Izifundo Ezisekelwe KwiZibhalo Eziphefumlelweyo Nemvelaphi Yazo

Isifundo 5—Umbhalo WesiHebhere WeZibhalo Ezingcwele

Indlela iZibhalo zesiHebhere, njengenxalenye yeLizwi likaThixo eliphefumlelweyo, ezakhutshelwa ngayo, ekwalondolozwa ngayo ukugqibelela kombhalo wazo nendlela ezadluliselwa ngayo ukuza kufika kulo mhla.

1. (a) ‘Amazwi kaYehova’ ahluke njani kobunye ubutyebi bexesha elidlulileyo? (b) Yiyiphi imibuzo ephakamayo ngokulondolozwa kweLizwi likaThixo?

‘AMAZWI kaYehova’ abhaliweyo asenokufaniswa namanzi enyaniso ahlanganiselwe kwichibi elikhulu gqitha lokulondoloza imibhalo ephefumlelweyo. Hayi indlela esinokuba nombulelo ngayo kukuba ebudeni balo lonke ixesha lokufumaneka kwala mazwi avela ezulwini, uYehova uye wabangela ukuba la “manzi” ahlanganiselwe ndawonye ukuze abe ngumthombo ongatshiyo wenkcazelo ekhokelela ebomini! Obunye ubutyebi bexesha elidluleyo, njengezithsaba zasebukhosini, ukudluliselwa kwamafa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamadoda awayedumile, ezo zinto ziye zambatsha, zonakala, okanye zadilika njengoko ixesha lihamba, kodwa amazwi kaThixo anjengobutyebi aya kuhlala ngonaphakade. (Isa. 40:8) Noko ke, kuphakama imibuzo yokuba la manzi enyaniso awakhange angcoliswe kusini na emva kokuba eye ahlanganiselwa kweli chibi. Ngaba aye ahlala engangxengwanga? Ngaba aye adluliselwa ngokuthembekileyo ukususela kwimibhalo yeelwimi zantlandlolo ukuze oko kudluliselwa ebantwini ngeelwimi zonke emhlabeni namhlanje kube kunokuthenjwa? Siya kukufumanisa kuluphando oluchwayitisayo ukuhlola icandelo leli chibi elaziwa njengombhalo wesiHebhere, siphawula inyameko eye yabonakaliswa ukuwugcina uchanile, ndawonye namalungiselelo amangalisayo enziweyo ukuze udluliselwe uze ufumaneke kuzo zonke iintlanga zoluntu ngokusetyenziswa kweenguqulelo ezintsha.

2. Imibhalo ephefumlelweyo yalondolozwa njani ukuza kuthi ga kumhla kaEzra?

² Imibhalo yamandulo ebhalwe ngolwimi lwesiHebhere nolwesiAramiki yabhalwa ngoonobhala bakaThixo abangabantu, ukususela kuMoses ngowe-1513 B.C.E. ukuhla ukuza kutsho kungekudala emva kowama-443 B.C.E. Ngokoko kwaziwayo namhlanje, akukho namnye wale mibhalo yamandulo osekhoyo ngoku. Noko ke, ukususela ekuqaleni, kuye kwabonakaliswa inyameko enkulu ekuyilondolozeni le mibhalo iphefumlelweyo, kuquka naleyo yamkelwa njengemibhalo yayo ekhutshelweyo. Malunga nowama-642 B.C.E., ngexesha loKumkani uYosiya, “incwadi yomyalelo” kaMoses, ngokungathandabuzekiyo umbhalo wantlandlolo, wafunyanwa ugcinwe endlwini kaYehova. Ukuza kufikelela kweli xesha wawulondolozwe ngenyameko kangangeminyaka engama-871. Umbhali weBhayibhile uYeremiya wabonakalisa umdla omkhulu kangako koku kufunyenweyo kangangokuba wabhala ingxelo yako kweyesi-2 yooKumkani 22:8-10, yaye malunga nonyaka wama-460 B.C.E., kwakhona uEzra wabhekisela kweso siganeko sinye. (2 Kron. 34:14-18) Wayenomdla kwezi zinto, kuba “waye engumbhali oyinkunkqele emyalelweni kaMoses, awawuwisayo uYehova, uThixo kaSirayeli.” (Ezra 7:6) Alithandabuzeki elokuba uEzra wayifumana eminye imisongo yeZibhalo zesiHebhere eyayisele ibhaliwe ukuza kuthi ga kwixesha lakhe, ekunokwenzeka ukuba oku kwakuquka imibhalo yantlandlolo yeencwadi ezithile eziphefumlelweyo. Enyanisweni, kubonakala ukuba uEzra wayengumlondolozi wemibhalo engcwele ngemihla yakhe.—Neh. 8:1, 2.

IXESHA LOKUKHUTSHELWA KWEMIBHALO-NGQANGI

3. Yiyiphi intswelo eyathi yabakho yemibhalo eyongezelelekileyo yeZibhalo, ibe yazaliswa njani?

³ Ukususela kwixesha likaEzra ukuya phambili, yayifunwa gqitha imibhalo yeZibhalo zesiHebhere. AmaYuda awazange abuyele onke eYerusalem nasePalestina ekubuyiselweni kwawo ngowama-537 B.C.E. nasemva koko. Kunoko, amawaka ahlala eBhabhiloni, ngoxa amanye afudukela kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yezoshishino nangenxa yezinye izizathu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba afunyanwe kwinkoliso yamaziko amakhulu orhwebo ehlabathi lamandulo. AmaYuda amaninzi ayedla ngokuthabatha uhambo lwezonqulo nyaka ngamnye ukubuyela eYerusalem esiya kwimibhiyozo eyahlukahlukeneyo yetempile, apho ayeya kuba nesabelo elunqulweni olwaluqhutywa ngesiHebhere esasisetyenziswe ekubhaleni iBhayibhile. Kwixesha likaEzra amaYuda ala mazwe maninzi akude ayesebenzisa iindawo zasekuhlaleni zokuhlanganisana ezazisaziwa ngokuba zizindlu zesikhungu, apho kwakufundwa kuze kuxutyushwe khona iZibhalo zesiHebhere.a Ngenxa yokuqelelana kweendawo ezininzi zonqulo, kwakufuneka umbhali enze imibhalo-ngqangi emininzi ebhalwe ngesandla.

4. (a) Yayiyintoni igenizah, ibe yayisetyenziswa njani? (b) Yintoni exabisekileyo eyafunyanwa kwenye yazo ngenkulungwane ye-19?

⁴ Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zindlu zesikhungu zazinendawo ekuthiwa yigenizah (indawo yokugcina imibhalo-ngqangi). Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaYuda ayeyibeka kwigenizah imibhalo-ngqangi elahliweyo neyayisele ikrazukile ngenxa yokuba midala kwayo, ebeka endaweni yayo emitsha awayeza kuyisebenzisa endlwini yesikhungu ngelo xesha. Ngamaxesha athile, oko kwakulahlwe kwigenizah kwakudla ngokumbelwa emhlabeni ngokundilisekileyo, ukuze loo mibhalo—eyayiqulethe igama elingcwele likaYehova— ingahlanjelwa. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, amawaka emibhalo-ngqangi emidala yeBhayibhile yesiHebhere aphela ngale ndlela. Noko ke, igenizah yendlu yesikhungu kwiCairo Endala eyayizele imi ngeembambo yasinda koku, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba yayibiyelwe ngeendonga yaza yalibaleka kwade kwaphakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19. Ngowe-1890, xa indlu yesikhungu yayilungiswa, oko kwakukwigenizah kwaphindwa kwahlolisiswa yaye ubutyebi obabukuyo ngokuthe ngcembe bathengiswa okanye kwanikelwa ngabo. Ngokusuka kulo mthombo, imibhalo-ngqangi ephantse iphelele neziqwenga ezingamawaka (ekuthiwa eminye yawo yayiyeyenkulungwane yesithandathu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo) yasiwa kwiThala Leencwadi kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge nakwezinye izindlu zokugcina iincwadi zaseYurophu naseMerika.

5. (a) Yiyiphi imibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo yesiHebhere ngoku eye yadweliswa, yaye midala kangakanani? (b) Uhlolisiso lwayo lutyhila ntoni?

⁵ Namhlanje, kwizindlu zokugcina iincwadi ezahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini, kuye kwabalwa kwaza kwadweliswa imibhalo-ngqangi enokuba ngama-6 000 eneZibhalo zesiHebhere ezipheleleyo okanye iinxalenye zazo. De kube kutshanje, ibingekho imibhalo-ngqangi enjalo (ngaphandle kweziqwenga ezimbalwa) emidadlana kuneyenkulungwane yeshumi yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1947, kummandla woLwandle Olufileyo, kwafunyanwa umsongo wencwadi kaIsaya, yaye kwiminyaka eyalandelayo kwafunyanwa imisongo exabiseke gqitha yeZibhalo zesiHebhere njengoko imiqolomba ekummandla woLwandle Olufileyo iye yabukhupha ubutyebi bemibhalo-ngqangi ebifihlakele kangangeminyaka enokuba li-1 900. Iingcali ngoku ziye zafumanisa ukuba eminye yayo yakhutshelwa kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa zokugqibela zangaPhambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Uhlolisiso lokuthelekisa le mibhalo-ngqangi emalunga nama-6 000 yeZibhalo zesiHebhere lunikela isizinzi esomeleleyo sokumisela umbhalo wesiHebhere yaye lutyhila ukuthembeka kokudluliselwa kwalo mbhalo.

ULWIMI LWESIHEBHERE

6. (a) Ithini imbali yamandulo yolwimi lwesiHebhere? (b) Kwakutheni ukuze uMoses afanelekele ukubhala iGenesis?

⁶ Oko abantu namhlanje bakubiza ngokuba lulwimi lwesiHebhere kwaye, kwimo yalo yantlandlolo, lululwimi olwaluthethwa nguAdam emyezweni wase-Eden. Ngenxa yoku kusenokubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi lulwimi lwabantu. Yayilulwimi olwaluthethwa ngomhla kaNowa, nangona isigama salo sasandile. Kwakhona sikwimo eyandisiweyo, sasilulwimi olusisiseko olwaqhubeka lukho xa uYehova wayidubayo intetho yoluntu kwiNqaba yaseBhabheli. (Gen. 11:1, 7-9) IsiHebhere sibalelwa kwiqela leelwimi zomzantsi ntshona Asiya, yaye silulwimi oluphambili kuzo. Kubonakala ukuba sihlobene nolwimi olwaluthethwa eKanan ngexesha lika-Abraham, yaye ukususela kwintetho yawo yesiHebhere, amaKanan ayila iilwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo zezizwana. KuIsaya 19:18 kubhekiselwa kuzo ‘njengentetho yelakwaKanan.’ Ngexesha lakhe uMoses wayengumphengululi, efunde kungekuphela nje ubulumko bamaYiputa kodwa kwakhona nolwimi lwesiHebhere looyisemkhulu. Ngenxa yoku wayekwazi ukufunda imibhalo yamandulo awayeyifumana, yaye le isenokuba yasebenza njengesiseko senkcazelo ethile awayibhalayo koko ngoku kwaziwa njengencwadi yeBhayibhile yeGenesis.

7. (a) Yintoni eyenzeka kamva kwisiHebhere? (b) IsiHebhere esasisetyenziswa eBhayibhileni sasebenza njengantoni?

⁷ Kamva, ngemihla yookumkani bamaYuda, isiHebhere saziwa ‘njengesiYuda.’ (2 Kum. 18:26, 28) Ngexesha likaYesu, amaYuda ayethetha uhlobo olutsha okanye olwandisiweyo lwesiHebhere, yaye kamva kwaolu hlobo lolwimi lwaba sisiHebhere esasisetyenziswa ngoorabhi. Noko ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba kwiZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike, kusabhekiselwa kolu lwimi njengentetho ‘yesiHebhere’, ingeyiyo eyesiAramiki. (Yoh. 5:2; 19:13, 17; IZe. 22:2; ISityhi. 9:11) Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, isiHebhere esasetyenziswa eBhayibhileni sasilulwimi olwaluthethwa ngokubanzi, luqondwa yinkoliso yamaNgqina kaYehova angaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu ndawonye namangqina angamaKristu enkulungwane yokuqala.

8. Ngoxa sicinga ngenjongo yeZibhalo, yintoni esinokuba nombulelo onyanisekileyo ngayo?

⁸ IZibhalo zesiHebhere zasebenza njengechibi lamanzi angcwengileyo enyaniso, awadluliselwa aza ahlanganiswa ngokuphefumlelwa nguThixo. Noko ke, kuphela ngabo babenokufunda isiHebhere ababenokuwazuza ngokungqalileyo la manzi alungiselelweyo nguThixo. Kwakhona abantu beentlanga ezazithetha iilwimi ezininzi babenokuyifumana njani indlela yokusela kula manzi enyaniso, ngaloo ndlela bezuza ukhokelo lukaThixo yaye behlaziyeka emiphefumlweni yabo? (ISityhi. 22:17) Ekuphela kwendlela yayingokuguqulela isiHebhere kwezinye iilwimi, ngaloo ndlela kusandiswa umsinga wenyaniso kaThixo ukufikelela kuzo zonke izihlwele zabantu. Sinokumbulela ngokunyanisekileyo uYehova uThixo kuba ukususela kwinkulungwane yesine okanye yesithathu Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amacandelo eBhayibhile aye aguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezingaphezu kwe-1 900. Enjani yona ingenelo ekuye kwangqineka kuyiyo oku kubo bonke abantu abatyekele ebulungiseni, abaye ngokwenene bakwazi ‘ukuziyolisa’ ngala manzi axabiso likhulu!—INdu. 1:2; 37:3, 4.

9. (a) Liliphi igunya lokuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile elinikelayo yona ngokwayo? (b) Yiyiphi injongo entle eyongezelelekileyo ezithe iinguqulelo zamandulo zeBhayibhile zanceda kuyo?

⁹ Ngaba iBhayibhile ngokwayo inikela igunya okanye iyakwamkela ukuguqulelwa kwemibhalo yayo kwezinye iilwimi? Ngokuqinisekileyo yenjenjalo! Ilizwi likaThixo kuSirayeli elithi, “Memelelani, zintlanga, ngenxa yabantu bakhe,” nomyalelo kaYesu ongokwesiprofeto oya kumaKristu othi, “Ezi ndaba zilungileyo zobukumkani ziya kuvakaliswa kulo elimiweyo liphela, zibe bubungqina kuzo zonke iintlanga,” zimele zizalisekiswe. Ukuze oku kwenzeke, kuyimfuneko ukuba iZibhalo ziguqulelwe. Ukukhangela emva kwiinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwezinokuba ngama-24 zokuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile, licacile elokuba uYehova ebewusikelela lo msebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, iinguqulelo zamandulo zeBhayibhile eziye zahlala zikho kwimo yombhalo-ngqangi ziye kwakhona zanceda ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophakamileyo wokuthembeka koko kuqulethwe lichibi lenyaniso yesiHebhere.—Dut. 32:43; Mat. 24:14.

IINGUQULELO EZIZEZONA ZAKUQALA

10. (a) Yintoni iPentatiki yamaSamariya, yaye kutheni iluncedo kuthi namhlanje? (b) Nika umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwePentatiki yamaSamariya kwiNew World Translation.

¹⁰ IPentatiki YamaSamariya. Ukususela kumaxesha angaphambili, kukho inguqulelo eyaziwa ngokuba yiPentatiki yamaSamariya, ethi, njengokuba igama libonisa, iqulathe kuphela iincwadi ezintlanu zokuqala zeZibhalo zesiHebhere. Enyanisweni yinguqulelo-ngqo yombhalo wesiHebhere ukusa kumbhalo wolwimi lwamaSamariya, owaveliswa kumbhalo wesiHebhere samandulo. Oku kwaba yimbekiselo efanelekileyo yombhalo wesiHebhere welo xesha. Le nguqulelo-ngqo yenziwa ngamaSamariya—inzala yalawo asala kwelakwaSamari emva kokuthinjwa kobukumkani bezizwe ezilishumi zakwaSirayeli ngowama-740 B.C.E. nalawo ayeziswe ngama-Asiriya ngelo xesha. AmaSamariya aluxubanisa unqulo lwakwaSirayeli noothixo balo bobuhedeni, yaye ayamkela iPentatiki. Kucingelwa ukuba azenzela inguqulelo yawo malunga nenkulungwane yesine Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, nangona bambi abaphengululi besithi kusenokwenzeka ukuba oku kwenzeka kamva ngenkulungwane yesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, xa befunda umbhalo wayo, babephimisela isiHebhere. Nangona lo mbhalo uneendawo ezimalunga nama-6 000 owahluka ngazo kumbhalo wesiHebhere, uninzi lwazo zizinto nje ezingenamsebenzi. Iqaqobana lemibhalo-ngqangi ekhutshelweyo esekhoyo yeyabhalwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-13 yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Kuye kwenziwa iimbekiselo ezithile kwiPentatiki yamaSamariya kwimibhalo esemazantsi yeNew World Translation.b

11. Ziintoni iiTargums, yaye ziyingenelo njani ngokuphathelele umbhalo weZibhalo zesiHebhere?

¹¹ IiTargums zesiAramiki. Igama lesiAramiki elithetha “ukutolika” okanye “ukuchaza intetho” lelithi targum. Ukususela kwixesha likaNehemiya ukusa phambili, isiAramiki sasetyenziswa njengolwimi oluqhelekileyo ngamaYuda amaninzi awayehlala kummandla wasePersi, yaye ngenxa yoko kwakuyimfuneko ukuba xa kufundwa iZibhalo zesiHebhere kufundwe neenguqulelo zolo lwimi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba zaba kwimo yazo yokugqibela ezisekuyo nangoku malunga nasemva kwenkulungwane yesihlanu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Nangona ezi ziyinkcazo-ntetho engathanga ngqo yombhalo wesiHebhere, zingeyiyo nenguqulelo echanileyo, zinikela inkcazelo yemvelaphi etyebileyo yombhalo zize zinikele uncedo ekufumaniseni intsingiselo yeendinyana ezinzima. Kubhekiselwa ngokufuthi kwiiTargums kwimibhalo esemazantsi yeNew World Translation.c

12. Yintoni iSeptuagint, yaye kutheni ibaluleke kangaka nje?

¹² ISeptuagint yesiGrike. Eyona ibalulekileyo kwiinguqulelo zokuqala zeZibhalo zesiHebhere, neyinguqulelo yokuqala ebhaliweyo ukusuka kwisiHebhere, yiSeptuagint yesiGrike (gama elo elithetha, “Amashumi Asixhenxe”). Ngokutsho kwembali, ukuguqulelwa kwayo kwaqaliswa malunga nowama-280 B.C.E., ngabaphengululi abangamaYuda abangama-72 bakwa-Alesandire, eYiputa. Kamva, ngandlel’ ithile kwasetyenziswa inani lama-70, yaye ngaloo ndlela le nguqulelo yabizwa ngokuba yiSeptuagint. Kubonakala ukuba yagqitywa ngexesha elithile kwinkulungwane yesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Yasebenza njengeSibhalo samaYuda athetha isiGrike, yaye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuza kufikelela kwixesha likaYesu nabapostile bakhe. KwiZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike, inkoliso yezicatshulwa-ngqo ezingama-320 kunye nezicatshulwa neembekiselo zeZibhalo zesiHebhere ezinokuba ngama-890 xa zizonke zisekelwe kwiSeptuagint.

13. Ziziphi iziqwenga ezibalulekileyo zeSeptuagint eziye zahlala zikho ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, yaye zixabiseke ngantoni?

¹³ Kusekho iziqwenga ezininzi zeSeptuagint ezabhalwa kwiphepha lemizi ezisafumaneka nanamhlanje ukuze kwenziwe uphengululo. Zixabisekile kuba zezamaxesha amaKristu okuqala, yaye nangona ngokufuthi ziziindinyana okanye izahluko nje ezimbalwa, ziyanceda ekuhlolisiseni umbhalo weSeptuagint. Ingqokelela iFouad Papyri (Inventory No. 266) yafunyanwa eYiputa ngowe-1939 yaye yafunyaniswa ukuba yeyenkulungwane yokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Iqulethe amacandelo encwadi yeGenesis neyeDuteronomi. Kwiziqwenga zeGenesis, igama likaThixo alikho kuba ayizange ilondolozwe yonke. Noko ke, kwincwadi yeDuteronomi, likho kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo, libhalwe ngoonobumba abacacileyo besiHebhere kumbhalo wesiGrike.d Eminye imisongo yabhalwa kude lee malunga nenkulungwane yesine yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, xa ivellum eyomeleleyo, ithwathwa elisukiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo elalisenziwa ngesikhumba sethole, itakane, okanye ibhokhwe, yathi yaqalisa ukusetyenziselwa ukubhala imibhalo-ngqangi.

14. (a) UOrigen unikela buphi ubungqina ngeSeptuagint? (b) ISeptuagint yaguqulwa nini yaye njani? (c) Bubuphi ubungqina asenokuba amaKristu okuqala abunikela ngokusebenzisa iSeptuagint?

¹⁴ Kubangela umdla ukwazi ukuba igama likaThixo, elibhalwe ngeTetragrammaton, likwabonakala kwiSeptuagint yeHexapla kaOrigen enemihlathi emithandathu, eyagqitywa malunga nowama-245 C.E. Egqabaza ngeNdumiso 2:2, uOrigen wabhala oku ngeSeptuagint: “Kweyona mibhalo-ngqangi ichanileyo ELI GAMA libhalwe ngoonobumba besiHebhere, kodwa kungengabo [oonobumba] besiHebhere sanamhlanje, kodwa ngabona bamandulo.”e Obu bungqina bubonisa ngokupheleleyo ukuba kungekudala igqityiwe iSeptuagint kwabakho inguqulelo eyenziwayo kuyo, oonobumba beTetragrammaton bathatyathelw’ indawo ligama elithi Kyʹri·os (Nkosi) nelithi The·osʹ (Thixo). Ekubeni amaKristu amandulo ayesebenzisa imibhalo-ngqangi enegama likaThixo, akunakucingelwa ukuba alandela isithethe samaYuda sokungalibizi “ELI GAMA” ebudeni bobulungiseleli bawo. Kumele ukuba akwazi ukunikela ubungqina ngegama likaYehova ngokusuka ngqo kwiSeptuagint yesiGrike.

15. (a) Usebenzisa isicangca esikwiphepha 314, chaza ivellum nemibhalo-ngqangi yesikhumba yeSeptuagint. (b) Ziziphi iimbekiselo ezenziwa yiNew World Translation ngayo?

¹⁵ Kukho amakhulukhulu emibhalo-ngqangi yevellum neyesikhumba esekhoyo yeSeptuagint yesiGrike. Eliqela kuyo, eyaveliswa phakathi kwenkulungwane yesine neyethoba kwiXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba igubungela amacandelo amakhulu eZibhalo zesiHebhere. Yaziwa ngokuba ziiuncial kuba ibhalwe ngoonobumba abakhulu abangadibananga. Eseleyo ibizwa ngokuba ziiminuscule kuba ibhalwe ngoonobumba abancinane bohlobo lokubhala ngesandla lokudibanisa. Imibhalo-ngqangi yeeminuscule, okanye yohlobo lokubhala oluqhelekileyo yaba yedumileyo ukususela kwinkulungwane yethoba de kwaqaliswa ukushicilela. Imibhalo-ngqangi ebalaseleyo yeeuncial, yenkulungwane yesine neyesihlanu, eyile, owaseVatican No. 1209, owaseSinayi nowakwa-Alesandire, yonke iqulethe iSeptuagint yesiGrike inokwahlukahlukana nje okuncinane. Kubhekiselwa ngokufuthi kwiSeptuagint kwimibhalo esemazantsi nakumagqabaza akwiNew World Translation.f

16. (a) Yintoni iVulgate yesiLatini, yaye kutheni ixabiseke kangaka nje? (b) Nikela umzekelo wembekiselo yeNew World Translation kuyo?

¹⁶ IVulgate yesiLatini. Le nguqulelo iye yangumbhalo oyintloko oye wasetyenziswa ngabaguquleli abangamaKatolika abaninzi ukuvelisa ezinye iinguqulelo ngeelwimi ezininzi zemimandla yaseNtshona yeNgqobhoko. Yabakho njani iVulgate? Igama lesiLatini elithi vulgatus lithetha “ukuqheleka, into edumileyo.” Xa okokuqala kwaveliswa iVulgate, yayibhalwe ngesiLatini esiqhelekileyo okanye esidumileyo saloo maxesha kangangokuba kwakulula ukuba iqondwe ngabantu nje abaqhelekileyo boBukhosi baseNtshona bamaRoma. Umphengululi uJerome, owavelisa le nguqulelo, ngaphambili wayevelise iinguqulelo ezihlaziyiweyo ezimbini zeeNdumiso ezibhalwe ngesiLatini Samandulo, ezithelekisa neSeptuagint yesiGrike. Noko ke, inguqulelo yakhe yeBhayibhile iVulgate yayiguqulelwe ngokusuka ngqo kulwimi lwantlandlolo lwesiHebhere nesiGrike kwaye ngaloo ndlela yayingeyiyo inguqulelo esuka kwenye inguqulelo. UJerome wayivelisa le nguqulelo yakhe yesiLatini ngokusuka kwisiHebhere ukususela malunga nowama-390 C.E. ukusa kowama-405 C.E. Ngoxa inguqulelo yakhe epheleleyo yayiquka iiNcwadi Ezingaphefumlelwanga, ngeli xesha ezazikwimibhalo ekhutshelweyo yeSeptuagint, uJerome wawubonakalisa ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kweencwadi ezazikuludwe lwemibhalo engcwele nezo zazingekho kulo. INew World Translation ibhekisela izihlandlo ezininzi kwiVulgate kaJerome kwimibhalo yayo esemazantsi.g

IMIBHALO YOLWIMI LWESIHEBHERE

17. Babengoobani ababhali okanye amaSopherim, yaye uYesu wabagxeka ngenxa yantoni?

¹⁷ AmaSopherim. Amadoda awayekhuphela iZibhalo zesiHebhere ukususela ngemihla kaEzra ukuqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga kwixesha likaYesu ayebizwa ngokuba ngababhali, okanye amaSopherim. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, aqalisa ukuziva ekhululekile ukwenza iinguqulelo ezithile kumongo. Enyanisweni, uYesu wabagxeka ngokuphandle abo babezibanga bengabagcini boMthetho ngokuthabatha igunya elingelolabo.—Mat. 23:2, 13.

18. (a) Ayengoobani amaMasorete, yaye ngawaphi amagqabaza axabisekileyo awawenzayo ngombhalo wesiHebhere? (b) Yiyiphi eminye yemizekelo yoko akulungisayo, njengoko kuphawulwe kwiNew World Translation?

¹⁸ IMasora Ityhila Oko Kuguquliweyo. Aba babhali abangena ezihlangwini zamaSopherim kwiinkulungwane zasemva koKristu baziwa ngokuba ngamaMasorete. Aba baziphawula iindawo ezaziguqulwe ngamaSopherim angaphambilana, bezibhala eludinini okanye ekupheleni kombhalo wesiHebhere. Ezi ngongoma ziseludinini zaziwa ngokuba yiMasora. KwiMasora kwadweliswa iingongoma eziphawulekayo ezili-15 zamaSopherim, oko kukuthi, amagama okanye amabinzana ali-15 awayephawulwe ngamachaphaza okanye imigca kwisibhalo sesiHebhere. Ezinye zezi ngongoma ziphawulekayo aziyichaphazeli inguqulelo okanye utoliko lwesiNgesi, kodwa ezinye ziyayichaphazela yaye zibalulekile.h AmaSopherim avumela uloyiko lwawo olusekelwe kwiinkolo lokubiza igama likaYehova ukuba luwabambisele ekubeni aliguqule ukuze lifundeke ngokuthi ’Adho·naiʹ (Nkosi) kwiindawo ezili-134 lize lifundeke ngokuthi ’Elo·himʹ (Thixo) kwezinye iindawo. IMasora iyazidwelisa ezi ndawo ziguquliweyo.i AmaSopherim okanye ababhali bamandulo kuthiwa ikwangabo abenza izilungiso ubuncinane ezili-18, ngokutsho kwengxelo emfutshane ekwiMasora, nangona kubonakala ukuba zazingaphezu koko.j Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi zilungiso zazenziwe ngenjongo entle ngenxa yokuba iindinyana zamandulo zibonakala zibonisa ukungamzukisi uThixo okanye ukungabahloneli abameli bakhe basemhlabeni.

19. Uyintoni umbhalo wamaqabane wesiHebhere, yaye waqulunqwa nini?

¹⁹ Umbhalo Wamaqabane. Ialfabheti yesiHebhere ibunjwa ngamaqabane angama-22, akukho zikhamiso. Mandulo, umfundi wayemele afakelele izandi zezikhamiso ngokolwazi lwakhe lolo lwimi. Umbhalo wesiHebhere wawufana nombhalo wezishunquleli. KwanakwisiXhosa sanamhlanje kukho amagama amaninzi azizishunquleli abantu abawasebenzisayo anamaqabane kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, kukho elithi njl. isishunqulelo selithi njalo njalo. Ngokufanayo, kulwimi lwesiHebhere kukho uludwe lwamagama akhiwe ngamaqabane kuphela. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokuthi “umbhalo wamaqabane” kuthethwa umbhalo wesiHebhere ongenaso nesinye isikhamiso. Umbhalo wamaqabane wombhalo-ngqangi wesiHebhere waba luhlobo olumiselweyo phakathi kwenkulungwane yokuqala neyesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, nangona imibhalo-ngqangi enemibhalo eyahlukileyo yayiqhubeka ihanjiswa kangangexesha elithile. Akuzange kuphindwe kwenziwe zinguqulelo, ngokwahlukileyo kwixesha elalidlule lamaSopherim.

20. Enza ntoni amaMasorete ngokuphathelele umbhalo wesiHebhere?

²⁰ Umbhalo WamaMasorete. Ngasekupheleni kwewaka leminyaka lokuqala kwiXesha Eliqhelekileyo, amaMasorete (ngesiHebhere, iba·ʽalehʹ ham·ma·soh·rahʹ, okuthetha ukuthi “Iingcali Zokugcinwa Kwezithethe”) avelisa inkqubo yokufakela izikhamiso nokusetyenziswa kweempawu zemvakalo-zwi. Oku kwasebenza njengento ebhaliweyo ekwenza kube lula ukufunda nokuphimisela imvakalo-zwi yezikhamiso, ekubeni ngaphambili umgaqo wobizo-magama wawudluliselwe ngomlomo ungabhalwanga phantsi. AmaMasorete awazange enze nayiphi na inguqulelo kwimibhalo awayikhuphelayo kodwa abhala amanqaku eludinini kwiMasora njengoko ayebona kuyimfuneko. Ayekulumkele kanobom ukuba angayiguquli imibhalo. Ukongezelela, kweyawo iMasora, anikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga zombhalo aze azilungise ukuze zifundeke ngokuvakalayo njengoko ayebona kuyimfuneko.

21. Uyintoni umbhalo wamaMasorete?

²¹ Amaqela amathathu abaphengululi bamaMasorete ayebandakanyeke ekuveliseni iimpawu zokufakela izikhamiso nezemvakalo-zwi kumbhalo wamaqabane, maqela lawo angala, elaseBhabhiloni, elasePalestina nelaseTibheriya. Ngoku umbhalo wesiHebhere okuhlelo olushicilelweyo lweBhayibhile yesiHebhere waziwa ngokuba ngumbhalo wamaMasorete yaye usebenzisa inkqubo eyaveliswa liqela labaphengululi baseTibheriya. Le nkqubo yaveliswa ngamaMasorete aseTibheriya, isixeko esikunxweme olusentshona koLwandle lwaseGalili. Imibhalo esemazantsi kwiNew World Translation ibhekisela kulo mbhalo wamaMasorete izihlandlo ezininzi (ngomqondiso ongu-M) nakumanqaku awo aseludinini, iMasora (ngomqondiso ongu-M^margin).k

22. Nguwuphi umbhalo-ngqangi oyimveliso yaseBhabhiloni oye wafumaneka, yaye uthelekiseka njani nombhalo waseTibheriya?

²² Iqela labaphengululi basePalestina labeka iimpawu zezikhamiso phezu kwamaqabane. Kuphela liqaqobana nje lemibhalo-ngqangi enjalo elafikelela kuthi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba le nkqubo yokufakela izikhamiso yayingachananga. Inkqubo yaseBhabhiloni yokufakela izikhamiso ngokufanayo yayineempawu phezu kwamaqabane. Umbhalo-ngqangi obonisa uhlobo lokuphimisela amagama lwaseBhabhiloni yiPetersburg Codex of the Prophets, yowama-916 C.E., ogcinwe kwiNdlu Yokugcina Iincwadi Kawonke wonke eLeningrad, eRashiya. Lo mbhalo-ngqangi uqulethe incwadi kaIsaya, kaYeremiya, kaHezekile, nezabanye abaprofeti “abangaphantsi,” yaye inamanqaku aseludinini (iMasora). Ngomdla omkhulu abaphengululi baye bawuhlolisisa lo mbhalo-ngqangi baza bawuthelekisa nombhalo waseTibheriya. Nangona usebenzisa inkqubo yeempawu zokwalatha eziphezu kwamaqabane ukufakela izikhamiso, enyanisweni ilandela umbhalo waseTibheriya ngokubhekisele kumbhalo wamaqabane nezikhamiso zawo neMasora. IMyuziyam yaseBritani inawo umbhalo waseBhabhiloni wePentatiki, oye wafunyaniswa uvumelana gqitha nombhalo waseTibheriya.

23. Yiyiphi imibhalo-ngqangi eyahlukahlukeneyo yesiHebhere efumaneke kufuphi noLwandle Olufileyo?

²³ Imisongo YoLwandle Olufileyo. Ngowe-1947 kwaqalisa ixesha elitsha nelichukumisayo kwimbali yemibhalo-ngqangi yesiHebhere. Kumqolomba oseWadi Qumran (iNahali Qumeran), kummandla woLwandle Olufileyo, kwafunyanwa umsongo wokuqala kaIsaya, kunye neminye yeencwadi zeBhayibhile neyezinye ezingezizo ezeBhayibhile. Kungekudala emva koko, umbhalo opheleleyo nokhutshelweyo walo msongo kaIsaya ogcinwe kakuhle (1QIs^a) wapapashwa ukuze abaphengululi bawuhlolisise. Kukholelwa ukuba wabhalwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, ngoku kwakufunyenwe into ebalulekileyo—umbhalo-ngqangi wesiHebhere omalunga neminyaka eliwaka ubudala kuneyona mibhalo-ngqangi midala eyayikho yombhalo wamaMasorete owawusamkelwa kaIsaya!l Kweminye imiqolomba eQumran kwafunyanwa iziqwenga zemisongo engaphezu kweli-170 ingamacandelo azo zonke iincwadi zeZibhalo zesiHebhere ngaphandle kwekaEstere. Ukuhlolisiswa kwemibhalo enjalo kusaqhubeka unangoku.

24. Le mibhalo-ngqangi ithelekiseka njani nombhalo waMasorete, yaye iNew World Translation iyisebenzisa njani?

²⁴ Omnye umphengululi unikela ingxelo yokuba kuhlolisiso lwakhe lweNdumiso 119 ende komnye umsongo obalulekileyo woLwandle Olufileyo weeNdumiso (11QPs^a) ubonisa ukuba phantse ngayo yonke indlela uyavumelana nombhalo wamaMasorete weNdumiso 119. Ngokuphathelele uMsongo weeNdumiso, uNjingalwazi J. A. Sanders wathi: “Inkoliso yoko [kungumahluko] luhlobo lokubhala yaye oko kubaluleke kuphela kwabo baphengululi banomdla kwindlela yakudala yesiHebhere yokubiza amagama, nakwimibandela enjengaleyo.”a Eminye imizekelo yale mibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo ibalaseleyo ayibonakalisi mahluko ungako kwiimeko ezininzi. Nangona umsongo kaIsaya ubonisa umahluko othile kubhalo-magama nasekwakhiweni kwawo ngokomgaqo-ntetho, awahlukanga ngokweengongoma zemfundiso. Ngoxa kwakulungiselelwa ukubhalwa kweNew World Translation, lo msongo kaIsaya wahlolisiswa ukuze kukhangelwe oko kwakungumahluko kuwo kwaza kwenziwa iimbekiselo kuwo.b

25. Yiyiphi imibhalo yesiHebhere ekuye ngoku kwaxutyushwa ngayo, yaye ukuyifundisisa kusiqinisekisa ntoni?

²⁵ Imithombo eyintloko yokudluliselwa kweZibhalo zesiHebhere ngoku sele kuxutyushiwe ngayo. Ngokuyintloko, le yiPentatiki yamaSamariya, iiTargums zesiAramiki, iSeptuagint yesiGrike, umbhalo wesiHebhere waseTibheriya, umbhalo wesiHebhere wasePalestina, umbhalo wesiHebhere waseBhabhiloni nombhalo wesiHebhere weMisongo yoLwandle Olufileyo. Ngenxa yolu phengululo nokuthelekiswa kwale mibhalo, siqinisekile ukuba iZibhalo zesiHebhere zize kuthi namhlanje ubukhulu becala ziluhlobo abakhonzi abaphefumlelweyo bakaThixo abazibhala ngalo kwasekuqaleni.

UMBHALO WESIHEBHERE OSULUNGEKISIWEYO

26. (a) Uhlalutyo oluqatha lombhalo wesiHebhere lwahanjiselwa phambili nini, yaye yiyiphi eminye yemibhalo ephambili eye yashicilelwa? (b) Uye wasetyenziswa njani umbhalo kaGinsburg?

²⁶ Uhlelo olushicilelweyo olusemgangathweni lweBhayibhile yesiHebhere ukuza kufikelela kwinkulungwane ye-19 yayiyiBhayibhile iSecond Rabbinic kaJacob ben Chayyim eyapapashwa ngowe-1524-25. Kuphela kwaba ngenkulungwane ye-18 abathi abaphengululi baqalisa iphulo eliqatha lokuhlalutya umbhalo wesiHebhere. Ngowe-1776-80, eOxford, uBenjamin Kennicott wapapasha izicatshulwa ezahlukahlukeneyo zemibhalo-ngqangi yesiHebhere engaphezu kwama-600. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1784-98, eParma, umphengululi ongumTaliyane uJ. B. de Rossi wapapasha imibhalo eyahlukahlukeneyo yemibhalo-ngqangi engakumbi engaphezu kwama-800. Umphengululi ongumHebhere uS. Baer, waseJamani naye wavelisa umbhalo ophambili. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uC. D. Ginsburg wachitha iminyaka emininzi evelisa umbhalo ophambili ohlalutyiweyo weBhayibhile yesiHebhere. Lo wabakho okokuqala ngowe-1894, lwaza uhlelo lwawo lokugqibela lwabakho ngowe-1926.c UJoseph Rotherham wasebenzisa uhlelo lowe-1894 lwalo mbhalo ekuveliseni inguqulelo yakhe yesiNgesi, iThe Emphasised Bible, ngowe-1902, yaye uNjingalwazi Max L. Margolis namaqabane akhe basebenzisa le mibhalo kaGinsburg nekaBaer ekuveliseni inguqulelo yabo yeZibhalo zesiHebhere ngowe-1917.

27, 28. (a) Yintoni iBiblia Hebraica, yaye iye yaveliswa njani? (b) INew World Translation iye yawusebenzisa njani lo mbhalo?

²⁷ Ngowe-1906 eJamani, umphengululi ongumHebhere uRudolf Kittel wakhupha uhlelo lwakhe lokuqala (waza kamva, wakhupha olwesibini) lombhalo wakhe osulungekisiweyo wesiHebhere owawubizwa ngokuba yiBiblia Hebraica, okanye “iBhayibhile yesiHebhere.” Kule ncwadi okaKittel walungiselela isixhobo esihle esingumbhalo onemibhalo esemazantsi eyongezelelekileyo, eyayifana okanye ikumgangatho ofanayo nemibhalo-ngqangi emininzi yesiHebhere yombhalo wamaMasorete owawufumaneka ngelo xesha. Wasebenzisa umbhalo kaJacob ben Chayyim owawamkelekile ngelo xesha njengombhalo osisiseko. Xa imibhalo emidala gqitha nebalaseleyo yamaMasorete eyafunyanwa nguBen Asher eyayamkelwe ngokubanzi malunga nenkulungwane ye-10 yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, yathi yafumaneka, okaKittel waqalisa lukuvelisa inkupho yesithathu eyahluke kwaphela yeBiblia Hebraica. Le ncwadi yagqityezelwa ngabo wayesebenza nabo emva kokufa kwakhe.

²⁸ IBiblia Hebraica kaKittel, uhlelo lwesi-7, lwesi-8, nolwe-9 (lowe-1951-55), lwaba ngumbhalo osisiseko owasetyenziswa kwicandelo lesiHebhere leNew World Translation yesiNgesi. Uhlelo olutsha lombhalo wesiHebhere, iBiblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, yowe-1977, lwasetyenziswa ekuphuculeni inkcazelo yombhalo osemazantsi weNew World Translation, epapashwe ngowe-1984.

29. Yiyiphi inkalo yeBiblia Hebraica eyayixabiseke ngokukhethekileyo ekubuyiseleni igama likaThixo?

²⁹ Indlela uKittel awucwangcise ngayo umbhalo weMasora oseludinini, obonakalisa iinguqulelo ezininzi zombhalo ezenziwa ngababhali bangaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu, iye yanegalelo kwindlela echanileyo yokuguqulelwa kwamabinzana athile kwiNew World Translation, kuquka nokubuyiselwa kwegama likaThixo, uYehova. Uphengululo lweBhayibhile olwandayo lusoloko lunokwenzeka ngokusetyenziswa kweNew World Translation.

30. (a) Usebenzisa isicangca esikwiphepha 308 esibonisa imithombo yecandelo leSibhalo sesiHebhere sombhalo weNew World Translation, khawulande imbali yombhalo wesiHebhere ukuya kufikelela kwiBiblia Hebraica njengomthombo oyintloko weNew World Translation. (b) Yiyiphi eminye imithombo eye yabhekisela kuyo iKomiti yeNew World Bible Translation Committee?

³⁰ Kwesi sifundo kukho isicangca esibonisa imithombo yombhalo weZibhalo zesiHebhere kwiNew World Translation. Ngokufutshane esi sicangca sibonisa ukuveliswa kombhalo wesiHebhere eyathatyathwa kuwo iBiblia Hebraica kaKittel, engumthombo oyintloko owasetyenziswayo. Eminye imithombo ekwahlolisiswa kuyo iboniswe ngamachaphaza amhlophe. Oku akwenzelwanga ukubonisa ukuba kwimeko yeenguqulelo ezinjengeVulgate yesiLatini neSeptuagint yesiGrike, kwaye kwaphandwa kwiincwadi zamandulo. Njengoko kunjalo ngemibhalo ephefumlelweyo yesiHebhere ngokwayo, imibhalo yantlandlolo yezi nguqulelo ayisekho ngoku. Kwahlolisiswa kule mithombo ngeenguqulelo ezinokuthenjwa zale mibhalo okanye ngeenguqulelo zamandulo ezithembekileyo nemibhalo yabahlalutyi. Ngokuhlolisisa le mithombo yahlukahlukeneyo, iNew World Bible Translation Committee yakwazi ukuvelisa inguqulelo evunyiweyo nenokuthenjwa yeZibhalo zesiHebhere eziphefumlelweyo zamandulo. Yonke le mithombo iboniswe kwimibhalo esemazantsi yeNew World Translation.

31. (a) Ngoko ke, icandelo leSibhalo sesiHebhere leNew World Translation livela phi? (b) Ngubani esifanele simbulele yaye ngenxa yoko liliphi ithemba esifanele silivakalise?

³¹ Icandelo leSibhalo sesiHebhere leNew World Translation ngaloo ndlela liyimveliso yohlolisiso nophando lweBhayibhile oluthabathe ixesha elide. Lusekelwe kumbhalo othembeke gqitha, ongumphumo otyebileyo wokudluliselwa okuthembekileyo kwesibhalo. Ngotyibiliko nesimbo sokubhala esibangel’ umdla ivul’ ithuba lofundisiso olunenyameko lweBhayibhile kwinguqulelo enyanisekileyo nechanileyo. Siyambulela uYehova, uThixo onika ulwazi, ngokuba iLizwi lakhe liphilile yaye lisebenza ngamandla namhlanje! (Heb. 4:12) Ngamana abantu abantliziyo zinyanisekileyo bangaqhubeka besakha ukholo lwabo ngokufundisisa iLizwi elixabisekileyo likaThixo baze bashukunyiselwe ekwenzeni ukuthanda kukaYehova ebudeni bale mihla inomngcipheko.—2 Pet. 1:12, 13.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Isicangca esikwiphepha 313]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

IMIBHALO-NGQANGI ETHILE EBALASELEYO YEPHEPHA LOMZI

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi Umbhalo-ngqangi INash

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IRylands 458

Uphawu 957

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-2 B.C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IFouad 266

Ixesha Inkulungwane yoku-1 B.C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Uphawu I-4Q LXX Lev^b

Ixesha Inkulungwane yoku-1 B.C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IChester Beatty 6

Uphawu 963

Ixesha Iinkulungwane yesi-2 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IChester Beatty 9, 10

Uphawu 967/968

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-3 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

YeZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IOxyrhynchus 2

Uphawu P¹

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-3 C.E

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IOxyrhynchus 1228

Uphawu P²²

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-3 C.E

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IMichigan 1570

Uphawu P³⁷

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IChester Beatty 1

Uphawu P⁴⁵

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-3 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IChester Beatty 2

Uphawu P⁴⁶

Ixesha Malunga nowama-200 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IChester Beatty 3

Uphawu P⁴⁷

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-3 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IRylands 457

Uphawu P⁵²

Ixesha Malunga nowe-125 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IBodmer 2

Uphawu P⁶⁶

Ixesha Malunga nowama-200 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi Bodmer 7, 8

Uphawu P⁷²

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IBodmer 14, 15

Uphawu P⁷⁵

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-3 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

[Isicangca esikwiphepha 314]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

IMIBHALO-NGQANGI ETHILE EBALASELEYO YEVELLUM NEYESIKHUMBA

YeZibhalo ZesiHebhere (NgesiHebhere)

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IAleppo Codex

Uphawu Al

Ixesha Owama-930 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Ixesha Inkulungwane ye-10 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Uqikelelo Inkoliso yePentatiki

Lokuqulethweyo

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IKaraite Codex yaseCairo

Uphawu Ca

Ixesha Owama-895 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi ILeningrad Codex

Uphawu B 19^A

Ixesha Owe-1008 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Indawo ELeningrad,

eRashiya

Ofumaneka Kuyo

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IPetersburg Codex yabaProfeti

Uphawu B 3

Ixesha Owama-916 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Uphawu 1QIs^a

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

Uphawu 11QPs^a

Ixesha Inkulungwane yoku-1 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiHebhere

YeSeptuagint NeyeZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi OwaseSinayi

Uphawu 01( א)

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-4 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi OwakwaAlesandire

Uphawu A (02)

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-5 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi OwaseVatican i1209

Uphawu B (03)

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-4 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi IEphraemi Syri rescriptus

Uphawu C (04)

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-5 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi ICodex Bezae Cantabrigiensis

Uphawu D^ea (05)

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-5 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike nesiLatini

Igama Lombhalo-ngqangi ICodex Claromontanus

Uphawu D^P (06)

Ixesha Inkulungwane yesi-6 C.E.

Ulwimi IsiGrike nesiLatini

[Umzobo okwiphepha 308]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Imithombo Yombhalo WeNew World Translation—IZibhalo ZesiHebhere

Imibhalo Yantlandlolo YesiHebhere Nemibhalo Ekhutshelweyo Yokuqala

Imisongo Yolwandle Olufileyo

IiTargums ZesiAramiki

IPentatiki YamaSamariya

ISeptuagint YesiGrike

EyesiLatini Sakudala

EyesiCoptic, EyesiTopiya, EyesiArmenia

Umbhalo WesiHebhere Wamaqabane

IVulgate YesiLatini

IPeshitta YesiSiriya

Umbhalo WamaMasorete

ICodex YaseCairo

IPetersburg Codex YabaProfeti

ICodex YaseAleppo

Umbhalo WesiHebhere KaGinsburg

ICodex YaseLeningrad B 19^A

INew World Translation

IZibhalo ZesiHebhere—IsiNgesi; Ukusuka KwisiNge Ukuya Kwezinye Iilwimi Ezininzi Zanamhlanje

[Umzobo okwiphepha 309]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Imithombo Yombhalo WeNew World Translation—IZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike

Imibhalo Yantlandlolo YesiGrike Nemibhalo Ekhutshelweyo Yokuqala

Inguqulelo YesiArmenia

Iinguqulelo ZesiCoptic

IsiLatini sakudala

IVulgate YesiLatini

Imibhalo Ehlaziyiweyo YesiLatini KaSixtus NoClement

Oonobumba Abadityanisweyo BesiGrike I-MSS.

Umbhalo kaErasmus

Umbhalo KaStephanus

ITextus Receptus

Umbhalo WesiGrike KaGriesbach

IEmphatic Diaglott

Umbhalo WesiGrike KaWestcott NoHort

Umbhalo WesiGrike KaBover

Umbhalo WesiGrike KaMerk

Umbhalo WesiGrike KaNestle-Aland

Umbhalo WesiGrike WeMibutho Emanyeneyo YeBhayibhile

INew World Translation

IZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike—IsiNgesi; Ukusuka KwisiNgesi Ukuya Kwezinye Iilwimi Ezininzi Zanamhlanje