INkundla Ephakamileyo YaseYurophu Inikela Ilungelo Lokushumayela EGrisi
YINTONI eyabangela ukuba indoda enconywayo ngabamelwane bayo ibanjwe kangangezihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-60 ukususela ngowe-1938? Yintoni eyabangela ukuba lo novenkile unyanisekileyo wesiqithi saseGrisi iKrete asiwe phambi kweenkundla zamaGrike izihlandlo ezili-18 aze avalelwe entolongweni ngaphezu kweminyaka emithandathu? Kaloku, kwakutheni ukuze le ntloko-ntsapho ikhutheleyo, uMinos Kokkinakis, yahlukaniswe nomfazi nabantwana bayo abahlanu ize igxothelwe kwiziqithi ezahlukahlukeneyo zamabanjwa?
Imithetho eyakhutshwa ngowe-1938 nangowe-1939 eyayisalela ukuguqula abantu ibekek’ ityala kakhulu. Le mithetho yamiselwa nguzwilakhe ongumGrike uIoannis Metaxas, owenza oku ngenxa yempembelelo yeCawa yobuOthodoki yamaGrike.
Ngenxa yalo mthetho, ukususela ngowe-1938 ukusa kowe-1992, amaNgqina kaYehova abanjwa izihlandlo ezili-19 147, zaza iinkundla zawagweba iminyaka engama-753 iyonke, engama-593 kuyo awayithothoza entolongweni. Konke oku kwenziwa ngenxa yokuba amaNgqina aseGrisi, njengakwezinye iindawo, alandela umyalelo kaYesu Kristu wokuba ‘enze abafundi zonke iintlanga, abafundise ukuba bazigcine zonke izinto’ awaziyalelayo.—Mateyu 28:19, 20.
Kodwa ngoMeyi 25, 1993, oyisa ngendlela ezukileyo kwidabi lenkululeko yonqulo! Ngaloo mini iNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu eStrasbourg, eFransi, yanikela ilungelo lokuba ummi waseGrisi afundise abanye iinkolelo zakhe. Ekwenzeni eso sigqibo, le nkundla iphakamileyo yaseYurophu yabangela ukukhuselwa ngokubanzi kwenkululeko yonqulo esenokuba nomphumo onzulu kubomi babantu kuzo zonke iindawo.
Makhe siqwalasele indlela okwenzeka ngayo konke oku, kuquka ukuphathwa kakubi kommi womthonyama waseGrisi omnye nje, okwakhokelela kwesi sigqibo senkundla siphawulekayo.
Imvelaphi Yangaphambili
Ngowe-1938 lo mmi, uMinos Kokkinakis, waba ngowokuqala kumaNgqina kaYehova ukugwetywa phantsi komthetho wamaGrike owawusenza ukuguqulwa kwabantu kube kukwaphula umthetho. Ngaphandle kokuba kuxoxwe ityala, wagxothelwa kwisiqithi saseAmorgos esikulwandle lweAegean kangangeenyanga ezili-13. Ngowe-1939 wagwetywa kabini waza wavalelwa entolongweni iinyanga ezimbini ezinesiqingatha sihlandlo ngasinye.
Ngowe-1940, uKokkinakis wagxothelwa kwisiqithi saseMelos kangangeenyanga ezintandathu. Kunyaka olandelayo, ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, waphoswa ngaphaya kwezitshixo kwintolongo yasemkhosini eAtene ngaphezu kweenyanga ezili-18. Ecinga ngelo xesha, ukhumbula oku:
“Ukunqongophala kokutya entolongweni kwaya kusiba kubi kakhulu. Saba buthathaka ngokokude singakwazi ukuhamba. Ukuba amaNgqina akummandla waseAtene nowasePiraeus ayengazange asabele kukutya kwawo nako okwakushokoxekile, ngesasifile.” Kamva, ngowe-1947, wagwetywa kwakhona waza wavalelwa ezinye iinyanga ezine ezinesiqingatha entolongweni.
Ngowe-1949, uMinos Kokkinakis wagxothelwa kwisiqithi saseMakrónisos, igama elizisa imifanekiso-ngqondweni emanyumnyezi kumaGrike ngenxa yentolongo yalapho. Phakathi kwamabanjwa angama-14 000 awayevalelwe eMakrónisos, amalunga nama-40 ayengamaNgqina. Intyilalwazi yesiGrike iPapyros Larousse Britannica ithi: “Iindlela ezikhohlakeleyo zokuthuthumbisa, . . . iimeko ekwakuphila phantsi kwazo, ezingamkelekanga kuhlanga oluphucukileyo, nokuziphatha kwabalindi okuthob’ isidima kumabanjwa . . . zilihlazo kwimbali yaseGrisi.”
UKokkinakis, owachitha unyaka entolongweni eMakrónisos, wachaza iimeko zalapho esithi: “Amajoni, njengamalungu eNkundla yokuNcina Amakholwa, ayedla ngokuncina banjwa ngalinye ukususela ekuseni kude kube ngokuhlwa. Kunzima ukuchaza indlela ayethuthumbisa ngayo. Amabanjwa amaninzi ashiywa ziingqondo; amanye abulawa; amaninzi ashiywa eneziphene. Ebudeni bezo ngokuhlwa ekwakusenziwa ngazo ezo zenzo zihlasimlis’ umzimba xa sisiva izikhalo nokugcuma kwabo babethuthunjiswa, sasidla ngokuthandaza njengeqela.”
Emva kokuba esinde kubunzima baseMakrónisos, uKokkinakis wabanjwa izihlandlo ezingakumbi ezintandathu ebudeni beyee-1950 waza wavalelwa entolongweni iinyanga ezilishumi. Ngeyee-1960 wabanjwa izihlandlo ezine ezongezelelekileyo waza wagwetyelwa iinyanga ezisibhozo entolongweni. Kodwa khumbula, uMinos Kokkinakis wayengomnye kuphela phakathi kwamakhulu amaNgqina kaYehova aye ebudeni beminyaka abanjwa aza avalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yokuba athetha nabanye ngokholo lwawo!
Kwenzeka njani ukuba ukungabikho kokusesikweni okungaka okwenziwe kumaNgqina kaYehova eGrisi ekugqibeleni kuziswe phambi kweNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu?
Ityala Lokucel’ umngeni Umthetho
Eli tyala laqala ngoMatshi 2, 1986. Ngaloo mini uMinos Kokkinakis, ngoko owayengusomashishini oneminyaka engama-77 ubudala owayesidla umhlala-phantsi, nomfazi wakhe batyelela ekhayeni likaNksk. Georgia Kyriakaki eSitia, eKrete. Umyeni kaNksk. Kyriakaki, owayengumbhexeshi kwicawa yasekuhlaleni yamaOthodoki, waxelela amapolisa. Amapolisa afika aza abamba uMnu. noNksk. Kokkinakis, abathi basiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa sasekuhlaleni. Bavalelwa ubusuku bonke apho.
Babekwa siphi isityholo? Esifana neso sasibekwa kumaNgqina kaYehova izihlandlo ezingamawaka ebudeni beminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, esokuba, babeguqula abantu. Umgaqo-siseko wamaGrike (wowe-1975), Isiqendu 13, uthi: “Ukuguqula abantu akuvumelekanga.” Ngokungakumbi qwalasela umthetho wamaGrike, icandelo 4, inombolo 1363/1938 no-1672/1939, eyenza ukuguqula abantu kube sisenzo sokwaphula umthetho. Uthi:
“Xa sisithi ‘ukuguqula abantu’ sithetha, ngokukodwa, naliphi na ilinge enokuba lelingqalileyo okanye elingangqalanga lokuphazamisana neenkolelo zonqulo zikabani wonqulo olwahlukileyo . . . , ngenjongo yokujongela phantsi ezo nkolelo, enoba kungayiphi na indlela yokumcenga okanye yokumthembisa ukumcenga okanye ukumxhasa ngokweemvakalelo okanye ukumnceda ngemali, okanye ngeendlela zobuqhetseba okanye ngokusebenzisa kakubi isibakala sokuba engenamava, sokuba ekuthembile, enentswelo, engekho krelekrele kangako okanye eqhatheka lula.”
INkundla Yezaphuli-mthetho eLasithi, eKrete, yalivavanya elo tyala ngoMatshi 20, 1986, yaza yafumanisa uMnu. noNksk. Kokkinakis benetyala lokuguqula abantu. Bagwetywa iinyanga ezine entolongweni. Ekugwebeni esi sibini, inkundla yathi abamangalelwa baye baphazamisana “neenkolelo zonqulo zamaKristu angamaOthodoki . . . ngokusebenzisa kakubi isibakala sokuba bengenamava, bengekho krelekrele yaye beqhatheka lula.” Ngokungakumbi abamangalelwa babekwa isityholo sokuba baye “bakhuthaza [uNksk. Kyriakaki] ngeenkcazelo zabo ezisengqiqweni nezichuliweyo . . . ukuba aguqule iinkolelo zakhe zobuKristu bamaOthodoki.”
Kwenziwa isibheno seso sigqibo kwiNkundla Yezibheno yaseKrete. NgoMatshi 17, 1987, le nkundla yaseKrete yathi akanatyala uNksk. Kokkinakis kodwa yavumelana nesigwebo somyeni wakhe, nangona yasinciphisayo isigwebo sakhe sasentolongweni saziinyanga ezintathu. Esi sigwebo sathi uMnu. Kokkinakis uye “wasebenzisa kakubi isibakala sokuba [uNksk. Kyriakaki] engenamava, engekho krelekrele kangako yaye eqhatheka lula.” Sathi “waqala ngokufunda izicatshulwa kwiZibhalo Ezingcwele, awathi wazicacisa ngobuchule ngendlela yokuba lo mfazi ungumKristu, ngenxa yokungabi nasiseko siqinileyo kwimfundiso, angakwazi ukuyicel’ umngeni.”
Ecinga ngokwahlukileyo, omnye wabagwebi ababechophele isibheno wabhala ukuba uMnu. Kokkinakis “naye ubefanele angabi natyala, ngenxa yokuba akukho bungqina bubonisa ukuba uGeorgia Kyriakaki . . . ngokukodwa wayengenamava kwimfundiso yobuKristu yamaOthodoki, ekubeni etshate nombhexeshi wasecaweni, okanye obubonisa ukuba akakho krelekrele kangako okanye uqhatheka lula, ngokokude ummangalelwa akwazi ukumvuyelela aze . . . [ngaloo ndlela] amcenge ukuba abe lilungu lehlelo lamaNgqina kaYehova.”
UMnu. Kokkinakis wabhena kwiNkundla YaseGrisi Yokutshitshisa Izigwebo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo YaseGrisi. Kodwa loo nkundla ayizange isamkele eso sibheno ngoAprili 22, 1988. Ngoko ngoAgasti 22, 1988, uMnu. Kokkinakis wenza isicelo kuMbutho WaseYurophu Ophanda Ngamalungelo Abantu. Ekugqibeleni isicelo sakhe samkelwa ngoFebruwari 21, 1992, yaye sasiwa kwiNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu.
Okwakubanjenwe Ngako Kweli Tyala
Ekubeni iGrisi ililizwe elililungu leBhunga laseYurophu, inyanzelekile ukuba izivisisanise neZiqendu ZeSivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu. ISiqendu 9 sesi Sivumelwano sifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Wonk’ ubani unelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, yesazela neyonqulo; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokuguqula unqulo okanye inkolelo nenkululeko yakhe, enoba uyedwa okanye ukunye nabanye nasesidlangalaleni okanye ngasese, ukubonakalisa unqulo okanye iinkolelo zakhe, ekunquleni, ekufundiseni, ekuluqheliseleni nasekuthetheni.”
Ngaloo ndlela, urhulumente wamaGrike wamangalelwa kwinkundla yaseYurophu. Watyholwa ngokuphazamisana nelungelo elisisiseko lommi ongumGrike lokuqhelisela unqulo ekugcineni umyalelo kaYesu Kristu, ongulo, ‘ukufundisa nokwenza abafundi.’ (Mateyu 28:19, 20) Ngokungakumbi, umpostile uPetros wathi: “[UYesu] wasiyalela ukuba sishumayele kubantu size sinikele ubungqina ngokucokisekileyo.”—IZenzo 10:42, NW.
Inkupho ekhethekileyo yephephancwadi elithi Human Rights Without Frontiers yayinomxholo okwiphepha elingaphandle othi “IGrisi—Ukuphazanyiswa Kwangabom Kwamalungelo Abantu.” Eli phephancwadi lathi kwiphepha 2: “IGrisi ikuphela kwelizwe kwiEC [European Community (kuMazwe aseYurophu)] naseYurophu ewise umthetho wesohlwayo onezigwebo zokuhlawula imali nokuvalela entolongweni nabani na okhuthaza omnye umntu ukuba aguqule unqulo lwakhe.”
Ngoko ke ngoku kwakukho ihlombe nolindelo olukhulu. Sisiphi isigqibo esasiza kwenziwa mayela nomthetho waseGrisi owalela ukufundisa ngeenkolelo zikabani kwabanye?
Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala EStrasbourg
Ekugqibeleni yafika imini yetyala—ngoNovemba 25, 1992. Kwakukho iingqimba zamafu phezu kweStrasbourg, yaye ingqele yayiqhaqhazelisa amazinyo, kodwa ngaphakathi eNkundleni amagqwetha azinikela ngehlombe iingxoxo zawo. Kwanikelwa ubungqina kangangeeyure ezimbini. Unjingalwazi Phedon Vegleris igqwetha likaKokkinakis, lafikelela inqontsonqa yalo mbandela, libuza oku: ‘Ngaba lo mthetho usikel’ umda ocetyelwe ukukhusela amalungu eCawa YobuKristu YamaOthodoki ekubeni aguqulwe kwiinkolelo zawo zonqulo ufanele uqhubeke ukho uze usetyenziswe?’
Ebonakala exakanisekile, uNjingalwazi Vegleris wabuza oku: “Into endixakayo kukuba kutheni lo mthetho [wokuguqula abantu] unxulumanisa ubuothodoki nobuyatha nokungazi. Bendisoloko ndizibuza isizathu sokuba ubuothodoki bufune ukukhuselwa kubuyatha, nakubantu abangenalwazi ngezinto zokomoya . . . Le yinto endiphazamisayo nendothusayo.” Ngokuphawulekayo, ummeli karhulumente akazange akwazi ukuchaza nomzekelo omnye apho lo mthetho wawusetyenziswe nakubani na ngaphandle kwamaNgqina kaYehova.
Igqwetha lesibini likaKokkinakis, uMnu. Panagiotis Bitsaxis, labonisa indlela lo mthetho wokuguqula abantu owawungekho ngqiqweni ngayo. Lathi: “Ukuze abantu abakhulu bakwazi ukuncokola bafanele bavume ukuphembelelana. Kungenjalo, besiya kuba siyinxalenye yebutho elingaqhelekanga lezilwanyana ezizizimumu, ebeziya kucinga kodwa zingavakalisi iimvakalelo zazo, ebeziya kuthetha kodwa zinganiki ezinye ithuba lokuthetha, ebeziya kuphila kodwa zingavisisani.”
UMnu. Bitsaxis wakwamisa ngelithi “uMnu. Kokkinakis wayengagwetyelwanga ‘oko wayekwenzile’ kodwa [wayegwetyelwe] ‘oko akuko.’” Ngoko ke, uMnu. Bitsaxis wabonisa ukuba, imigaqo yenkululeko yonqulo yayingaphazanyiswanga nje kuphela kodwa yayaphulwe ngokupheleleyo.
Abameli borhulumente waseGrisi bazama ukuyichaza imeko ngendlela eyahlukileyo koko ikuko ngokwenene, besithi iGrisi “iyiparadisi yamalungelo abantu.”
Isigqibo
Umhla wokuwiswa kwesigqibo ekwakukudala ulindelwe wafika—ngoMeyi 25, 1993. Kwisivumelwano sabagwebi abathandathu ababengavumelani nabagwebi abathathu, iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba urhulumente waseGrisi uye waphazamisana nenkululeko yonqulo kaMinos Kokkinakis oneminyaka engama-84 ubudala. Ukongezelela ekuthetheleleni ikhondo lobomi bakhe bobulungiseleli basesidlangalaleni, yamvuza ngeerandi ezingama-42 500 ukwenzela umonakalo. Ngaloo ndlela iNkundla yasigatya isityholo sorhulumente waseGrisi sokuba uKokkinakis namaNgqina kaYehova basebenzisa ubuchule bokunyanzelisa xa bethetha nabanye ngeenkolelo zabo.
Nangona uMgaqo-siseko waseGrisi nomthetho wamandulo waseGrisi usenokuba uyakwalela ukuguqula abantu, inkundla ephakamileyo eYurophu yenza isigqibo sokuba ukusebenzisa lo mthetho ukuze kutshutshiswe amaNgqina kaYehova kuphosakele. Akuvisisani neSiqendu 9 seSivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu.
Isigqibo senkundla sathi: “Unqulo lwaluyinxalenye ‘yezinto ezisoloko ziguquka kwiingcinga zabantu’ yaye ngenxa yoko kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kucingwe ukuba luyinto ekungenakuphikiswana ngayo ngabantu.”
Imbono yomnye umgwebi kwabo basithoba evumelana noko yathi: “Ukuguqula abantu, okuchazwa ‘njengenzondelelo ekusasazeni ukholo,’ akunakohlwayelwa; kuyindlela—esemthethweni ngokupheleleyo—‘yokubonakalisa unqulo lukabani.’
“Kweli tyala lowo wayefake ityala [uMnu. Kokkinakis] kuphela wagwetyelwa ukubonakalisa inzondelelo enjalo, ngaphandle kokwenza nantoni na engafanelekanga.”
Imiphumo Yeso Sigqibo
Ulwalathiso olucacileyo lweNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu lukukuba abasemagunyeni kurhulumente waseGrisi bayeke ukusebenzisa kakubi umthetho owalela ukuguqula abantu. Sinethemba lokuba, iGrisi iya kuluthobela olu lwalathiso lwenkundla ize iyeke ukutshutshisa amaNgqina kaYehova.
Akuyonjongo yamaNgqina kaYehova ukuzisa iinguqulelo kwibutho labantu okanye ukuhlaziya inkqubo yomthetho. Ngokuyintloko axhalabele ukushumayela iindaba ezilungileyo zoBukumkani bukaThixo ethobela umyalelo kaYesu Kristu. Noko ke, ukuze enze oku, ayakholiswa ‘kukukhusela nokuzimisela ngokusemthethweni iindaba ezilungileyo,’ njengokuba wenzayo umpostile uPawulos kwinkulungwane yokuqala.—Filipi 1:7, NW.
AmaNgqina kaYehova angabemi abathobela umthetho kuwo onke amazwe ahlala kuwo. Noko ke, ngaphezu kwako konke, anyanzelekile ukuba athobele umthetho kaThixo njengokuba wandlalwe kwiBhayibhile eNgcwele. Ngoko ke, ukuba umthetho walo naliphi ilizwe uyawalela ukuba athethe ngeenkolelo zawo ezisekelwe eBhayibhileni kwabanye, ayanyanzeleka ukuba athabathe ukuma kwabapostile: “Simelwe kukuthi sive uThixo kunokuba sive abantu.”—IZenzo 5:29.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 28, 29]
INTSHUTSHISO ENGAKUMBI EPHENJELELWA NGABEFUNDISI
Amalinge abefundisi ‘okubumba ububi ngomthetho’ ebeqhubeka kangangamashumi eminyaka eGrisi. (INdumiso 94:20) Kutshanje kwisiqithi saseKrete kuye kwaconjululwa esinye isintsompothi setyala. Ngowe-1987 ubhishophu nabefundisi basekuhlaleni abali-13 batyhola amaNgqina asithoba ngokuthi aguqula abantu. Ekugqibeleni, ngoJanuwari 24, 1992, elo tyala laya enkundleni.
Inkundla yayizele imi ngeembambo. Kwakukho abefundisi abamalunga nama-35 ababelapho ngenjongo yokuxhasa izimangalo zetyala. Noko ke, izihlalo ezininzi zazisele zihleli amaNgqina awayeze kukhuthaza abazalwana bawo abangamaKristu. Kwanangaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuxoxw’ ityala, igqwetha labamangalelwa labalula iimpazamo ezinzulu zomthetho ezenziwe ngumtshutshisi.
Umphumo waba kukuba abo babandakanyekileyo ekuxoxweni kwetyala bakhe bathi tshalala ukuze bathethane ngasese. Emva kweeyure ezimbini ezinesiqingatha zoko kuthethana, uMgwebi owongamele iNkundla wenza isaziso sokuba igqwetha labamangalelwa lalichanile. Ngoko ke izityholo ezazibekwa la maNgqina asithoba zarhoxiswa! Wagqiba kwelokuba kwakusafuneka kuqalwe ekuqaleni kwenziwe uphando ukuze kufunyaniswe enoba abamangalelwa babebekek’ ityala ngokuguqula abantu kusini na.
Emva kokuba kwenziwe eso saziso, inkundla yavungama. Abefundisi baqalisa ukusongela nokuthuka. Omnye umfundisi wabetha igqwetha lamaNgqina kaYehova ngomnqamlezo waza wazama ukulinyanzelela ukuba liwunqule. Kwafuneka amapolisa angenelele, yaye ekugqibeleni amaNgqina akwazi ukuhamba ngendlela ezolileyo.
Emva kokuba elo tyala lirhoxisiwe, umtshutshisi walungiselela izityholo ezitsha awazibeka kuloo maNgqina asithoba. Elo tyala labekelwa uAprili 30, 1993, kanye kwiiveki ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba iNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu inikele isigqibo sayo kwityala likaKokkinakis. Kwakhona kwakukho abefundisi abaninzi.
Amagqwetha abamangalelwa abasithoba amisa ngelithi abo babemangalele amaNgqina abezanga enkundleni. Ekungxameleni kwakhe ukulungiselela isityholo esitsha, umtshutshisi wenza impazamo enkulu yokungathumeli iisamani kubamangali. Ngoko amagqwetha amaNgqina acela ukuba inkundla ilirhoxise ityala ngenxa yale mpazamo inkulu.
Ngenxa yeso sicelo, abagwebi bayishiya inkundla baza badibana bucala phantse kangangeyure. Ekubuyeni kwabo, uMongameli weNkundla, ethokombise intloko, wathi onke la maNgqina asithoba awanatyala.
AmaNgqina aseGrisi anombulelo ngesiphumo seli tyala, kuquka nesigqibo seNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu esanikelwa kwityala likaKokkinakis ngoMeyi 25 walo nyaka. Athandazela ukuba ngenxa yolu loyiso lomthetho, abe aya kukwazi ukuqhubeka nobomi bawo bobuKristu ‘bokuhlala ngokonwaba nangokuzola, enokuhlonela uThixo nokundileka konke.’—1 Timoti 2:1, 2.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 31]
UMinos Kokkinakis nomfazi wakhe