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  • Indlela IBhayibhile Eyeza Ngayo Kuthi—Icandelo 3

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  • Indlela IBhayibhile Eyeza Ngayo Kuthi—Icandelo 3
  • IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—1997
  • Imixholwana
  • Amanqaku Afanayo
  • Abavangeli Nemibutho YeeBhayibhile
  • Iimvavanyo Zomnye Umguquleli
  • Ingxwabangxwaba Ngokuphathelele IBhayibhile
  • Izinto Ezifunyenweyo Zinceda Ukuqinisekisa Umongo WeBhayibhile
  • IWatch Tower Society Kunye NeBhayibhile
  • Inguqulelo Enye, Ngeelwimi Ezininzi
  • Iindaba Ezilungileyo Zazo Zonke Iintlanga
  • Ukushicilela Nokusasaza ILizwi LikaThixo Elingcwele
    AmaNgqina KaYehova—Abavakalisi Bobukumkani BukaThixo
  • Incwadi “Ethetha” Iilwimi Eziphilayo
    Incwadi Yabantu Bonke
  • Ukusindiswa KweCodex Sinaiticus
    IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—1988
  • Eyona Nto Ibalaseleyo Kubathandi Belizwi LikaThixo
    IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—1999
Khangela Okunye
IMboniselo Evakalisa UBukumkani BukaYehova—1997
w97 10/15 iphe. 8-12

Indlela IBhayibhile Eyeza Ngayo Kuthi—Icandelo 3

EBURMA, ngowe-1824—Amagosa okumkani asandul’ ukugqogqa ikhaya labavangeli uAdoniram noAnn Judson, ethabatha yonke into acinga ukuba ixabisekile. Kodwa awabufumananga obona buncwane buxabisekileyo—umbhalo-ngqangi oguqulelweyo weBhayibhile uAnn awayewumbele ngokufihlakeleyo ngaphantsi kwaloo ndlu. UAdoniram, umguquleli, ubotshwe ngemixokelelwane kwintolongo eneengcongconi, etyholwa ngokuba yintlola. Ngoku ukufuma okukhoyo kuza kuwutshabalalisa lo mbhalo-ngqangi. Unokuhlangulwa njani? UAnn uwuthungela ngaphakathi komqamelo oqinileyo aze awuthumele kumyeni wakhe entolongweni. Lo mqamelo uyalondolozeka, ibe oko kungaphakathi kwawo kuba yinxalenye yeBhayibhile yokuqala yolwimi lwaseBurma.

IBhayibhile iye yahlangabezana namahlandinyuka amaninzi anjalo ukutyhubela imbali. Kwiinkupho ezidluleyo, siye saqwalasela ukuguqulelwa nokusasazwa kweBhayibhile ukususela ekugqityweni kwayo ukusa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1600. Iye yaqhuba njani iBhayibhile ukususela ngoko ukuza kuthi ga ngoku? Ngaba yayiza kude ikwazi ukufikelela kubo bonke abantu? IWatch Tower Society iye yaphumeza yiphi indima?

Abavangeli Nemibutho YeeBhayibhile

Kumazwe amaninzi, iminyaka yee-1600 neyee-1700 yayibalasele ngolwando olukhulu lwabantu ababefunda iBhayibhile. Ngokukodwa elaseNgilani laphenjelelwa kakhulu yiBhayibhile ebudeni beli xesha. Eneneni, amabali neemfundiso zeBhayibhile zazinkenteza ezingqondweni zakhe phantse wonk’ ubani kwelo lizwe, ukususela kukumkani ukusa kwinkwenkwe ebamba ikhuba. Kodwa impembelelo yeBhayibhile yadlulela ngaphaya koko. Ngelo xesha iNgilani yayililizwe elalirhweba ngeenqanawa nelalinamathanga, ibe amaNgesi athile ayephatha iBhayibhile kuhambo lwawo. Oku kwakha isiseko sephulo elongezelelekileyo leBhayibhile.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1700, iBhayibhile yashukumisela abathile eNgilani ukuba bacinge ngeentswelo zokomoya zabantu bomthonyama bamazwe akude oBukhosi baseBritani. Noko ke, le nkxalabo yayingekho kubo bonke abantu. Uninzi lwabantu ababehamba icawa lwalukholelwa ekumiselweni kusengaphambili kwekamva, ibe ngoko lwalukugqala ikukuthanda kukaThixo ukungasindiswa kwabanye abantu. Xa lowo wayeza kuba ngumvangeli uWilliam Carey wanikela intetho eyayihlab’ umxhelo ezama ukufumana inkxaso kwiphulo lokuya eIndiya, mntu uthile wamkhwaza emngxolisa esithi: “Hlala phantsi, kwedini; xa uThixo efuna ukuguqula abahedeni, Uza kukwenza oko ngaphandle koncedo lwakho!” Noko ke, uCarey wanduluka ngenqanawa esinge eIndiya ngowe-1793. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ekugqibeleni waguqulela iBhayibhile iyonke okanye iinxalenye zayo ngeelwimi ezingama-35 zaseIndiya.

Abavangeli baqonda ukuba esona sixhobo sabo siyintloko yiBhayibhile yolwimi lwasekuhlaleni. Kodwa, ngubani owayeza kuza neeBhayibhile? Okubangel’ umdla kukuba iphulo lokusasaza iBhayibhile ehlabathini lonke laqaliswa yintwazana eyayineminyaka eli-16 ubudala yaseWales, uMary Jones ingaqondanga. Ngowe-1800, uMary wahamba iikhilomitha ezingama-40 ebetha ngezikaTshiwo eyokuthenga iBhayibhile yolwimi lwaseWales kumfundisi othile. Wayezongele le mali yakhe kangangeminyaka emithandathu, ibe xa uMary wafumanisa ukuba ezo Bhayibhile zazithengiswe zaphela, walila, intliziyo yakhe ibuhlungu. Echukumiseke ngokunzulu, lo mfundisi wanika uMary enye yeeBhayibhile zakhe.

Emva koko, lo mfundisi wacinga ngabanye abaninzi ababefuna iiBhayibhile, ibe wayixubusha loo ngxaki nabahlobo bakhe eLondon. Umphumo waba kukuba ngowe-1804, kusungulwe iBritish and Foreign Bible Society. Injongo yayo yayicacile: Ukwenza iiBhayibhile ezinexabiso elifikelelekayo zifumaneke ebantwini ngolwimi lwabo, ezingabhalwanga “mazwi okanye amagqabaza” athile. Ngokukhupha amagqabaza aseludinini lwamaphepha, abaseki balo Mbutho babenethemba lokuba baya kuphepha iimpikiswano ezingokweemfundiso. Noko ke, kangangezihlandlo eziliqela, lo Mbutho weBhayibhile wawusahlukana ngezimvo ngokuphathelele iiNcwadi Ezingaphefumlelwanga, ukubhaptizwa ngokuntywiliselwa emanzini nangemfundiso kaBathathu Emnye.

Ihlombe elabangelwa koku lanwenwa okomlilo wedobo, ibe ngowe-1813 neminye imibutho yasekwa eJamani, eNetherlands, eDenmark naseRashiya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imibutho yeBhayibhile yaya isiba mininzi kwamanye amazwe. Xa imibutho yokuqala yeBhayibhile yayimisela usukelo lwayo, yayicinga ukuba inkoliso yabantu ehlabathini yayisebenzisa iilwimi ezimbalwa ezisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ayizange iyicinge kwaukuyicinga into yokuba kwakukho ezinye iilwimi ezingamawaka! Babembalwa ngentelekiso abaguquleli ababesazi isiHebhere nesiGrike kangangokuba basiguqulele ngokungqalileyo besisa kulwimi lwabo. Ngoko ke, xa iBritish and Foreign Bible Society yayixhasa umsebenzi wokuguqulela, ngokufuthi abaguquleli babesekela iinguqulelo zabo kwiKing James Version yesiNgesi.

Iimvavanyo Zomnye Umguquleli

Ubukhulu becala iBhayibhile inamabali nemizekeliso esekelwe kwizinto zemihla ngemihla. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuyiguqulela kunokuba bekuya kuba njalo ukuba ibibhalwe ngamagama antsonkothileyo entandabulumko. Noko ke, kuyacaca ukuba imigudu yangaphambili yabavangeli maxa wambi yayivelisa iinguqulelo ezididayo okanye ezihlekisayo. Ngokomzekelo, enye inguqulelo yadlulisela kubantu bommandla othile waseIndiya ingcamango yokuba uThixo ungumntu onombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Igama elisetyenziswe endaweni yelithi “wasezulwini” kwibinzana elithi “uBawo wasezulwini” lalithetha ukuthi “onombala wesibhakabhaka”—amazulu okoqobo!

Ngokuphathelele imiqobo yomguquleli, uAdoniram Judson wabhala oku ngowe-1819: ‘Ukufunda ulwimi lwabantu abakwenye indawo yomhlaba, abacinga ngendlela eyahluke lee kweyethu, abachaza izinto ngendlela esingayaziyo, abanoonobumba namagama angayelelananga nokuyelelana kwawalo naluphi ulwimi esakha saluva; yaye kungekho sichazi-magama okanye mntu wokusitolikela yaye kwanokufumana umntu walapho wokusifundisa kuya kufuna ukuba sibe nentlantsana ngolo lwimi ukuze akwazi ukusifundisa—kungumsebenzi ongathethekiyo!’ Yaye umsebenzi wabaguquleli abafana noJudson wayenza iBhayibhile yafumaneka ngakumbi.—Bona isicangca esikwiphepha 12.

UAnn Judson wancedisa umyeni wakhe kumsebenzi onzima wokuguqulela. Kodwa esi sibini sakwaJudson asizange sijamelane neemvavanyo zokuguqulela kuphela. Xa amagosa okumkani arhola uAdoniram aza aya kumvalela entolongweni, uAnn wayekhulelwe. Ngenkalipho, wacenga loo magosa akhohlakeleyo ukuba akhulule umyeni wakhe kangangeenyanga ezingama-21. Loo manzithinzithi kunye nokugula kwakhe kwaba nomphumo ombi kwimpilo yakhe. Kungekudala emva kokukhululwa kuka-Adoniram, uAnn wakhe okhaliphileyo kunye nentwazana yabo encinane babulawa ngumkhuhlane. Intliziyo ka-Adoniram yayibuhlungu. Sekunjalo, wakhangela kuThixo ukuze afumane amandla waza waqhubeka eguqulela, wayigqiba iBhayibhile yolwimi lwaseBurma ngowe-1835. Kwangaxeshanye, lwalukho ucelomngeni olwalukhula eyayijamelene nalo iBhayibhile.

Ingxwabangxwaba Ngokuphathelele IBhayibhile

Ngeminyaka yee-1800 kwabakho ingxwabangxwaba enkulu ngokuphathelele imibandela yentlalo neyezobupolitika, ibe maxa wambi iBhayibhile yayiba nendima ephambili. Ngokomzekelo, nangona iRussian Bible Society yaqalisa iphantsi komlawuli kunye neCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, ekuhambeni kwexesha bawuchitha baza bawuvala lo Mbutho. (Abachasi balo Mbutho babesele betshise amawaka eeBhayibhile kwisithuba esimalunga nonyaka ngaphambilana.) Abefundisi bobuOthodoki ngoku bazimisela ukuphelisa oko amaKristu okuqala ayekuqalise ngehlombe—ukusasazwa kweBhayibhile kubo bonke abantu. Iinkokeli zobuOthodoki zenkulungwane ye-19 zema ngelithi iBhayibhile yayisisisongelo kwigunya leCawa nelikaRhulumente. Okuhlekisayo kukuba, amaqela ezobupolitika ayijonga iBhayibhile njengesixhobo seCawa noRhulumente sokwenza abantu bathobele, kunokuyijonga njengesisongelo kwabo basemagunyeni. IBhayibhile yayihlaselwa macala!

Kwakhona ekuhambeni kweminyaka ukuhlaselwa kweBhayibhile “zizifundiswa” kwaya kusanda. Ngowe-1831, uCharles Darwin waqalisa uhambo lwenqanawa olwaluza kukhokelela kwimfundiso yakhe yendaleko. Ngowe-1848, uMarx noEngels babhala iCommunist Manifesto, eyayisenza ubuKristu bubonakale busisixhobo sengcinezelo. Kwakhona ebudeni beli xesha, abahlalutyi abaqatha bathandabuza enoba iZibhalo zazinokuthenjwa nokuba abantu ekuthethwa ngabo eBhayibhileni yayingabantu bokwenene basembalini kusini na—kwanoYesu lo wembala! Kodwa abantu abacinga nzulu babubona ubumenemene beemfundiso ezichasa uThixo neBhayibhile, ibe basebenzisa uphengululo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthembeka kweBhayibhile. Omnye wabo yayinguKonstantin von Tischendorf, umJamani owayenesiphiwo sokuthetha iilwimi ezininzi.

Izinto Ezifunyenweyo Zinceda Ukuqinisekisa Umongo WeBhayibhile

UTischendorf wahamba wonke uMbindi Mpuma efuna imibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo yeBhayibhile, enethemba lokufumana umbhalo wamandulo weBhayibhile oqinisekileyo. Ngowe-1859, unyaka uDarwin awapapasha ngawo incwadi ethi The Origin of Species, uTischendorf wafumana owona mbhalo mdala kweyayisaziwa ngoko yeZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike kwikhaya loonongendi elikumazantsi eNtaba yeSinayi. Lo mbhalo waziwa ngokuba yiCodex Sinaiticus, ibe mhlawumbi wabhalwa malunga neminyaka engama-50 ngaphambi kokuba uJerome agqibe iVulgate yesiLatini. Nangona kungekaqondakali enoba ukuwususa kwakhe lo mbhalo-ngqangi kwikhaya loonongendi kwakuyinto efanelekileyo kusini na, uTischendorf wawupapasha, ngaloo ndlela ewenza ukwazi ukufumaneka kubaphengululi.a

Ngenxa yokuba iSinaiticus yayiphakathi kweyona mibhalo-ngqangi midala yolwimi lwantlandlolo, ayizange ityhile ukuba iZibhalo zesiGrike zazingatshintshanga kuphela kodwa kwakhona yanceda abaphengululi ukuba bavumbulule iimpazamo ezazingene kwimibhalo-ngqangi yamva. Ngokomzekelo, imbekiselo ethetha ngoYesu kweyoku-1 kuTimoti 3:16 kwiSinaiticus ifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Lowo wenziwa wabonakala esenyameni.” Kunokusebenzisa igama elithi “lowo,” inkoliso yemibhalo-ngqangi eyayisaziwa ngoko yasebenzisa isishunqulelo segama elithi “Thixo,” esenziwa ngokwenza utshintsho oluncinane kwigama lesiGrike elithi “lowo.” Noko ke, iSinaiticus yabhalwa kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kwawo nawuphi na umbhalo-ngqangi wesiGrike osebenzisa igama elithi “Thixo.” Ngaloo ndlela, yatyhila ukuba kamva lo mbhalo wonakaliswa, ekubonakala ukuba injongo yayikukuxhasa imfundiso kaBathathu Emnye.

Ukususela ngexesha likaTischendorf, mininzi imibhalo-ngqangi eye yafunyanwa. Namhlanje, isimbuku semibhalo-ngqangi eyaziwayo yeZibhalo zesiHebhere simalunga nama-6000, ibe eseZibhalo zesiGrike singaphezu kwe-13 000. Ukuthelekiswa kwale mibhalo-ngqangi kuye kwaphumela ekubeni kubekho umbhalo wolwimi lwantlandlolo onokuthenjwa. Kunjengoko umphengululi uF. F. Bruce wachazayo: “Iindlela ezingafaniyo zokuguqulela . . . azisenzi sithandabuzeke nasiphi na isibakala esingokwembali okanye unqulo noqheliselo lwamaKristu.” Ngoxa ukuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile ukusa kwiilwimi ezininzi kwakuqhubeka, olu lwazi lwandileyo lwalunokubanceda njani abantu?

IWatch Tower Society Kunye NeBhayibhile

Ngowe-1881 iqaqobana elinyanisekileyo labafundisi nabafundi beBhayibhile laseka oko kamva kwathi kwaba yiWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Ekuqaleni, lalisasaza iiBhayibhile ezaziveliswa yeminye imibutho yeBhayibhile, kuquka neZibhalo zesiGrike zikaTischendorf. Noko ke, ngowe-1890, lalisele lingene nzulu ekupapasheni iBhayibhile, lisasaza eyokuqala kwiinguqulelo ezininzi zeBhayibhile. Ngowe-1926 uMbutho waqalisa ukushicilela iBhayibhile kumatshini wawo wokushicilela. Kodwa yaya ibonakala imfuneko yenguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yeBhayibhile. Ngaba ulwazi olwaluzuzwe kwizinto ezafunyanwayo nakuphengululo lwenkulungwane engaphambili lwalunokufakwa kwiBhayibhile eqondakala lula nenexabiso elifikelelekayo? Benale njongo, ngowe-1946 abo babezinxulumanise nalo Mbutho bazimisela ukuvelisa inguqulelo entsha yeZibhalo.

Inguqulelo Enye, Ngeelwimi Ezininzi

Kwasekwa ikomiti yokuguqulela eyayiyilwe ngamaKristu athanjisiweyo anamava ukuze ivelise iNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures ngesiNgesi. Yapapashwa yayimiqulu emithandathu, yakhutshwa ngowe-1950 ukusa kowe-1960, kuqalwa ngeZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike. Ukususela ngowe-1963 iye yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezingakumbi ezingama-27, ibe ezingakumbi zisaguqulelwa. Usukelo lwezinye iilwimi luyafana nolo lwesiNgesi. Okokuqala, le nguqulelo kufuneka ichane, isondele kwiingcamango zantlandlolo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Intsingiselo ayifanele iguqulwe ukuze ivumelane nemfundiso ethile. Okwesibini, le nguqulelo kufuneka ingqinelane, isebenzise indlela enye yokuguqulela igama ngalinye logama nje umongo uvuma. Loo nto inceda abo baza kuyifunda babone indlela ababhali beBhayibhile ababewasebenzisa ngayo amagama athile. Okwesithathu, le nguqulelo kufuneka iguqulelwe igama ngegama kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokufihla intsingiselo. Ukuguqulelwa kwayo igama negama kwenza lowo uyifundayo akwazi ukuva iimpawu zeelwimi zantlandlolo kunye neengcamango ezinxulumene nazo. Yaye okwesine, ifanele ifundeke yaye iqondakale lula kubantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ukuguqulelwa kwegama ngegama kwiNew World Translation yesiNgesi kuyenza ikwazi ukuguquleleka nangezinye iilwimi. Ngenxa yoku ngoku amaqela abaguquleli boMbutho asebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha zala maxesha ukuze akhawulezise umsebenzi wawo yaye uchane ngakumbi. Le nkqubo yenza abaguquleli bakwazi ukwenza uludwe lwezithetha-ntonye zegama ngalinye. Kwakhona ibenza bakwazi ukufunda indlela isiNgesi esiliguqulela ngayo igama ngalinye lesiHebhere nelesiGrike eliseBhayibhileni.

Ukuguqulela ngokusuka esiNgesini kuneengenelo ezibalulekileyo kunokuguqulela ngokusuka kwisiHebhere nesiGrike ngokungqalileyo. Ngaphandle kokukhawulezisa umsebenzi wokuguqulela, kwenza zonke iilwimi zisebenzise amabinzana afanayo. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba kulula ukuguqulela ngokuchanileyo ukusuka kulwimi lwale mihla ukusa kolunye kunokuguqulela ukusuka kulwimi lwamandulo ukusa kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zale mihla. Ngapha koko, abaguquleli banako ukunxibelelana nabantu abathetha iilwimi zale mihla kodwa abanako ukunxibelelana nabeelwimi ezazithethwa kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo.

Iindaba Ezilungileyo Zazo Zonke Iintlanga

Kuninzi okunokubhalwa ngamadoda namabhinqa awayezimisele ukufak’ isandla ekwenzeni iBhayibhile ibe yeyona ncwadi ifumaneka kakhulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka emhlabeni. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ubuncinane ngamawaka amane ezigidi zeeBhayibhile neenxalenye zeBhayibhile aye ashicilelwa ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwamawaka amabini, ezithethwa ngabemi bomhlaba abangaphezulu lee kuma-90 ekhulwini!

IBhayibhile yaxela kwangaphambili ngokuvakaliswa koBukumkani bukaThixo ehlabathini lonke kumhla wethu. Ngenxa yoko, kuyacaca ukuba uYehova uThixo uye wafak’ isandla ekwenzeni iBhayibhile ngoku phantse ibe ifumaneka kumntu wonke osemhlabeni. (Mateyu 13:47, 48; 24:14) Abaguquleli nabapapashi beBhayibhile bamandulo abangenaloyiko babeka yonke into yabo esichengeni ukuze benze silifumane iLizwi likaThixo—ekuphela komthombo wokukhanya kokomoya kwihlabathi elisebumnyameni ngokokuziphatha. Ngamana umzekelo wabo ungakushukumisela ukuba ulifunde elo Lizwi, uphile ngalo, yaye wabelane nabanye ngalo unenjongo efanayo naleyo bayibonakalisayo. Ewe, imihla ngemihla, yisebenzise iBhayibhile enokuthenjwa esezandleni zakho!—Isaya 40:6-8.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

a Bona inqaku elithi “Ukusindiswa KweCodex Sinaiticus” kwiMboniselo kaOktobha 15, 1988.

[Isicangca esikwiphepha 12]

Ukwanda Kokuguqulelwa KweBhayibhile

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Inani

Leelwimi

1 AmaYuda aqalisa ukuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere ezisa kwisiGrike

c. 280 B.C.E.

12 UJerome ugqibezela iVulgate yesiLatini c. 400 C.E.

35 UGutenberg ugqibezela iBhayibhile yokuqala c. 1455

81 IBritish and Foreign Bible Society eyasekwa ngowe-1804

Inani Eliqikelelwayo Leelwimi Ngokweminyaka

522

1900

600

700

800

900

1 049

1950

1 100

1 200

1 300

1 471

1970

2 123

1996

2 200

2 300

2 400

[Inkcazelo]

Sources: Christianity Today, United Bible Society

[Inkcazelo ekwiphepha 9]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]

UJudson wabotshwa waza warholwa

[Inkcazelo]

From the book Judson the Hero of Burma, by Jesse Page

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

UTischendorf wasindisa umbhalo-ngqangi oxabisekileyo kulo mzi woonongendi osemazantsi eNtaba yeSinayi

[Inkcazelo]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

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