Nangolwimi Olubhangileyo IBhayibhile Iyaphila

KWEZI nkulungwane zimbalwa zidlulileyo, isiqingatha seelwimi ebezithethwa ehlabathini siye sabhanga. Ulwimi luyafa xa abantu balo bomthonyama bengasaluthethi. Kutshiwo ngaloo ngqiqo ke ukuba isiLatini “lulwimi olufileyo,” nangona sisafundwa yaye silulwimi olusemthethweni—eVatican City.

Ezinye zeenguqulelo zokuqala zeBhayibhile zazibhalwe ngesiLatini. Ngaba ezo nguqulelo ezabhalwa ngolwimi olufileyo “zingaphila” namhlanje zize ziphembelele abafundi beBhayibhile? Imbali echukumisayo yezo nguqulelo iyasinceda siphendule loo mbuzo.

Ezona Nguqulelo Zindala ZesiLatini

IsiLatini sasilulwimi lokuqala lwaseRoma. Kodwa ke umpostile uPawulos wawabhalela ngesiGrike amaKristu eso sixeko.a Loo nto ayizange ibe yingxaki kuba abantu balapho babekuqhelile ukuthetha ezo lwimi zimbini. Ekubeni abahlali abaninzi baseRoma babevela kummandla waseMpuma othetha isiGrike, kwakusithiwa amaGrike ayasithimba isixeko. Iilwimi ezazithethwa kubuKhosi baseRoma zazisahluka ngokweendawo, kodwa njengoko ubukhosi babusiya bukhula nolwimi lwesiLatini lwaya lukhula. Ngenxa yoko iZibhalo eZingcwele zaguqulelwa zisuka kwisiGrike zaya kwisiLatini. Kubonakala ngathi le nto yaqala kuMntla Afrika ngenkulungwane yesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo.

Iinguqulelo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezaye zaveliswa zaye zabizwa ngokuba yiVetus Latina okanye i-Old Latin. Namhlanje awukho umbhalo-ngqangi opheleleyo weZibhalo obhalwe ngesiLatini. Iinxalenye eziye zasinda okanye zacatshulwa ngababhali bamandulo zenza kubonakale ngathi iVetus Latina yayingeyiyo incwadi enye. Kunoko kubonakala ngathi yaveliswa ngabaguquleli abahlukahlukaneyo ababeyenza ngamaxesha angafaniyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko, kunokuba ibe yincwadi edibeneyo yayiyingqokelela yeenguqulelo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Oku kuguqulelwa kweZibhalo kwisiLatini ngabantu abahlukahlukeneyo kwadala impixano. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesine yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo uAugustine wayekholelwa ukuba “nabani na owayefumana umbhalo ngqangi wesiGrike nowayecinga ukuba wayezazi ezi lwimi zimbini—enoba kancinane kangakanani—wayeguqulela” kwisiLatini. UAugustine nabanye abantu babecinga ukuba kwakukho iinguqulelo ezininzi kakhulu yaye babekuthandabuza ukuchana kwazo.

Inguqulelo kaJerome

Indoda eyazama ukuwuphelisa lo mbhodamo nguJerome, owayekhe abe ngunobhala kaDamasus owayengubhishophu waseRoma ngowama-382 C.E. Lo bhishophu wacela uJerome ukuba ahlaziye iincwadi zeVangeli zesiLatini, yaye uJerome wawugqiba loo msebenzi kwiminyaka nje embalwa. Emva koko wahlaziya inguqulelo yesiLatini yezinye iincwadi zeBhayibhile.

Inguqulelo kaJerome, kamva eyabizwa ngokuba yiVulgate, yayisekelwe kwimithombo eyahlukahlukeneyo. UJerome waziguqulela iiNdumiso ngokusuka kwiSeptuagint, inguqulelo yesiGrike yeZibhalo zesiHebhere eyagqitywa ngenkulungwane yesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Wahlaziya iincwadi zeVangeli waza waguqulela inxalenye enkulu yeZibhalo zesiHebhere ngokusuka kwisiHebhere ezazibhalwe ngaso ekuqaleni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinye iZibhalo zahlaziywa ngabanye. Ekugqibeleni iinxalenye ezithile zeVetus Latina zadityaniswa neVulgate kaJerome.

Ekuqaleni umsebenzi kaJerome awuzange uthandwe kangako. Nkqu noAugustine wawuhlaba amadlala. Noko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe yaya isamkeleka njengeyona Bhayibhile ifanelekileyo. Ngenkulungwane yesibhozo neyethoba, abaphengululi abanjengoAlcuin noTheodulf baqalisa ukulungisa iimpazamo ezenziwa ngabantu ababekhuphela inguqulelo kaJerome. Abanye bayahlulahlula yaba zizahluko le nguqulelo, nto leyo eyayisenza kube lula ukufunda iZibhalo. Xa kwaqaliswa ukushicilelwa ngoomatshini, inguqulelo kaJerome yaba yiBhayibhile yokuqala ukushicilelwa.

Kwakungowe-1546 kwiBhunga laseTrent apho iCawa yamaKatolika yayibiza okokuqala ngokuba yiVulgate inguqulelo kaJerome. Ibhunga lavuma ukuba le Bhayibhile “ichanile” ngaloo ndlela liyiphakamisa njengeBhayibhile emele ifundwe ngamaKatolika. Kwangaxeshanye, ibhunga layalela ukuba ihlaziywe. Lo msebenzi wawuza kuvelelwa ziikomiti ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ke uPope Sixtus V owayezithembe ngokugqithiseleyo waphelelwa ngumonde waza wagqiba kwelokuba awugqibezele ngokwakhe. Lo popu wafa ngowe-1590 emva nje kokuba kuqalisiwe ukushicilelwa kwenguqulelo yakhe ehlaziyiweyo. Iikhadinali zawukhaba ngawo omane ngokukhawuleza lo msebenzi wakhe zisithi uzele ziimpazamo.

Inguqulelo eyapapashwa ngowe-1592 phantsi kukaPope Clement VIII ekugqibeleni yabizwa ngokuba yinguqulelo yeSixtine Clementine. Yaqhubeka iyinguqulelo esemthethweni yeCawa yamaKatolika ixesha elithile. Ezinye iinguqulelo zamaKatolika ezinjengeAntonio Martini, inguqulelo yesiTaliyani eyagqitywa ngowe-1781 zaziguqulelwe ngokusuka kule Sixtine Clementine Vulgate.

IBhayibhile Yale Mihla YesiLatini

Ukuhlalutywa kweVulgate ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwenza kwacaca ukuba kwakufuneka ihlaziywe njengezinye iinguqulelo. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1965 iCawa yamaKatolika yamisela iKomishini yeNew Vulgate eyayiza kuhlaziya inguqulelo yesiLatini ngokuvisisana nolwazi olwalukho ngaloo maxesha. Le nguqulelo yayiza kusetyenziswa xa kuqhutywa inkonzo zamaKatolika ngesiLatini.

Inxalenye yokuqala yale nguqulelo yagqitywa ngowe-1969, waza uPope John Paul II wapasisa iNova Vulgata ngowe-1979. Inguqulelo yokuqala yayinegama likaThixo elithi-Iahveh kwiindinyana eziliqela kuquka ne-Eksodus 3:15 kunye neye-6:3. Inguqulelo yesibini yona eyapapashwa ngowe-1986, njengokuba elinye ilungu lale komiti lakhe latsho, “yaguquka . . . Yalisusa igama elithi Iahveh yaza yabuyisela elithi Dominus [‘Nkosi’].”

Kanye njengokuba iVulgate yayigxekwa kwiinkulungwane ezingaphambili, nayo iNova Vulgata yagxekwa nkqu nangabaphengululi abangamaKatolika. Nangona ekuqaleni kwakuthiwe yinguqulelo eyayiza kumanyanisa iimvaba ezahlukahlukeneyo, abanye babesithi yayiza kuzithintela izimvo ezahlukeneyo, ingakumbi njengokuba kwakusithiwa kufanele kusetyenziswe yona kuphela xa kuguqulelwa iilwimi zangoku. EJamani iNova Vulgata yaxabanisa amaProtestanti namaKatolika xa kwakusenziwa inguqulelo eyayiza kwamkelwa ngabo bonke. AmaProtestanti ayetyhola amaKatolika ngelithi ayenzanzelisa ukuba le nguqulelo intsha ihambisane neNova Vulgata.

Nangona singasathethwa ngabantu abaninzi isiLatin, iBhayibhile yesiLatin iye yaphembelela izigidi zabafundi ngokungqalileyo nangokungangqalanga. Yiyo encede abantu beelwimi ezininzi baqamba amagama onqulo. Enoba liguqulelwa ngaluphi na ulwimi, iLizwi likaThixo liyakuhlala linamandla yaye lutshintsha ubomi babantu abazabalazela ukwenza izinto elizifundisayo.—Hebhere 4:12.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 23]

UPope John Paul II wapasisa iNova Vulgata. Inguqulelo yayo yokuqala yayinegama likaThixo elithi: Iahveh

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 21]

IINGUQULELO EZIYE ZENZA IMBALI

IVetus Latina, eyayiguqulelwe ngokusuka kwisiGrike yayineendinyana ezininzi ezenza imbali. Kwenye yazo kwakuguqulelwe igama lesiGrike elithi di·a·theʹke, “umnqophiso,” kwathiwa ngutestamentum, okanye “itestamente.” (2 Korinte 3:14) Ngenxa yendlela elaguqulelwa ngayo elo binzana, abantu abaninzi basabiza iZibhalo zesiHebhere ngokuba yiTestamente Endala zize ezesiGrike kuthiwe yiTestamente Entsha unanamhla.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 23]

UMGAQO OYE WAHLATYWA AMADLALA

Ngowama-2001, emva kweminyaka emine kusetyenzwa nzima, iVatican Congregation for the Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments yapapasha umgaqo wayo iLiturgiam authenticam (Authentic Liturgy). Abaphengululi abaninzi bamaKatolika baye bayigxeka kanobom.

Lo mgaqo uthi ekubeni iNova Vulgata iyinguqulelo esemthethweni yecawa kufanele kusetyenziswe yona xa kuguqulelwa ezinye iinguqulelo, naxa ekuthethayo kuphikisana nemibhalo yamandulo. Kuthiwa amaKatolika aya kuyamkela iBhayibhile kuphela xa ilandela lo myalelo. Lo myalelo uthi kwiinguqulelo zamaKatolika, “igama likaThixo uSomandla elichazwe ngonobumba besiHebhere ngetetragrammaton (YHWH)” lifanele lithi xa liguqulelwa “nangaluphi na ulwimi kusetyenziswe igama elithetha ukuthi Dominus, okanye “Nkosi,” njengokuba kunjalo kuhlelo lwesibini lweNova Vulgata—nangona uhlelo lokuqala lusebenzisa elithi “Iahveh.”b

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]

Inguqulelo ka-Alcuin’s yeBhayibhile yesiLatini, yowe-800 C.E.

[Inkcazelo]

From Paléographìe latine, by F. Steffens (www.archivi.beniculturali.it)

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 22]

ISixtine-Clementine Vulgate yowe-1592

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]

IEksodus 3:15, kwiNova Vulgata, yowe-1979

[Inkcazelo]

© 2008 Libreria Editrice Vaticana