. AmaLuthere azibhala kuxwebhu iinkolelo zawo, iSivumo Sokholo saseAugsburg, esibhalwe nguPhilipp Melanchthon kodwa esisekelwe kwiimfundiso zikaLuther. Nangona olo xwebhu lwaluthetha ngokuxolelwa kwezono, iCawa yaseRoma yalugatya, ibe umsantsa owawuphakathi kobuProtestanti nobuKatolika waba ngongenakuvaleka. Amazwe amaninzi aseJamani axhasa uLuther, kwaza emva koko kwalandela amazwe akwiScandinavia.
Ngaba LuHlaziyo Okanye YiMvukelo?
26. Ngokutsho kukaLuther, ziziphi iingongoma ezisisiseko ezahlukanisa ubuProtestanti nobuKatolika?
26 Ziziphi iingongoma ezisisiseko ezathi zahlukanisa amaProtestanti kumaRoma Katolika? Ngokutsho kukaLuther, zazintathu. Eyokuqala yeyokuba, uLuther wayekholelwa kukuba usindiso lufunyanwa “ngokugwetyelwa lukholo kuphela” (sola fide, ngesiLatini)b kungekhona ngokuxolelwa ngumfundisi okanye ngokwamkela isohlwayo. Eyesibini yeyokuba, wafundisa ukuba ukuxolela kubakho kuphela ngenxa yobabalo lukaThixo (sola gratia) kungekhona ngegunya labefundisi okanye loopopu. Eyokugqibela yeyokuba, uLuther waphikisa ngelithi zonke iimfundiso ezisisiseko zimele zingqinelwe ziZibhalo kuphela (sola scriptura) kungekhona ngoopopu okanye ngamabhunga eecawa.
27. (a) Ziziphi iimfundiso noqheliselo lwamaKatolika olungelolwaZibhalo olwagcinwayo ngamaProtestanti? (b) Ziziphi iinguqulelo ezenziwa ngamaProtestanti?
27 Phezu kwako nje oku, iThe Catholic Encyclopedia, ithi, uLuther, “walondoloza iinkolelo nezithethe ezininzi zamandulo ezihlobene neembono zakhe ezingaqhelekanga ngesono nangokugwetyelwa.” Ngokubhekisele kwinkolelo yamaLuthere iSivumo Sokholo saseAugsburg sibonisa ukuba “akukho nkalo ingqubana kuyo neZibhalo, okanye neCawa yamaKatolika, okanye kwaneCawa yaseRoma, ngokokutsho kwababhali ngaloo Cawa.” Enyanisweni, inkolelo yamaLuthere, njengoko yandlalwe kwiSivumo Sokholo saseAugsburg, yayiquka iimfundiso ezisisiseko ezingezozaZibhalo ezinjengoBathathu Emnye, ukungafi komphefumlo nentuthumbo kanaphakade, kwanoqheliselo olunjengokuphehlelela iintsana kwaneeholide nemisitho yecawa. Kwelinye icala, amaLuthere aye enza iinguqulelo ezithile, njengeyokuvumela abantu ukuba bathabathe iwayini nesonka eMthendelekweni kwaneyokuphelisa isifungo sokungatshati, izibhambathiso zeemonki nesinyanzelo sokuxela izono.c
28. UHlaziyo lwaphumelela ekwenzeni ntoni, ibe lwasilela entwenini?
28 Lulonke nje uHlaziyo, njengoko lwaluququzelelwa nguLuther nangabalandeli bakhe, lwaphumelela ekwaphuleni idyokhwe kapopu. Kanti, njengokuba uYesu watshoyo kuYohane 4:24, “UThixo unguMoya; abo ke bamnqulayo bamelwe kukumnqula ngoMoya nangenyaniso.” Kunokuthiwa ngenxa kaMartin Luther, kwaye nje kuphela kwakho inguqulelo kwiphulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo wenyaniso; yona indlela ecutheneyo yenyaniso yayisekude kakhulu.—Mateyu 7:13, 14; Yohane 8:31, 32.
UHlaziyo LukaZwingli ESwitzerland
29. (a) Wayengubani u-Ulrich Zwingli, ibe washumayela ngokuchasene nantoni? (b) Inkqubo kaZwingli yohlaziyo yayahluke njani kwekaLuther?
29 Ngoxa uLuther wayexakekile esilwa noonozakuzaku bakapopu kwakunye noosomagunya baseJamani, umfundisi wamaKatolika u-Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) waqalisa inkqubo yakhe yohlaziyo eZurich, eSwitzerland. Ekubeni kuloo mmandla kwakuthethwa isiJamani, abantu bakhona babesele bephenjelelwe kakade luhlaziyo lwasemantla. Malunga nowe-1519, uZwingli waqalisa ukushumayela ngokunxamnye nokuxolelwa kwezono, ukuhlonelwa kukaMariya, isifungo sabefundisi sokungatshati nezinye iimfundiso ezisisiseko zeCawa yamaKatolika. Nangona uZwingli wazibanga engahambisani noLuther, wayevumelana noLuther kwiinkalo ezininzi ibe wasasaza amaphecana kaLuther kulo lonke elo lizwe. Phofu ke, ngokwahlukileyo kuLuther owayebambelele ngakumbi kwisithethe, uZwingli wakhuthaza ukushenxiswa kwayo yonke into enokuthanani neCawa yaseRoma—imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, iminqamlezo enomfanekiso kaYesu, izambatho zabefundisi, kwanomculo wesithethe.
30. Yiyiphi imbambano eyintloko eyahlukanisa uZwingli noLuther?
30 Noko ke, eyona mbambano inkulu phakathi kwaba baseki babini benkqubo yoHlaziyo, yayiphathelele iDini leMisa (uMthendeleko). ULuther, egxininisa ekutolikweni ngokoqobo kwamazwi kaYesu athi ‘Ngumzimba wam ke lo,’ wayekholelwa ukuba umzimba negazi likaKristu zazibakho ngokungummangaliso kwisonka nakwiwayini ezazihanjiswa eMthendelekweni. Kwelinye icala, uZwingli, kwincwadi yakhe ethi On the Lord’s Supper, waphikisa ngelithi, ingxelo kaYesu “imele igqalwe njengefuziselayo okanye njengebusafobe; ukuthi ‘Ngumzimba wam ke lo,’ kuthetha ukuba, ‘Isonka simela umzimba wam,’ okanye ‘sifuzisela umzimba wam.’” Ngenxa yezi ngcamango zimbini zahlukeneyo, aba baseki babini benkqubo yoHlaziyo bahlukana.
31. Waba yintoni umphumo womsebenzi kaZwingli eSwitzerland?
31 UZwingli waqhubeka nokushumayela iimfundiso zakhe ezisisiseko zohlaziyo eZurich waza wabangela iinguqulelo ezininzi apho. Ngokukhawuleza nezinye izixeko zalandela ukhokelo lwakhe, kodwa inkoliso yabantu basemaphandleni, ekubeni babebambelele ngakumbi kwizithethe, bazifaka zatshona iinzipho kubuKatolika. Ukungavisisani okwakuphakathi kwala maqela mabini kwanda kakhulu kangangokuba kwada kwaqhambuka imfazwe yamakhaya phakathi kwamaProtestanti aseSwitzerland namaKatolika aseRoma. UZwingli, owayengumfundisi womkhosi, wabulawa kwidabi laseKappel, kufutshane neChibi iZug, ngowe-1531. Xa ekugqibeleni kwabakho uxolo, isithili ngasinye sanikwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela uhlobo lwaso lonqulo, olobuProtestanti okanye olobuKatolika.
Ama-Anabaptist, AmaMennonite NamaHutterite
32. Ayengoobani ama-Anabaptist, ibe alifumana njani elo gama?
32 Phofu ke, wambi amaProtestanti avakalelwa kukuba abaseki benkqubo yoHlaziyo abazange bazigatye ngokwaneleyo iintsilelo zoopopu becawa yobuKatolika. Ayekholelwa kukuba icawa yamaKristu ifanele ibe namalungu athembekileyo kuphela nabhaptiziweyo, kunokuba iqokelele bonke abantu abasebuthweni okanye besizwe. Ngoko ke, ayekugatya ukuphehlelelwa kweentsana aza agxininisa ekwahlukaneni kweCawa noRhulumente. Ayephinda awabhaptize ngokufihlakeleyo amakholwa awo aza ngaloo ndlela afumana igama elithi Anabaptists (elithi ana lithetha ukuthi “kwakhona” ngesiGrike). Ekubeni ayesala ukuphakamisa izigalo, ukufunga, okanye ukwamkela imisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni, aye ajongwa njengesisongelo kwibutho lasekuhlaleni aza atshutshiswa ngamaKatolika nangamanye amaProtestanti ngokufanayo.
33. (a) Yintoni eyaphembelela isenzo sogonyamelo ngokunxamnye nama-Anabaptist? (b) Yanda njani impembelelo yama-Anabaptist?
33 Ekuqaleni ama-Anabaptist ayengamaqela amancinane asasazeke kwimimandla yaseSwitzerland, yaseJamani neyaseNetherlands. Njengoko ayeshumayela oko ayekukholelwa naphi na apho ayehamba khona, inani lawo landa ngokukhawuleza. Elinye iqela lama-Anabaptist, liphenjelelwe lihlombe elingokonqulo, layibetha ngoyaba injongo yalo yokulwela uxolo laza lathimba isixeko saseMünster ngowe-1534 laza lalinga ukusenza sibe yiYerusalem Entsha kawonke wonke. Eli qela lahlaziswa ngokukhawuleza ngokuthi liphathwe ngogonyamelo olukhulu. Loo nto yazisela ama-Anabaptist igama elibi, yaye asinda cebetshu ekubhangisweni ngokupheleleyo. Eneneni, inkoliso yama-Anabaptist yayingabantu nje abaqhelekileyo bonqulo ababezama ukuphila ubomi obahlukileyo nobuzolileyo. Phakathi kwamahlelo awavelayo aphuma kuma-Anabaptist kwakukho amaMennonite, abalandeli bomseki woHlaziyo ongumDatshi uMenno Simons, namaHutterite, phantsi kukaJacob Hutter waseTyrol. Ukuze asabe intshutshiso, wambi awo afudukela eMpuma Yurophu—ePoland, eHungary, kwanaseRashiya—amanye afudukela eMntla Merika, apho athi ekugqibeleni aba libutho lamaHutterite nelama-Amish.
Ukuvela KobuCalvin
34. (a) Wayengubani uJohn Calvin? (b) Yiyiphi incwadi ebalulekileyo awayibhalayo?
34 Umsebenzi wohlaziyo eSwitzerland wahambela phambili phantsi kokhokelo lwendoda engumFrentshi egama linguJean Cauvin, okanye uJohn Calvin (1509-64), owadibana neemfundiso zobuProtestanti ngoxa wayesahamba isikolo eFransi. Ngowe-1534 lo kaCalvin wayishiya iParis ngenxa yentshutshiso engokonqulo waza wahlala eBasel eSwitzerland. Ngelikhusela amaProtestanti, wapapasha incwadi ethi Institutes of the Christian Religion, awathi kuyo washwankathela iingcamango zabaseki bokuqala becawa nezabefundisi bezakwalizwi bamaxesha aphakathi, kwanezo zikaLuther noZwingli. Loo ncwadi yagqalwa njengemfundiso esisiseko yazo zonke iicawa zoHlaziyo ezamiselwayo kamva eYurophu naseMerika.
35. (a) Yayisithini inkcazelo kaCalvin ngokubhekisele kwimfundiso yakhe esisiseko yokumiselwa kwekamva kwangaphambili? (b) Ubungqongqo bale mfundiso isisiseko babonakala njani kwezinye iinkalo zemfundiso kaCalvin?
35 Kwincwadi i-Institutes, wabhala imfundiso yakhe yezakwalizwi. UCalvin, umgqala uThixo njengomongami wendalo iphela, okuthanda kwakhe kumisela kuze kulawule yonke into. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umntu ophulukene nemfezeko umgqala njengonesono nongafanelekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, usindiso aluxhomekekanga kwimisebenzi yomntu elungileyo kodwa luxhomekeke kuThixo—ngenxa yoko, imfundiso esisiseko kaCalvin yeyokuba ikamva limiselwa kwangaphambili, awathi ngayo wabhala oku:
“Singqina ukuba, ngesiluleko sikanaphakade nesingenakuguqulwa, uThixo uye wamisela kwakanye, kokubini lowo Aya kumsindisa, nalowo Aya kumgwebela intshabalalo. Siqinisekisa ukuba esi siluleko sesenceba, kwabo banyuliweyo, zingakhathaliseki iimfanelo zabo zobuntu; kodwa kwabo abagwebileyo, isango lobomi livalwe sisohlwayo somgwebo wokusesikweni nongenakumangaleleka, kodwa ongathethekiyo.”
Ukuba ngqongqo kwaloo mfundiso kukwaboniswe nakwezinye iinkalo. UCalvin wagxininisa ukuba amaKristu amele aphile ubomi obungcwele nobunyulu, azinxweme kungekuphela nje kwisono kodwa kwanakwiziyolo nokuzifica ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngokubhekele phaya, waqiqa ngelokuba icawa, ebunjwe ngamalungu anyuliweyo, imele ikhululeke kuyo yonke imiqathango engokwasemthethweni kwanokuba yicawa kuphela eyayinokumisela ibutho elihlonel’ uThixo ngokwenyaniso.
36. (a) Yintoni uCalvin noFarel abazama ukuyenza eGeneva? (b) Yiyiphi imilinganiselo engqongqo eyamiselwayo? (c) Sisiphi isenzo esidume kakubi esaba ngumphumo wemilinganiselo egabadeleyo kaCalvin, ibe wazithethelela njani izenzo zakhe?
36 Kungabanga thuba lide emva kokupapasha incwadi ethi Institutes, uCalvin waphenjelelwa nguWilliam Farel, omnye umseki wenkqubo yoHlaziyo waseFransi, ukuba ahlale eGeneva. Basebenza ngaxhatha-linye bezama ukumisela ubuCalvin. Injongo yabo yayikukuguqulela iGeneva ekubeni sisixeko sikaThixo, esilawulwa nguThixo nesihlanganisa imisebenzi yeCawa nekaRhulumente. Basungula imimiselo engqongqo, eyayinezohlwayo, neyayigubungela yonke into ukususela kwimiyalelo engokonqulo neenkonzo zecawa ukusa kwihambo yokuziphatha kukawonke wonke kwanemibandela enjengococeko nokuthintela umlilo. Incwadi yembali inikela ingxelo yokuba “ngokomzekelo, umntu owayelungisa iinwele zomtshakazi ngendlela eyayigqalwa ingafanelekanga, wayevalelwa entolongweni iintsuku ezimbini; ibe umama, onabahlobo ababini ababhinqileyo abaye bancedisa ekulungisweni kwezo nwele, babefumana kwaisohlwayo esifanayo. Kwakhona umantyi wayemohlwaya umntu ongqungqayo nodlala amakhasi.” Abo babemelene nemfundiso yezakwaLizwi kaCalvin babefumana impatho engqwabalala, owona mzekelo udume kakubi woku yaba kukutshiswa kukaMiguel Serveto, okanye uMichael Servetus waseSpeyin.—Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 322.
37. Impembelelo kaCalvin yanda njani ukuya kufikelela ngaphaya kwemida yaseSwitzerland?
37 UCalvin waqhubeka ebalaselisa uhlaziyo lwakhe eGeneva de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1564, yaye icawa eHlaziyiweyo yasekwa ngokuqinileyo. Abaseki benkqubo yohlaziyo lobuProtestanti, bebaleka intshutshiso kwamanye amazwe, babegxalathelana ukuya eGeneva, bamkela iingcamango zabalandeli bakaCalvin, baza basetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ekuqaliseni iinkqubo zohlaziyo kumazwe abo okuzalwa. UbuCalvin basasazeka okomlilo wedobo eFransi, apho amaHuguenot (njengoko amaProtestanti aseFransi nangabalandeli bakaCalvin ayebizwa ngolo hlobo) ayetshutshiswa ngokukrakra ngamaKatolika. ENetherlands, abalandeli bakaCalvin baba negalelo ekusekweni kweCawa yaseDatshi eHlaziyiweyo. ESkotlani, phantsi kokhokelo lwenzondelelo lowayesakuba ngumfundisi wamaKatolika uJohn Knox, kwamiselwa iCawa yaseRhabe ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zabalandeli bakaCalvin. Kwakhona ubuCalvin baba negalelo kuHlaziyo lwaseNgilani, ibe ukusukela apho lwathuthwa ngamaPuritan lwasiwa kuMntla Merika. Ngale ndlela, nangona uLuther wasungula inkqubo yoHlaziyo lobuProtestanti, uCalvin waba nempembelelo enkulu ngokugqithiseleyo ekuphuculweni kwayo.
UHlaziyo ENgilani
38. Umsebenzi kaJohn Wycliffe wawudala njani umoya wobuProtestanti eNgilani?
38 Ngokwahluke mpela kwiinkqubo zohlaziyo lwaseJamani nolwaseSwitzerland, imvelaphi yoHlaziyo lwamaNgesi inokulandwa ukususela emva phayaa ngemihla kaJohn Wycliffe, ezathi iintshumayelo zakhe ezichasene nabefundisi nokubalaselisa kwakhe iBhayibhile kwadala umoya wobuProtestanti eNgilani. Ilinge lakhe lokuguqulela iBhayibhile kwisiNgesi lalandelwa ngabanye. UWilliam Tyndale, ekwafuneka esabile eNgilani, wavelisa iTestamente yakhe Entsha ngowe-1526. Kamva wangcatshwa eAntwerp waza wakrwitshwa wafa kwisibonda somthi, waza umzimba wakhe watshiswa. UMiles Coverdale wawugqibezela umsebenzi kaTyndale wokuguqulela, ibe iBhayibhile epheleleyo yagqitywa ngowe-1535. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukupapashwa kweBhayibhile ngolwimi olunokufundwa ngabantu kwakungokuphela koyena thunywashe unamandla owaba negalelo ekuvelisweni koHlaziyo eNgilani.
39. Yiyiphi indima eyaphunyezwa nguHenry VIII kwinkqubo yoHlaziyo eNgilani?
39 Ukwahluka ngokupheleleyo kubuRoma Katolika kwenzeka xa uHenry VIII (1491-1547), obizwa ngupopu ngokuba nguMkhuseli Wokholo, wavakalisa uMmiselo Wolongamo ngowe-1534, ezimisa yena njengentloko yeCawa yaseTshetshi. Kwakhona uHenry wayivala imizi yeemonki waza ubuncwane bazo wabahlulela iindwalutho. Ukongezelela koko, wayalela ukuba kubekwe umbhalo weBhayibhile yesiNgesi kwicawa nganye. Phofu ke, izenzo zikaHenry zazityekele ngakumbi kwezobupolitika kunaselunqulweni. Into awayeyifuna yayikukukhululeka kwigunya likapopu, ingakumbi kwimicimbi enokuthanani nomtshato wakhe.d Imfundiso yakhe yonqulo yayiyeyobuKatolika nakubeni wayetshintshe igama.
40. (a) Ziziphi iinguqulelo ezabakho kwiCawa yaseTshetshi ebudeni bolawulo lukaElizabeth I? (b) Ngawaphi amaqela abaqhekeki awathi ekugqibeleni avela eNgilani, eNetherlands nakuMntla Merika?
40 Kwakusebudeni bolawulo olude (1558-1603) lukaElizabeth I eyathi iCawa yaseTshetshi yaba noqheliselo lobuProtestanti nangona yayityekele kakhulu kubuKatolika. Yakuphelisa ukuzinikela kupopu, isifungo sabefundisi sokungatshati, ukuxela izono, nolunye uqheliselo lwamaKatolika, ukanti yagcina inkqubo yecawa yokuba noobhishopu ngokuthi ibe nabaphathi abangoobhishopu abakhulu noobhishopu abaqhelekileyo kwakunye neqela leemonki neloonongendi.e Oku kugcinwa kwezinye iinkqubo ezingokwesithethe kwabangela ukunganeliseki okukhulu, yaye kwavela amaqela awahlukahlukeneyo abaqhekeki. AmaPuritan ayefuna uhlobo olucikideke ngakumbi lohlaziyo lokuhlambulula icawa kulo lonke uqheliso lwamaRoma Katolika; iiSeparatists (Abazahlulayo) neeIndependents (Abazimeleyo) zagxininisa ukuba imicimbi yecawa ifanele isingathwe ngamadoda amakhulu asekuhlaleni (abadala). Abaninzi baba baqhekeki babalekela eNetherlands okanye kuMntla Merika, apho bathi bahambisela phambili iicawa zabo zobuCongregational nezamaBhaptizi. Kwakhona eNgilani kwavela uMbutho Wabahlobo (Quakers) owawukhokelwa nguGeorge Fox (1624-91) namaWesile awayekhokelwa nguJohn Wesley (1703-91).—Bona isicangca esingasezantsi.
Yaba Yintoni Imiphumo?
41. (a) Ngokwembono yabaphengululi abathile, uHlaziyo lwaba nawuphi umphumo kwimbali yabantu? (b) Yiyiphi imibuzo emele iqwalaselwe ngokunzulu?
41 Ekubeni siye saqwalasela imithombo emithathu ephambili yoHlaziyo—owamaLuthere, owabalandeli bakaCalvin nowaseTshetshi—simele sinqumame ukuze siphonononge oko kuye kwaphunyezwa luHlaziyo. Alinakukhanyelwa elokuba, lwayiguqula imbali yamazwe aseNtshona. “Umphumo woHlaziyo waba kukuphakamisela abantu kwinqanaba lokunxanelwa inkululeko nelokufumana amalungelo aphakamileyo njengabemi basekuhlaleni. Naphi na apho ubuProtestanti babusanda khona babusenza ukuba inkitha yabantu izithembe ngakumbi,” wabhala njalo uJohn F. Hurst kwincwadi yakhe ethi Short History of the Reformation. Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba impucuko yaseNtshona njengokuba siyazi namhlanje yayingenakubakho ngaphandle koHlaziyo. Ngenxa yoko, simele sibuze oku: Yintoni ephunyezwe luHlaziyo ngokonqulo? Yintoni eliyiphumezileyo iphulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo wenyaniso?
42. (a) Ngokungathandabuzekiyo yiyiphi eyona nkalo iluncedo ephunyezwe luHlaziyo? (b) Nguwuphi umbuzo ophakamayo ngokuphathelele izinto zokwenene eziye zaphunyezwa luHlaziyo?
42 Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, eyona nkalo iluncedo eyathi yaphunyezwa luHlaziyo, yaba kukwenza iBhayibhile ifumaneke kubantu abaqhelekileyo ngolwimi lwabo. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, abantu babenalo lonke iLizwi likaThixo ababenokulifunda, ukuze bondliwe ngokomoya. Kambe ke, kusafuneka okungakumbi kunokufunda nje iBhayibhile. Ngaba uHlaziyo luye lwakhulula abantu kungekuphela nje kwigunya likapopu kodwa kwanakwiimfundiso ezisisiseko ezingachananga ababekholelwa kuzo kangangeenkulungwane?—Yohane 8:32.
43. (a) Ziziphi izivumo zokholo ezithotyelwa yinkoliso yeecawa zanamhlanje zobuProtestanti, zibalaselisa ziphi iinkolelo? (b) Yintoni umoya wenkululeko neeyantlukwano ezibangelwe luHlaziyo oye wayenza kwiphulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo wenyaniso?
43 Phantse zonke iicawa zobuProtestanti zithobela izivumo zokholo ezifanayo—isivumo sokholo saseNicaea, esika-Athanasius nesabaPostile—yaye ezibalaselisa kwaezinye zeemfundiso ezisisiseko ebezifundiswa bubuKatolika kangangeenkulungwane, njengoBathathu Emnye, umphefumlo ongafiyo nesihogo somlilo. Ezo mfundiso zingezozaZibhalo zanika abantu imbono egqwethekileyo ngoThixo nangenjongo yakhe. Kunokuba abancede kwiphulo labo lokufuna uThixo wenyaniso, amahlelo neemvaba ezininzi ezaveliswa ngumoya wenkululeko woHlaziyo lobuProtestanti aye nje kuphela akhokelela abantu kwiindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Enyanisweni, iiyantlukwano nempixano ziye zabangela abantu abaninzi ukuba babuthandabuze kwaubukho bukaThixo. Ube yintoni umphumo? Ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwavela utyekelo lokungabukholelwa ubukho bukaThixo nolwenkolelo yokuba uThixo akanakwaziwa. Oko kuza kuxutyushwa kwisahluko sethu esilandelayo.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Iileta zokuxolelwa kwezono ezikhutshwa ngupopu.
b ULuther wayigxininisa ngokunzulu ingcamango ‘yokugwetyelwa lukholo kuphela’ kangangokuba kwinguqulelo yakhe yeBhayibhile, wafakelela igama elithi “kuphela” kwabaseRoma 3:28. Kwakhona wayeyithandabuza incwadi kaYakobi ngenxa yengxelo yayo ethi “ukholo, ingekho imisebenzi, lufile.” (Yakobi 2:17, 26) Wayengaqondi ukuba kwabaseRoma, uPawulos wayethetha ngemisebenzi yoMthetho wamaYuda.—Roma 3:19, 20, 28.
c UMartin Luther watshata ngowe-1525 noKatharina von Bora, owayesakuba ngunongendi nowayeqhweshe kuMzi Woonongendi. Baba nabantwana abathandathu. Wathi wayetshatela izizathu ezithathu: ukukholisa uyise, ukucaphukisa upopu noMtyholi, nokumisela amangqina akhe ngaphambi kokuba afele ukholo.
d UHenry VIII wayenabafazi abathandathu. Ngenxa yokwenza ngokuchasene neminqweno kapopu, umtshato wakhe wokuqala waphelela esithubeni, waza olandelayo waphelela kuqhawulo-mtshato. Abafazi bakhe ababini banqunyulwa iintloko, baza ababini bazifela.
e Igama lesiGrike elithi e·piʹsko·pos liguqulelwa ngokuthi “bishop” kwiBhayibhile yesiNgesi njengeKing James Version.
[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 322]
“Iimposiso Kwimfundiso KaBathathu Emnye”
Xa wayeneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, uMichael Servetus (1511-53) waseSpeyin, owayeqeqeshelwe ezomthetho nezamayeza, wapapasha incwadi ethi De Trinitatis erroribus (Iimposiso Kwimfundiso KaBathathu Emnye), awathi kuyo wabonisa ukuba “akasayi kuze alisebenzise igama elithi uBathathu Emnye, elingafumanekiyo kwiZibhalo, nelibonakala nje kuphela likukuhambisela phambili imfundiso etenxileyo yentanda-bulumko.” Wayigxeka imfundiso esisiseko kaBathathu Emnye “njengengenakuqondwa nengangqinelaniyo nemvelo yezinto, nesenokujongwa njengesinyeliso!”
Ngenxa yokuthetha kwakhe ngokuphandle, lo kaServetus wagxothwa yiCawa yamaKatolika. Kodwa ngabalandeli bakaCalvin abambambayo, bamncina, baza bambulala ngokumtshisa ngokuthe ngcembe. UCalvin wazithethelela izenzo zakhe ngala mazwi: “Xa abalandeli bakapopu bengqwabalala yaye benogonyamelo olukhulu ekukhuseleni iinkolo zabo ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba bade baphalaze igazi labamsulwa ngenkohlakalo, ngaba oomantyi abangamaKristu bebengamele kuba nazintloni kusini na ngokungabi nanzondelelo kwabo ekukhuseleni inyaniso eqinisekileyo?” Inzondelelo yempambano elunqulweni nentiyo yobuqu kaCalvin yalumfamekisa ugwebo lwakhe yaza yayenza buthathaka imilinganiselo yakhe yobuKristu.—Thelekisa uMateyu 5:44.
[Imifanekiso]
UJohn Calvin, ekhohlo, wayalela ukuba uMichael Servetus, ekunene, atshiswe afe njengomqhekeki
[Isicangca esikwiphepha 327]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
Uludwe Olwenziwe Lula Lweenkonzo Eziphambili ZeNgqobhoko
Ukuqala Kowexuko - Ngenkulu-ngwane yesi-2
ICawa yamaRoma Katolika
Ngenkulu- ngwane yesi-4 (UConstantine)
Ngenkulu-ngwane yesi-5 UbuCoptic
bamaJacobite
1054 C.E. UbuOthodoki baseMpuma
ObaseRashiya
eGrisi
eRoma nezinye iindawo
UHlaziyo Lwenkulungwane ye-16
ILuthere
EyaseJamani
eSweden
eMerika nezinye iindawo
UbuEpiscopal
baseTshetshi
IWesile
Umkhosi Wosindiso
IBhaptizi
ICawa Yomoya
ICongregational
UbuCalvin
IRhabe
IiCawa zoHlaziyo
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 307]
Le mifanekiso ekrolwe eplangeni yenkulungwane ye-16 ithelekisa ukugatya kukaKristu abananisi ngemali kunye nokuthengisa kukapopu iincwadi zokuxolelwa kwezono
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 311]
UJan Hus kwisibonda somthi
Umseki wenkqubo yoHlaziyo oliNgesi nokwangumgu-quleli weBhayibhile uJohn Wycliffe
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 314]
UMartin Luther, ekunene, wazigatya iincwadi zokuxo-lelwa kwezono ezazithengiswa yimonki uJohn Tetzel