Indaleko Ematyaleni

Izazi ngendaleko ezizinikeleyo ngoku zifuna ngamandla ukuba kuphinde kuhlolisiswe imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo

KHAWUZITHELEKELELE uchophele ityala lokwaphul’ umthetho. Ummangalelwa uyafunga esithi akanatyala, yaye kuza amangqina ngaphambili ukuze amngqinele. Noko ke, ngoxa uphulaphule ubungqina bawo, uphawula ukuba ngqina ngalinye lithetha into eyahlukileyo kwelinye. Kwandule ke, xa la mangqina ommangalelwa ecelwa ukuba makakhe aphinde akhwele emkhumbini, eza namabali ahlukileyo. Njengalowo uza kugweba, ngaba ubungabukholelwa ubungqina bawo? Ngaba ubuya kucinga ngokumkhulula ummangalelwa? Ngokuqinisekileyo ubungenako, kuba nakuphi na ukungqubana kobungqina obunikelwa ngommangalelwa kwenza ukuba angakholelwa.

Injalo kanye ingcamango yendaleko. Kuye kweza ngaphambili intaphane yamangqina aza abalisa amabali ahlukahlukeneyo ngemvelaphi yobomi, ethethelela ingcamango yendaleko. Kodwa ngaba ubungqina bawo bebuya kukholelwa enkundleni? Ngaba abo baxhasa le ngcamango bayavumelana?

Ubungqina Obungqubanayo

Baqalisa njani ubomi? Mhlawumbi awukho omnye umbuzo oye wabangela abantu bacinga noye wabangela impikiswano njengalo. Kodwa, akubanjanwanga ngempikiswano phakathi kwendalo nendaleko kuphela; ubukhulu becala impikiswano iphakathi kwezazi ngendaleko zodwa. Phantse zonke iinkcukacha ngendaleko—ukuba yenzeka njani, yaqalisa phi, ngubani okanye yintoni eyayiqalisayo, nokuba le nkqubo yathabatha ixesha elide kangakanani—kuphikiswana ngazo ngokushushu.

Kangangeminyaka izazi ngendaleko bezisithi ubomi baqalisa kwiqula elifudumeleyo “lesuphu” yezinto eziphilayo. Ngoku zimbi zikholelwa ukuba ubomi bavela kugwebu olwaluselwandle. Kurhanelwa ukuba imithombo etshisayo engaphantsi elwandle yenye indawo obusenokuba baqalisa kuyo ubomi. Zimbi zithi izinto eziphilayo zafika neenkwenkwezi ezitshekayo (meteors) ezawela emhlabeni. Ezinye zithi mhlawumbi izijikelezi-langa ezincinane (asteroids) zabetheka emhlabeni zaza zaguqula iatmosfera, kwandula ke kwavela ubomi njengoko kwakusenzeka oko. Omnye umphengululi uthi: “Ukuba esikhulu kwizijikelezi-langa ezincinane zesinyithi singabetheka emhlabeni, ngokuqinisekileyo kungenzeka izinto ezibangel’ umdla.”

Nemeko ubomi obaqalisa phantsi kwayo iyahlolisiswa kwakhona. Iphephancwadi iTime lithi: “Ubomi abuzange buqalise phantsi kweemeko ezizolileyo nezipholileyo, njengoko kwakucingwa, kodwa baqalisa phantsi kwesibhakabhaka esasingathi sisihogo kwisijikelezi-langa ekwakukho kuso iintaba-mlilo umhla nezolo nesasintlithwa ziinkwenkwezi ezinomsila nezijikelezi-langa ezincinane.” Ukuba ubomi baqalisa kumbhodamo onjalo, ngoku ezinye izazinzulu zithi, le nkqubo iphela imele ukuba ayizange ithabathe ixesha elide njengoko bekucingwa ngaphambili.

Kwakhona izazinzulu zineembono ezahlukahlukeneyo ngendima kaThixo—“ukuba ukho”—kuyo yonke le nkqubo. Ezinye zithi ubomi baqalisa ngaphandle kokungenelela koMdali, ngoxa ezinye zisithi nguThixo owaqalisa le nkqubo waza wayekela kwindaleko ukuba iqhubeke.

Emva kokuba ubomi buqalisile, indaleko yenzeka njani? Kwanakule nkalo, ubungqina buyangqubana. Ngowe-1958, kwithuba elingangenkulungwane emva kokupapashwa kwencwadi ethi The Origin of Species, isazi ngendaleko uMhlekazi Julian Huxley sathi: “Eyona nto ibalulekileyo eyafunyaniswa nguDarwin, umgaqo wenkqubo yokwemvelo yokusindisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ekugqibeleni ingqineke ngokuqinisekileyo nangaphandle kwamathandabuzo ikuphela kwesixhobo senguqulelo enkulu yendaleko.” Noko ke, kwiminyaka engama-24 kamva, isazi ngendaleko uMichael Ruse sabhala: “Izazi ngebhayoloji ezingakumbi . . . zithi nayiphi na ingcamango yendaleko esekelwe kwimigaqo kaDarwin—ngokukodwa nayiphi na ingcamango ebalaselisa inkqubo yokwemvelo yokusindisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo njengeyona ingundoqo kwinguqulelo yendaleko—ayiphelelanga ibe iyalahlekisa.”

Iphephancwadi iTime, ngoxa lisithi kukho “ubungqina obuninzi obubambekayo” obuxhasa ingcamango yendaleko, sekunjalo liyavuma ukuba indaleko yintsomi entsonkothileyo “eneziphako ezininzi namabali amaninzi angqubanayo okunikela ubungqina obufunekayo.” Kunokuba zithi ityala ligwetyiwe, ezinye izazi ngendaleko ezizinikeleyo ngoku zifuna ngamandla ukuba kuphinde kuhlolisiswe imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubungqina obunikelwa ngendaleko—ngokukodwa indlela obaqalisa ngayo ubomi ngokutsho kwendaleko—buyangqubana. Isazinzulu uT. H. Janabi sithi abo bathethelela indaleko “bavelise baza balahla iingcamango ezininzi ezingachananga ukutyhubela iminyaka yaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku izazinzulu azikavumelani ngayo nayiphi na ingcamango.”

Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, uCharles Darwin wayeyilindele imbambano enjalo. Kwintshayelelo yencwadi ethi The Origin of Species, wabhala: “Ndisiqonda kakuhle isibakala sokuba akunakubakho nanye ingongoma exutyushwe kulo mqulu ekungenakuveliswa ezinye izibakala ngayo, ezisenokubonakala amaxesha amaninzi zikhokelela kwizigqibo ezichasene ngokungqalileyo nezo ndifikelele kuzo.”

Ngokwenene, ubungqina obunjalo obungqubanayo bubangela ukuba bungathenjwa ubunyaniso bengcamango yendaleko.

Ngaba Indaleko Lukhetho Lobulumko?

Incwadi ethi Milestones of History ithi, kususela ekuqaleni kwayo ingcamango yendaleko “yabangela umdla kubantu abaninzi kuba yayibonakala ichane ngakumbi ngokwenzululwazi kunengcamango yokudalwa kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.”

Ngaphezu koko, oko kuthethwa zizazi ngendaleko ezithile ziqinisekile kunokubonakala kusoyikisa. Ngokomzekelo, isazinzulu uH. S. Shelton sithi ingcamango yokudalwa kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo “ibubudenge gqitha ukuba ingahlolisiswa ngokucokisekileyo.” Isazi ngebhayoloji uRichard Dawkins ngokuphandle sithi: “Ukuba udibana nomntu othi akayikholelwa indaleko, loo mntu akazi nto, usisibhanxa okanye akaphilanga kakuhle engqondweni.” Ngokufanayo, uNjingalwazi René Dubos uthi: “Abantu abaninzi abakhanyiselweyo ngoku bayavuma ukuba liyinyaniso elokuba zonke izinto ezikwindalo iphela—ukususela kwizinto ezisesibhakabhakeni ukuya ebantwini—ziveliswe yaye ziyaqhubeka ziveliswa ziinkqubo zendaleko.”

Ngokuphuma koko kuthethwe ngasentla bekuya kubonakala ngathi nabani na ophilileyo kakuhle engqondweni ubeya kuyamkela ngokukhawuleza indaleko. Ngapha koko, ukwenjenjalo bekuya kuthetha ukuba ubani ‘ukhanyiselwe’ kunokuba abe ‘usisibhanxa.’ Ukanti, kukho amadoda namabhinqa afunde ada ayityekeza angayixhasiyo ingcamango yendaleko. UFrancis Hitching kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Neck of the Giraffe ubhala athi: “Ndifumanise izazinzulu ezininzi ezinamathandabuzo, kunye nembinana yezinye ezide zathi ingcamango yendaleko kaDarwin ingqineke iyingcamango engachananga tu kwaphela ngokwenzululwazi.”

UChandra Wickramasinghe, umakhwekhwetha wesazinzulu saseBritani, uvakalelwa ngendlela efanayo. Uthi: “Akukho bungqina bayo nayiphi na imigaqo esisiseko yemfundiso yendaleko kaDarwin. Abantu basuka nje bathi phithi yiyo ngowe-1860, yaye ndicinga ukuba iye yanemiphumo emibi kwinzululwazi ukususela ngoko.”

UT. H. Janabi wahlolisisa ubungqina obanikelwa zizazi ngendaleko. Uthi: “Ndifumanise imeko yahluke mpela kuleyo kuthiwa masiyikholelwe. Akukho bungqina buninzi yaye nobo bukhoyo abudibani ukuba bungaxhasa ingcamango entsonkothe ngolo hlobo njengengcamango yemvelaphi yobomi.”

Ngaloo ndlela, abo bangayamkeliyo imfundiso yendaleko abafanele babethwe ngoyaba ‘njengabangazi nto, abazizibhanxa okanye abangaphilanga kakuhle engqondweni.’ Ngokuphathelele iimbono ezicel’ umngeni indaleko, kwanoGeorge Gaylord Simpson isazi ngendaleko esizinikeleyo kwafuneka avume: “Ngokuqinisekileyo bekuya kuba yimpazamo ukungazamkeli ezi mbono njengezingafanele ziqwalaselwe. Abo banezi mbono babengabafundi (ibe basengabo) abakrelekrele.”

Kufuneka Ukholo

Bambi bacinga ukuba ukukholelwa kwindaleko kusekelwe kwizibakala, ngoxa ukukholelwa kwindalo kusekelwe kukholo. Liyinyaniso elokuba akukho mntu wakha wambona uThixo. (Yohane 1:18; thelekisa eyesi-2 kwabaseKorinte 5:7.) Sekunjalo, oku akuyithetheleli ingcamango yendaleko, ekubeni isekelwe kwiziganeko ekungekho mntu wakha wazibona okanye ezingazange ziphinde zenzeke.

Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu azikaze zikubone ukuguquka ngequbuliso kweeseli zemfuza—kwanoko kuyingenelo—okuvelisa uhlobo olutsha lwezinto eziphilayo; ukanti ziqinisekile ukuba le yindlela kanye izinto eziphilayo ezavela ngayo. Azizange zikubone ukuqalisa kobomi ngephanyazo buphuma kwizinto ezingaphiliyo; ukanti zimi ngelithi le yindlela ubomi obaqalisa ngayo.

Ukungabikho kobungqina okunjalo kubangela ukuba uT. H. Janabi ayibize ingcamango yendaleko ngokuthi “‘kukukholelwa’ kwimbudede.” Isazi ngephysics uFred Hoyle siyibiza ngokuthi “yiVangeli kaDarwin.” UGqr. Evan Shute yena akapheleli apho. Uthi: “Ndikholelwa ukuba umntu okholelwa kwindalo unezinto ezimbalwa eziyimfihlelo ekungafuneka azicacise kunomntu okholelwa ngentliziyo iphela kwindaleko.”

Nezinye iingcali ziyavumelana noko. Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi uRobert Jastrow siyavuma sisithi: “Xa ndicinga ngendlela umntu enziwe ngayo, ingcamango yokuba umntu owenziwe ngokungummangaliso wavela kwimichiza eyayikwiqula lamanzi afudumeleyo ibonakala ingummangaliso ngokufanayo nengxelo yeBhayibhile engemvelaphi yakhe.”

Ngoko, kutheni abaninzi bengekayamkeli ingcamango yokuba ubomi badalwa?

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]

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