Umthetho Odluliselwa Ngomlomo—Kwakutheni Ukuze Ubhalwe?
KWAKUTHENI ukuze amaYuda amaninzi enkulungwane yokuqala angafuni ukumamkela uYesu njengoMesiya? Elinye ingqina lokuzibonela lithi: “Akuya etempileni [uYesu], ababingeleli abaziintloko namadoda amakhulu abantu beza kuye ngoxa wayefundisa baza bathi: ‘Uzenza ngagunya liphi na ezi zinto? Yaye ngubani na okunike eli gunya?’ ” (Mateyu 21:23) Kubo, uSomandla wayenike uhlanga lwamaYuda iTorah (uMthetho), yaye wanika amadoda athile igunya elivela kuThixo. Ngaba uYesu wayenalo igunya elinjalo?
UYesu wabonakalisa intlonelo enzulu ngeTorah nangabo babeyigqala njengegunya kubo. (Mateyu 5:17-20; Luka 5:14; 17:14) Kodwa wayesoloko ebakhalimela abo babeyaphula imithetho kaThixo. (Mateyu 15:3-9; 23:2-28) Loo madoda ayelandela izithethe ezabizwa ngokuba ngumthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo. UYesu akazange akuvume ukuwugqala njengegunya. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi abazange bamgqale njengoMesiya. Babekholelwa ukuba ngulowo uxhasa izithethe zabo basemagunyeni kuphela onokuxhaswa nguThixo.
Wawuvela phi lo mthetho udluliselwa ngomlomo? Kwenzeka njani ukuba amaYuda awugqale njengonegunya elilingana noMthetho obhalwe eZibhalweni? Yaye ukuba kwakumele udluliselwe ngomlomo, ekugqibeleni kwakutheni ukuze ubhalwe?
Zazivela phi Zona Izithethe?
AmaSirayeli enza umnqophiso noYehova uThixo kwiNtaba yaseSinayi ngowe-1513 B.C.E. NgoMoses, afumana imithetho ebhaliweyo yaloo mnqophiso. (Eksodus 24:3) Ukulandela le mithetho kwakuya kuwanika ithuba lokuba ‘azingqine engcwele ngokuba noYehova uThixo wawo ungcwele.’ (Levitikus 11:44) Ngaphantsi komnqophiso woMthetho, ukunqula uYehova kwakuquka amadini awayenikelwa ngumbingeleli onyuliweyo. Kwakumele kubekho isazulu sonqulo—ekugqibeleni esasiza kuba setempileni eYerusalem.—Duteronomi 12:5-7; 2 Kronike 6:4-6.
UMthetho kaMoses wawusisiseko sendlela uSirayeli awayefanele amnqule ngayo uYehova njengohlanga. Noko ke, ezinye iinkcukacha zazingacaciswanga ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokomzekelo, uMthetho wawukwalela ukusebenza ngeSabatha, kodwa awuzange uwucacise umahluko phakathi komsebenzi nezinye izinto.—Eksodus 20:10.
Ukuba uYehova wayebone kufanelekile ukwenjenjalo, ngewayenze imigaqo eyayiza kukwazi ukuphendula yonke imibuzo eyayisenokungaqondwa. Kodwa wabadala abantu banesazela, yaye wabavumela ukuba bazikhethele ukumkhonza ngokukhululekileyo lo gama nje bevumelana nemithetho yakhe. UMthetho wenza ilungiselelo lokuba ababingeleli, abaLevi nabagwebi bagwebe amatyala. (Duteronomi 17:8-11) Njengokuba amatyala ayesanda, kwamiselwa imigaqo emayilandelwe yaye alithandabuzeki elokuba eminye yadluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Iinkqubo ezazilandelwa ngababingeleli kwinkonzo yabo kwitempile kaYehova zazidluliselwa ngubawo kunyana. Ukwanda kwamava olo hlanga, kwabangela ukuba kwande nezithethe zalo.
Noko ke, eyona nto yayibalulekile ngonqulo lwamaSirayeli, yayinguMthetho obhaliweyo owanikelwa kuMoses. IEksodus 24:3, 4 ithi: “Waya uMoses, wabaxelela abantu onke amazwi kaYehova, namasiko onke. Baphendula bonke abantu ngazwi-nye, bathi, onke amazwi awathethileyo uYehova sowenza. Wawabhala uMoses onke amazwi kaYehova.” Kungokugcina le mithetho ibhaliweyo awayeza kuthi uThixo enze umnqophiso namaSirayeli. (Eksodus 34:27, akekeliswe sithi.) Enyanisweni, iZibhalo azithethi nokuthetha ngomthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo.
“Ngubani Na Okunike Eli Gunya?”
UMthetho kaMoses washiya igunya eliphambili lokunqula nolwalathiso kubabingeleli, inzala ka-Aron. (Levitikus 10:8-11; Duteronomi 24:8; 2 Kronike 26:16-20; Malaki 2:7) Noko ke, ebudeni beenkulungwane, abanye ababingeleli abazange bathembeke yaye babenganyanisekanga. (1 Samuweli 2:12-17, 22-29; Yeremiya 5:31; Malaki 2:8, 9) Ebudeni bokulawula kwamaGrike, ababingeleli abaninzi babelalanisa kwimibandela yonqulo. Kwinkulungwane yesibini ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, abaFarisi—iqela elitsha lamaYuda elalingabathembi ababingeleli—laqalisa ukufaka izithethe ezaziza kubenza abantu abaqhelekileyo bazigqale bengcwele njengababingeleli. Ezi zithethe zazithandwa ngabaninzi, kodwa zongezelela amasolotya angamkelekanga eMthethweni.—Duteronomi 4:2; 12:32 (13:1 kuhlelo lwamaYuda).
AbaFarisi baba ngabaphengululi abatsha boMthetho, besenza umsebenzi ababevakalelwa kukuba ababingeleli babengawenzi. Ekubeni uMthetho kaMoses wawungavumelani negunya labo, bavelisa iindlela ezintsha neziliqela zokutolika iZibhalo ngokuntsonkothileyo nangezinye iindlela ezazixhasa iimbono zabo.a Njengabagcini nabakhuthazi bezi zithethe, benza isiseko esitsha segunya kwaSirayeli. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, abaFarisi baba negunya eliphambili kubuYuda.
Njengoko babeqokelela izithethe ezazikho ezazidluliselwa ngomlomo baza bakhangela indlela ezisebenza ngayo iZibhalo ukuze bamisele ezabo ezingakumbi, abaFarisi babona imfuneko yokwandisa igunya labo kwizinto ababezenza. Kwabakho nenye indlela entsha ephathelele imvelaphi yezi zithethe. Oorabhi baqalisa imfundiso ethi: “UMoses wafumana iTorah eSinayi waza wayidlulisela kuYoshuwa, uYoshuwa wayidlulisela kubadala, abadala bayidlulisela kubaprofeti. Yaye abaprofeti bayidlulisela kumadoda ebhunga elikhulu.”—Avot 1:1, iMishnah.
Xa babesithi, “uMoses wafumana iTorah,” oorabhi babengabhekiseli kwimithetho ebhaliweyo kuphela kodwa babebhekisela nakwizithethe zabo ezazidluliselwa ngomlomo. Babesithi ezi zithethe—ezaziqulunqwe zaza zenziwa ngabantu—uThixo wazidlulisela kuMoses eSinayi. Yaye babefundisa ukuba uThixo wayengazange akushiyele ebantwini ukuba bacacise oko kwakusele, kodwa wakudlulisela ngomlomo oko kwakungabhalwanga eMthethweni. Ngokutsho kwabo, uMoses wadlulisela lo mthetho kuzo zonke izizukulwana, kungekhona kubabingeleli, kodwa kwezinye iinkokeli. AbaFarisi babesithi eli gunya “lingazange liqhawuke” ngokuzenzekelayo ladluliselwa kubo.
UMthetho Ukwimeko Emaxongo—Isicombululo Esitsha
UYesu, elalithandatyuzwa ziinkokeli zamaYuda igunya awayelinikwe nguThixo, wayekuxele kusengaphambili ukutshatyalaliswa kwetempile. (Mateyu 23:37–24:2) Emva kokuba amaRoma eyitshabalalisile itempile ngowama-70 C.E., izinto ezazifunwa nguMthetho kaMoses ezaziquka amadini nenkonzo yombingeleli zazingasenakwenziwa. UThixo wayemisele umnqophiso omtsha ngenxa yedini likaYesu lentlawulelo. (Luka 22:20) Umnqophiso woMthetho kaMoses wawuphelisiwe.—Hebhere 8:7-13.
Kunokubona ezi ziganeko njengobungqina bokuba uYesu wayenguMesiya, abaFarisi bafumana esinye isicombululo. Babesele belithabathele kubo igunya lababingeleli. Ekubeni itempile yayisele itshatyalalisiwe, babesenokuthabatha elinye inyathelo. Iziko lemfundo loorabhi elaliseYavneh laba sisazulu seSanhedrin esekwe ngokutsha—inkundla ephakamileyo yamaYuda. Ngaphantsi kukaYohanan ben Zakkai noGamaliyeli II eYavneh, ubuYuda bamiselwa ngokutsha. Iinkonzo ezazibakho kwizindlu zesikhungu, ezazikhokelwa ngoorabhi, zathabathel’ indawo unqulo lwasetempileni, olwalusonganyelwa ngababingeleli. Imithandazo, ingakumbi leyo yayisenziwa ngoMhla Wocamagusho, yathabathela indawo amadini. AbaFarisi baqiqa ngelithi kumthetho owawudluliselwe ngomlomo kuMoses eSinayi kwakusele kuboniwe oku kwaza kwenziwa elinye ilungiselelo ngenxa yako.
Izikolo zoorabhi zabaluleka ngakumbi. Kuludwe oluphambili lwezifundo kwakuxutyushwa, kucengcelezwe kuze kusetyenziswe umthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo. Ngaphambili, umthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo wawusekelwe kwindlela ezazitolikwa ngayo iZibhalo—iMidrash. Ngoku, izithethe ezazisoloko zisanda zaqalisa ukufundiswa nokulungelelaniswa ngokwahlukileyo. Ngongoma nganye yomthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo yayishwankathelwa, ibe ngamabinzana ekulula ukuwacengceleza, maxa wambi yenziwe ibe liculo.
Kwakutheni Ukuze Kubhalwe Umthetho Odluliselwa Ngomlomo?
Ubuninzi bezikolo zoorabhi nokwanda kwemithetho yabo kwadala ingxaki entsha. Umphengululi ngezifundo zoorabhi uAdin Steinsaltz uyacacisa: “Mfundisi ngamnye wayenendlela yakhe yokufundisa yaye wayeshwankathela imithetho yakhe ngendlela yena afuna ngayo. . . . Kwakungasanelanga ukuqhelana neemfundiso zomntu omnye okufundisayo, yaye umfundi wayenyanzeleka ukuba aziqhelanise nemithetho ebhaliweyo yabanye abafundisi . . . Ngaloo ndlela abafundi kwakunyanzeleka ukuba bacengceleze izinto ezininzi ngenxa ‘yokwanda kolwazi.’ ” Kuloo nkcazelo iphixeneyo, abafundi babecengceleza de baqhekek’ iintloko.
Ngenkulungwane yesibini ngeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, imvukelo yamaYuda nxamnye neRoma, eyayikhokelwa nguBar Kokhba, yaphumela ekutshutshisweni ngokukrakra kwabafundisi abangoorabhi. UAkiba—oyena rabhi mkhulu, owayexhasa uBar Kokhba—nabanye abafundisi abaphambili babulawa. Oorabhi babesoyika ukuba ukuqaliswa kwakhona kwentshutshiso kwakunokuwubeka engozini yokutshatyalaliswa umthetho wabo odluliselwa ngomlomo. Babekholelwa ukuba izithethe zazidluliselwa bhetele ngomlomo ukusuka kumfundisi ziye kumfundi, kodwa ezi meko zitshintshayo zakhokelela kwimigudu engakumbi yokuyila inkqubo elungeleleneyo yokulondoloza le mfundiso yezilumko, ukuze ingalityalwa ngonaphakade.
Kamva ebudeni bexesha loxolo eRoma, uJudah Ha-Nasi, urabhi owayekhokela ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini nangasekuqaleni kweyesithathu ngeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, waqokelela abafundisi abaliqela wafumana izithethe eziliqela ezidluliselwa ngomlomo awazilungelelanisa zayinkqubo eneMiyalelo emithandathu, ingulowo wohlulwe wangamacandelo amancinane—angama-63 ewonke. Loo ncwadi kwathiwa yiMishnah. UEphraim Urbach, olawula umthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo, ugqabaza enjenje: “IMishnah . . . yanikwa igunya elingazange linikwe nayiphi na incwadi ngaphandle kweTorah.” UMesiya wagatywa, itempile yatshatyalaliswa, kodwa umthetho odluliselwa ngomlomo wabhalwa wayiMishnah, kwaba kuqalisa into entsha kubuYuda.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a Le ndlela yokutolika esi Sibhalo ibizwa ngokuba yimidrash.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]
Kwakutheni ukuze amaYuda amaninzi aligatye igunya likaYesu?