Isahluko 6

UbuBhuda—Iphulo Lokufuna Ukhanyiselo Ngaphandle KoThixo

1. (a) UbuBhuda buzibalule njani kwibutho laseNtshona? (b) Ngabaphi oonobangela bokwanda kolu nqulo kwelaseNtshona?

NAKUBENI babungaziwa kangako kumazwe angaphandle kweAsiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ubuBhuda namhlanje bujongwa njengonqulo lwehlabathi. Enyanisweni, abantu abaninzi eNtshona bakhwankqisiwe kukufumanisa ubuBhuda busanda kanye kumazwe abo. Ubukhulu becala olu lwando lubangelwe kukusabela kweembacu zezizwe ngezizwe kwamanye amazwe. Iqela elikhulu labantu bemimandla ethile yaseAsiya liye lafudukela eNtshona Yurophu, eMntla Merika, eOstreliya nakwezinye iindawo. Njengoko abafuduki abangakumbi nangakumbi bezinza kumazwe abo amatsha, bakwangenisa nonqulo lwabo. Kwangaxeshanye, abantu abangakumbi eNtshona bajamelana ngokungqalileyo nobuBhuda okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Oku, ndawonye novula-zibhuqe nokuwohloka kwemeko yokomoya okukhoyo kwiicawa ezingokwesithethe, kubangele ukuba bambi abantu baguqukele kolo nqulo “lutsha.”—2 Timoti 3:1, 5.

2. Abalandeli bobuBhuda bafumaneka phi namhlanje?

² Ngaloo ndlela, ngokutsho kwe-1989 Britannica Book of the Year, ubuBhuda bunamalungu anokuba ngama-300 ezigidi ehlabathini lonke, malunga nama-200 000 eNtshona Yurophu yaye ngokufanayo naseMntla Merika, ama-500 000 eMzantsi Merika, nama-300 000 eRashiya. Phofu ke, inkoliso yaba balandeli bakaBuddha isafunyanwa kumazwe aseAsiya, njengeSri Lanka, iMyanmar (Burma), iThailand, iJapan, iKorea neTshayina. Noko ke, wayengubani uBuddha? Lwaqala njani olu nqulo? Ziyintoni iimfundiso noqheliselo lobuBhuda?

Imbambano Ngokuphathelele Umthombo Onokuthenjwa

3. Nguwuphi umthombo okhoyo ochaza ngobomi bukaBuddha?

³ “Oko kwaziwayo ngobomi bukaBuddha kusekelwe ngokuyintloko kubungqina obukwiincwadi zecawa, ekuthi ezona zininzi nezineenkcukacha kuzo ibe zezo zibhalwe ngesiPali, ulwimi lwamandulo lwaseIndiya,” itsho njalo incwadi ethi World Religions—From Ancient History to the Present. Oku kuthetha ukuba awukho umthombo wexesha lakhe wokusixelela nantoni na ngoSiddhārtha Gautama, umseki wolu nqulo, owayehlala emantla eIndiya ngenkulungwane yesithandathu Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Kambe ke, oko kubangela ingxaki. Phofu ke, okuyingxaki enzulu ngakumbi yimbambano engexesha nendlela ezaveliswa ngayo ezo “ncwadi zecawa.”

4. Imfundiso echanileyo kaBuddha yalondolozwa njani ekuqaleni?

⁴ Ingxelo yamaBhuda ithi kamsinya emva kokufa kukaGautama, kwahlanganiswa ibhunga leemonki ezingama-500 ukuba ligqibe ngemfundiso echanileyo yaloo Nkosi. Enoba lalikho ngokwenene na elo bhunga oku kusengumbandela abaphikisana ngawo abaphengululi nababhali-mbali abangamaBhuda. Noko ke, ingongoma ebalulekileyo esifanele siyiphawule yeyokuba, kwaneencwadi zamaBhuda ziyavuma ukuba imfundiso echanileyo elathi elo bhunga lafikelela esigqibeni sayo ayizange ibhalwe phantsi kodwa yacengcelezwa ngabafundi. Ukubhalwa kokoqobo kweencwadi ezingcwele kwafuneka kuthi xha de kube lixesha elifanelekileyo.

5. Iincwadi zesiPali zabhalwa nini?

⁵ Ngokutsho kweencwadi zembali yaseSri Lanka yenkulungwane yesine neyesithandathu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ezokuqala zezi “ncwadi zecawa” zesiPali zabhalwa ebudeni bokulawula kukaKumkani uVattagamani Abhaya ngenkulungwane yokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Ezinye iingxelo ezingobomi bukaBuddha azizange zibhalwe de mhlawumbi kwangenkulungwane yokuqala okanye kwaneyesihlanu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, phantse iwaka leminyaka lonke emva kwexesha lokuphila kwakhe.

6. Kukuphi ukuhlaba amadlala okuvakaliswayo ngokunxamnye “neencwadi zecawa”? (Thelekisa eyesi-2 kuTimoti 3:16, 17.)

⁶ Ngaloo ndlela, iAbingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, ithi, “‘Imbali yobomi bakhe’ ibhalwe emva kwexesha elide kakhulu yaye izaliswe yingxelo elibali nebuntsomirha, ibe ezona ncwadi zecawa zamandulo zibhalwe ngokusuka kwizicengcelezo zakudala ezathi ngokucacileyo zahlaziywa kwaza kongezelelwa namasolotyana athile kuzo.” Omnye umphengululi wada “waphikisa ngelithi akukho nokuba libe linye igama elibhaliweyo elichaza ngemfundiso kaGautama ekuqinisekiweyo ngalo.” Ngaba ukuhlaba amadlala okunjalo kusekelwe kwizizathu ezivakalayo?

Ukukhawulwa Nokuzalwa KukaBuddha

7. Ngokutsho kweencwadi zamaBhuda, umama kaBuddha wamkhawula njani?

⁷ Qwalasela ezi zicatshulwa zilandelayo ezithatyathwe kwiJataka, eyinxalenye yeencwadi zecawa zesiPali, neBuddha-charita, eyincwadi yesiSanskrit yenkulungwane yesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo echaza ngobomi bukaBuddha. Okokuqala, masiqwalasele ingxelo engendlela umama kaBuddha, uKumkanikazi uMaha-Maya, awamkhawula ngayo ephupheni.

“Iingelosi ezine ezingabalindi zeza zamfunqula, kunye nesingqengqelo sakhe, zaza zamsa kwiiNtaba zeHimalaya. . . . Kwandula ke kwafika abafazi bezi ngelosi zingabalindi, bamkhokelela kwiChibi iAnotatta, baza bamhlamba, ukuze basuse nasiphi na isiphako sobuntu. . . . Kude kufuphi nalapho kwakukho iNduli yeSilver, ibe kuyo kwakuthe ngcu ipomakazi lendlu yegolide. Apho kuyo babeka isingqengqelo esingcwele umntla waso bawujongisa ngasempumalanga, baza bamngqengqisa kuso. Ngoku ke wamphupha lowo wayeza kuba nguBuddha eyindlovu emhlophe qhwa . . . Wenyuka iNduli yeSilver, waza . . . wajikeleza isingqengqelo sikanina izihlandlo ezithathu, icala lakhe langasekunene lingakuso, wachwakraza unina ngakwicala langasekunene, waza ngokungathi kunjalo wangena esibelekweni sakhe. Ngaloo ndlela wakhawulwa ngexesha lombhiyozo wasehlotyeni.”

8. Yintoni eyaxelwa kwangaphambili ngokuphathelele ikamva likaBuddha?

⁸ Xa ukumkanikazi waxelela indoda yakhe ngeli phupha, engukumkani, yahlanganisa abefundisi bamaHindu abadumileyo abangama-64, wabondla waza wabanxibisa, wandula ke wabacela ukuba balitolike eli phupha. Baphendula bathi:

“Musa ukuba nexhala, kumkani ozukileyo! . . . Uza kuba nonyana. Yaye, ukuba uyaqhubeka ephila ubomi balapha ekhaya, uya kuba ngukumkani wendalo iphela; kodwa ukuba uyabushiya ubomi balapha ekhaya aze alinikele umva ihlabathi, uya kuba nguBuddha, yaye uya kucamagushela isono esikhulu nobungendawo beli hlabathi.”

9. Ziziphi iziganeko ezixhomis’ amehlo ekuthiwa zenzeka emva kwamazwi awavakaliswayo ngokuphathelele ikamva likaBuddha?

⁹ Emva koko, kuthiwa kwenzeka imimangaliso engama-32:

“Yonke imimandla yehlabathi elishumi lamawaka yanyikima, yagungqa, yaza yashukuma ngequbuliso. . . . Imililo yacima kuzo zonke izihogo; . . . izifo zaphela ebantwini; . . . zonke izixhobo zomculo zazikhalela kungekho mntu uzidlalayo; . . . kulwandlekazi olukhulu amanzi aba nencasa; . . . yonke imimandla yehlabathi elishumi lamawaka yaba yimbumba eyingqukuva enobona buqaqawuli bukhazimlayo.”

10. Iincwadi ezingcwele zamaBhuda zikuchaza njani ukuzalwa kukaBuddha?

¹⁰ Kwandula ke kwalandela ukuzalwa okungaqhelekanga kukaBuddha kumyezo wemithi isal obizwa ngokuba yiLumbini Grove. Xa ukumkanikazi wayefuna ukubambelela kwisebe leyona sal iphakamileyo kulo myezo wemithi, lo mthi wagoba ukuze akwazi ukuwufikelela. Ebambelele kwisebe lawo yaye exhathise ngalo, wazala.

“Waphuma esibelekweni sikanina njengomfundisi esehla epulpitini, okanye okwendoda isehla ngezinyuko, wolula iingalo nemilenze yakhe, engangcoliswanga bubumdaka obusesibelekweni sikanina. . . . ”

“Emva nje kokuba ezelwe, [lowo wayeza kuba nguBuddha] uma ngxi ngeenyawo zombini emhlabeni, aze agxanye kasixhenxe ukuya ngasentla, enesigqubuthelo esimhlophe entlokweni yakhe, yaye ehlola ikota nganye yehlabathi, edanduluka ngezwi elikhulu esithi: Ehlabathini lonke ndiyeyona nkosi ibalaseleyo nebalulekileyo; oku kukuzalwa kwam kokugqibela; andisayi kuphinda ndizalwe kwakhona.”

11. Sisiphi isigqibo abafikelele kuso abanye abaphengululi ngokubhekisele kwiingxelo ezingobomi bukaBuddha njengoko zifumaneka kwiincwadi ezingcwele?

¹¹ Kukwakho namanye amabali aneenkcukacha ezifanayo ngokubhekisele kubuntwana bakhe, ukuthandana kwakhe namabhinqa aselula, ukubhadula kwakhe, nangesiganeko ngasinye sobomi bakhe. Mhlawumbi, akunakumangaliswa kukuba inkoliso yabaphengululi izigatya zonke ezi ngxelo njengezingamabali neentsomi. Igosa leMyuziyam yaseBritani lide lithi ngenxa “yobuninzi bamabali nemimangaliso, . . . imbali yobomi bukaBuddha ayisayi kuze yaziwe ngokucacileyo.”

12, 13. (a) Ithini ingxelo engokwesithethe yobomi bukaBuddha? (b) Nguwuphi unyaka owamkelwa ngokubanzi njengowokuzalwa kukaBuddha? (Thelekisa uLuka 1:1-4.)

¹² Phezu kwazo nje ezi ntsomi, ingxelo engokwesithethe yobomi bukaBuddha isasazeke ngokubanzi. Incwadi yakutshanje, ethi A Manual of Buddhism, epapashwe eColombo, eSri Lanka, inikela le ngxelo ilandelayo ichazwe ngokulula.

“Ngosuku lwaxa inyanga yayisisonka ngoMeyi wonyaka wama-623 B.C. kwisithili saseNepal kwazalwa iNkosana yesizwe samaSakya saseIndiya, egama linguSiddhattha Gotama.a UYise yayinguKumkani uSuddhodana, yaye unina wayenguKumkanikazi uMahā Māyā. Unina wayambatha ingubo kaqaqaqa kwiintsukwana nje ezimbalwa emva kokuzala loo mntwana, ibe uMahā Pajāpati Gotamī waba ngumama wakhe wesibini.

“Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala watshata nomza wakhe, iNkosazana eyimbelukazi uYasodharā.

“Kangangeminyaka emalunga neshumi elinesithathu emva komtshato wakhe owonwabisayo waphila ubomi bobunewunewu, ibe ngenxa yolonwabo ewalibele amahla-ndinyuka obomi bangaphandle kwamasango ebhotwe.

“Ngokuhamba kwexesha, inyaniso yaya ikhanya ngokukhanya kuye. Kunyaka wakhe wama-29 ubudala, owazisa inguqulelo kumsebenzi wobomi bakhe bonke, kwazalwa unyana wakhe uRāhula. Wayigqala inzala yakhe njengomqobo, kuba wayebagqala bonke abantu njengabamele bazalwe, bagule, baze bafe. Ngaloo ndlela eluqonda usizi olukho ehlabathini jikelele, wagqiba ekubeni afumane isicombululo soku kugula kwabantu kwihlabathi lonke.

“Ngoko eluncama ulonwabo awayelungcamla lwakomkhulu, ngobunye ubusuku waqhwesha kowabo . . . wazicheba iinwele zakhe, wanxiba isambatho esiqhelekileyo somntu ozinikeleyo elunqulweni, waza wabhadula njengoMfuni Wenyaniso.”

¹³ Ngokucacileyo ezi nkcukacha zimbalwa ezingembali yobomi bakhe zahluke mpela kwiingxelo ezingaqhelekanga ezifumaneka “kwiincwadi zecawa.” Yaye ngaphandle nje konyaka wokuzalwa kwakhe, zamkelwa ngokubanzi.

Ukhanyiselo—Indlela Olwabakho Ngayo

14. Yaba yintoni inguqulelo kubomi bukaGautama?

¹⁴ Yenzeka njani “inguqulelo kumsebenzi wobomi bakhe bonke” ekhankanywe ngaphambilana? Yenzeka ngokusuke, okwesihlandlo sokuqala ebomini bakhe, abone umntu ogulayo, umntu owalupheleyo nomntu ofileyo. La mava ambangela ukuba azikhathaze ngokugqithiseleyo ngenjongo yobomi—Kwakutheni ukuze abantu bazalwe, ukuze nje babandezeleke, baluphale baze bafe? Ngoko ke, kwakusithiwa wabona indoda engcwele, eyayilincamile ihlabathi ukuze ifune inyaniso. Oku kwamphembelela uGautama ukuba ayincame intsapho yakhe, ubuncwane bakhe negama lakhe lokubizwa njengenkosana waza wachitha iminyaka emithandathu elandelayo efuna isicombululo kubefundisi nakwiiguru zamaHindu, kodwa wabuya nembande yesikhova. Iingxelo zisixelela ukuba waqalisa ukucamngca, ukuzila ukutya, ukuqhelisela iYoga, nokuzinikela ngokugqithiseleyo, ukanti akazange alufumane uxolo lokomoya okanye ukhanyiselo.

15. Ekugqibeleni uGautama wakufumana njani oko wayekucingela kulukhanyiselo?

¹⁵ Ekugqibeleni waqonda ukuba ikhondo lakhe lokuzinikela ngokugqithiseleyo lalililize njengobomi bobunewunewu awayebuphila ngaphambili. Ngoku wavelisa oko wayekubiza ngokuba yiNdlela Ephakathi, ephepha ubomi awayebuphila bokuzibaxa ngokugqithiseleyo izinto. Egqiba ngelokuba isicombululo sasiza kufumaneka kwingqondo yakhe, wahlala ngaphantsi kwepipal, okanye umkhiwane waseIndiya, waza wacamngca. Exhathisa iintlaselo nezilingo zikaMara umtyholi, waqhubeka ngenzondelelo ecamngca kangangeeveki ezine (bambi bathi kangangeeveki ezisixhenxe) de wazuza lonke ulwazi nokuqonda waza wafumana nokhanyiselo, njengoko kucingelwa njalo.

16. (a) UGautama waba yintoni? (b) Ziziphi iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngokubhekisele kuBuddha?

¹⁶ Ngenxa yale nkqubo, ngokwesigama samaBhuda, uGautama waba nguBuddha—Lowo Uqabukileyo, okanye Ukhanyiselweyo. Wayelufikelele usukelo lokugqibela, iNirvana, imeko yoxolo nokhanyiselo olugqibeleleyo, ekhululekile kwiminqweno nakwiingcinezelo. Kwakhona wathi waziwa njengoSakyamuni (isilumko sesizwe samaSakya), yaye ngokufuthi wayezibiza njengoTathagata (lowo wazela ukuza [kufundisa]). Noko ke, amahlelo awahlukeneyo amaBhuda, aneembono ezahlukeneyo ngalo mbandela. Wambi amgqala ngokungqongqo njengomntu othile owazifumanela indlela yokhanyiselo waza wayifundisa abalandeli bakhe. Amanye amgqala njengowokugqibela kungcelele looBuddha abathi beza ehlabathini ukuza kushumayela okanye ukuhlaziya idharma (Dhamma, ngesiPali), eyimfundiso okanye indlela kaBuddha. Ukanti abanye bamgqala njengebodhisattva, ubani ofumene ukhanyiselo kodwa wakuhlehlisa ukungena kwakhe eNirvana ukuze ancede abanye abafuna ukhanyiselo. Nokuba imeko iyintoni na, esi siganeko, soKhanyiselo, sibaluleke ngokuyintloko kuzo zonke iimvaba zobuBhuda.

Ukhanyiselo—Luyintoni?

17. (a) UBuddha washumayela phi yaye koobani okokuqala? (b) Chaza ngokufutshane iiNyaniso Ezine Ezizukileyo.

¹⁷ Akuba efumene ukhanyiselo, nasemva kokoyisa ukuthandabuza aweyenako ekuqaleni, uBuddha wazimisela ukufundisa abanye ngenyaniso yakhe awayesandul’ ukuyifumana, idharma. Intshumayelo yakhe yokuqala mhlawumbi neyiyeyona ibalulekileyo wayinikela kwisixeko saseBenares, kwipaki yamaxhama, kwiibhikkus ezintlanu—abafundi okanye iimonki. Kuyo, wafundisa ukuba ukuze ubani asindiswe, umele aphephe ikhondo lokuzifica kwiziyolo nelokuzibandeza uyolo ngokungqongqo aze alandele iNdlela Ephakathi. Ngoko, ubani umele aqonde aze alandele iiNyaniso Ezine Ezizukileyo (bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha elilandelayo), ezinokushwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

(1) Bonke ubomi buyingcinezelo.

(2) Ingcinezelo ibangelwa ngumnqweno okanye yinkanuko.

(3) Ukuphela komnqweno kuthetha ukuphela kwengcinezelo.

(4) Umnqweno uphela ngokuthi kulandelwe iNdlela Eyahlulahlulwe Kasibhozo, elawula ihambo, ingcamango nenkolelo yomntu.

18. Wathini uBuddha ngomthombo wokhanyiselo lwakhe? (Thelekisa uYobhi 28:20, 21, 28; INdumiso 111:10.)

¹⁸ Le ntshumayelo engeNdlela Ephakathi neeNyaniso Ezine Ezizukileyo iqulethe umongo woKhanyiselo yaye igqalwa njengoshwankathelo lwayo yonke imfundiso kaBuddha. (Ngokwahlukileyo koko, thelekisa uMateyu 6:25-34; 1 Timoti 6:17-19; Yakobi 4:1-3; 1 Yohane 2:15-17.) UGautama akazange ayibange iphefumlelwe nguThixo le ntshumayelo kodwa wazizukisa ngokuthi “yaveliswa nguye yena Tathagata.” Kuthiwa xa wayesekhukweni lokufa, uBuddha wabaxelela oku abafundi bakhe: “Funani usindiso kuphela enyanisweni; musani ukufuna uncedo kuye nabani na ongomnye ngaphandle komntu siqu.” Ngaloo ndlela, ngokutsho kukaBuddha, ukhanyiselo luvela, kungekhona kuThixo, kodwa kumgudu wobuqu ekuveliseni ingcamango ethe tye nezenzo ezihle.

19. Kwakutheni ukuze isigidimi sikaBuddha samkelwe ngelo xesha?

¹⁹ Akunzima ukubona isizathu sokuba le mfundiso yamkelwayo libutho lamaIndiya awayephila ngelo xesha. Kwelinye icala, yakugweba ukubawa noqheliselo olonakeleyo lonqulo olwalukhuthazwa ngamaBrahman angamaHindu, okanye udidi oluphezulu nolwaluzikhetha lwamaHindu angabefundisi, yaye kwelinye yakugweba nokuzibandeza uyolo ngokungqongqo kwamaJain nokwakukhuthazwa zezinye izithethe eziyimfihlelo. Kwakhona yawaphelisa amadini nezithethe, nenani elaphul’ izikeyi loothixo noothixokazi, nenkqubo elizothe yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu eyayilawula neyayikhobokisa nkalo nganye yobomi babantu. Ngamafutshane, yathembisa inkululeko kuye wonke ubani owayekulungele ukulandela indlela kaBuddha.

UbuBhuda Busasaza Impembelelo Yabo

20. (a) Ziziphi “Iinqobo Ezintathu” zobuBhuda? (b) Lalilikhulu kangakanani iphulo lokushumayela kukaBuddha?

²⁰ Xa iibhikkus ezintlanu zamkela imfundiso kaBuddha, zaba ziisangha zokuqala, okanye iqela leemonki. Ngoko “Iinqobo Ezintathu” (iTriratna) yobuBhuda yayiphelele, ebunjwa, nguBuddha, idharma, nesangha, eyayifanele incede abantu bahambe ngendlela eya elukhanyiselweni. Ekulungele ukwenjenjalo, uGautama onguBuddha wahamba eshumayela kuyo yonke imimandla engqonge iNtlambo yeGanges. Abantu bazo zonke iindidi nabakumawonga kwezentlalo beza kumphulaphula, yaye baba ngabafundi bakhe. Ngexesha lokufa kwakhe kubudala bama-80 eminyaka, wayedumile yaye ehlonelwa ngokwenene. Kwaye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba amazwi akhe okugqibela kubafundi bakhe ayesithi: “Zonke izinto eziphilayo zinokonakala ezikuzuze ilifa. Sebenzelani usindiso lwenu ngenkuthalo.”

21. (a) Ngubani owayesisixhobo sokwandisa ubuBhuda? (b) Waba yintoni uphumo wemigudu yakhe?

²¹ Ngenkulungwane yesithathu Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, malunga neminyaka engama-200 emva kokufa kukaBuddha, kwavela oyena mmeli uphambili wobuBhuda, uMlawuli uAśoka, owalawula inxalenye enkulu yelizwe laseIndiya. Enxunguphele ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu nangenxa yeziphithiphithi ezabangelwa kukoyisa kwakhe kwiimfazwe, wamkela ubuBhuda waza wabuxhasa ngokwasebuRhulumenteni. Wenza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yonqulo, wamema amabhunga, waza wabongoza abantu ukuba baphile ngokwemimiselo kaBuddha. Kwakhona uAśoka wathumela abefundisi abangamaBhuda kulo lonke elaseIndiya nelaseSri Lanka, elaseSiriya, elaseYiputa, nelaseGrisi. Ngokuyintloko ngenxa yemigudu ka-Aśoka, ubuBhuda banda, abaphelela nje ekubeni lihlelo laseIndiya, kodwa baba lunqulo lwehlabathi. Ngezizathu ezivakalayo, uye wagqalwa ngabathile njengomseki wesibini wobuBhuda.

22. Basekwa njani ubuBhuda kulo lonke elaseAsiya?

²² Ukusuka eSri Lanka, ubuBhuda banwenwela ngasempuma baya kufikelela eMyanmar (eBurma), eThailand, nakweminye imimandla yeIndochina. Ukuya ngasentla, ubuBhuda banwenwela eKashmir nakumbindi weAsiya. Ukusuka kuloo mimandla, yaye malunga nenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, iimonki ezingamaBhuda zanqumla kwiintaba nakwiintlango ezinobungozi zaza zasasaza unqulo lwazo kwelaseTshayina. Ukusuka eTshayina, kwakulula ngobuBhuda ukunwenwela eKorea naseJapan. Kwakhona ubuBhuda basasazwa naseTibeti, emantla nje kanye eIndiya. Buxubene neenkolelo zasekuhlaleni, baba bubuLama, obabusongamela imicimbi yonqulo neyezobupolitika kwelo lizwe. Ngenkulungwane yesithandathu okanye yesixhenxe yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ubuBhuda babusekwe ngokuqinileyo kulo lonke elaseMzantsi-mpuma Asiya nakwiMpuma Ekude. Kodwa yintoni eyayisenzeka eIndiya?

23. Kwenzeka ntoni kubuBhuda eIndiya?

²³ Ngoxa ubuBhuda babusasaza impembelelo yabo kwamanye amazwe, babuphela ngokuthe ngcembe eIndiya. Zibandakanyeke ngokunzulu kuphando olusekelwe kwintanda-bulumko nakwintelekelelo, iimonki zaqalisa ukungabi nalo ixesha lokunxibelelana nabalandeli bazo ababengamakholwa nje angenazikhundla. Ukongezelela, ukungaxhaswa kwabo kakhulu nokwamkelwa kweengcamango noqheliselo lobuHindu kwakukhawulezisa ukuwohloka kobuBhuda eIndiya. Kwaneendawo ezingcwele zamaBhuda, ezinjengaseLumbini, apho wazalelwa khona uGautama, neBuddh Gaya, apho wafumana khona “ukhanyiselo,” zaphanziswa. Ngenkulungwane ye-13, ubuBhuda babuphantse baphela eIndiya, lizwe elo obasekwa kulo okokuqala.

24, 25. Ziziphi ezinye izinto ezingakumbi ezathi zenzeka kubuBhuda ngenkulungwane yama-20?

²⁴ Ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20, kwabakho enye inguqulelo kubuBhuda. Iingxwabangxwaba zezobupolitika eTshayina, eMongoliya, eTibeti, nakwamanye amazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma Asiya zabuntlitha kanobom. Amawakawaka ezindlu zoonongendi neetempile zatshatyalaliswa aza amakhulu amawaka eemonki noonongendi baqweqwediselwa ukuba baphume baphele kwelo lizwe, bavalelwa ezintolongweni, okanye bade babulawa. Sekunjalo, impembelelo yobuBhuda isekho ngamandla kwiingcamango nakuqheliselo lwabantu bala mazwe.

²⁵ EYurophu nakuMntla Merika, ingcamango yobuBhuda yokufuna kukabani “inyaniso” kuye siqu ibonakala inomtsalane kakhulu, yaye uqheliselo lwayo lokucamngca luvulela indlela yokuphepha ubomi besiphithiphithi baseNtshona. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, kwingabula-zigcawu yencwadi ethi Living Buddhism, uTenzin Gyatso, umfundisi oyiDalai Lama yaseTibeti eyayisekuthinjweni, wabhala oku: “Mhlawumbi namhlanje ubuBhuda busenokuba negalelo ekukhumbuzeni abantu basentshona ngomlinganiselo wobomi babo bokomoya.”

Iindlela Ezahlukahlukeneyo ZobuBhuda

26. UbuBhuda bahlukene ngaziphi iindlela?

²⁶ Nangona ngokuqhelekileyo kudla ngokuthethwa ngobuBhuda njengonqulo olunye, eneneni bahlulahlulwe baziimvaba ezifundisa iingcamango eziliqela nezahlukeneyo. Ekubeni ziyichaza ngokwahlukeneyo imeko kaBuddha neemfundiso zakhe, nganye kuzo ineemfundiso zayo ezisisiseko, uqheliselo lwayo nezibhalo zayo. Ezi mvaba zahlulahlulwe ngokungakumbi zaba ngamaqela namahlelo amaninzi, ethi inkoliso yawo iphenjelelwe ngamandla ziinkolelo nazizithethe zasekuhlaleni.

27, 28. Ubuya kubuchaza njani ubuBhuda bamaTheravada? (Thelekisa eyabaseFilipi 2:12; Yohane 17:15, 16.)

²⁷ ITheravada (Indlela Yabadala), okanye iHinayana (Indlela Encinane), le mvaba yobuBhuda iyanda eSri Lanka, eMyanmar (Burma), eThailand, eKampuchea (eKhambodiya) naseLaos. Bambi bayigqala njengemvaba engokwesithethe. Igxininisa ekuzuzweni kobulumko nasekusebenzeleni kukabani usindiso lwakhe ngokulincama ihlabathi aze aphile ubomi bokuba yimonki, ezinikela ekucamngceni nasekufundisiseni kumzi weemonki.

²⁸ Kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwamanye ala mazwe ukubona amaqela abafana abachebe iinwele, benxibe izambatho eziorenji yaye benganxibanga zihlangu, bephethe izitya zabo zamalizo besiya kwamkela ukudla kwabo kwemihla ngemihla kumakholwa nje aqhelekileyo anembopheleleko yokubondla. Kulisiko ngamadoda ukuchitha ubuncinane inxalenye yobomi bawo kumzi weemonki. Injongo eyintloko yokuphila ubomi bokuba yimonki ikukuba yiarhat, oko kukuthi, ubani ofikelele kwiqondo lemfezeko yokomoya nelokukhululeka kwintlungu nakwingcinezelo yomjikelezo wokuzalwa ngokutsha. UBuddha uyihlahlile indlela; kuxhomekeke kumntu ngamnye ukuyilandela.

29. Ziziphi iimpawu zobuBhuda bamaMahayana? (Thelekisa eyoku-1 kuTimoti 2:3, 4; Yohane 3:16.)

²⁹ IMahayana (Indlela Enkulu) yimvaba yobuBhuda exhaphakileyo eTshayina, eKorea, eJapan naseVietnam. Ibizwa ngolo hlobo ngenxa yokuba igxininisa imfundiso kaBuddha yokuba “inyaniso nendlela yosindiso ivulekele wonk’ ubani enoba uhlala emqolombeni, kumzi weemonki, okanye endlwini eqhelekileyo . . . Ayivulelwanga nje kuphela abo balincamayo ihlabathi.” Ingcamango esisiseko yeMahayana yeyokuba uthando nemfesane kaBuddha zazinkulu kangangokuba wayengayi kubandeza nabani na usindiso. Ifundisa ukuba ngenxa yokuba uBuddha engumntu njengathi, mntu ngamnye unako ukuba nguBuddha, lowo ukhanyiselweyo, okanye ibodhisattva. Ukhanyiselo alufunyanwa ngengqeqesho yokuziqoba kodwa lufunyanwa ngokukholelwa kuBuddha nangokuba nemfesane ngazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokucacileyo oku kunomtsalane omkhulu kwinginginya yabantu abanengqondo ephangaleleyo. Noko ke, ngenxa yesi simo sengqondo sigxininisa kwinkululeko engakumbi, kuye kwavela amaqela namahlelo amaninzi.

30. Luyintoni usukelo lwabantu abazinikeleyo bemvaba ‘yeLizwe Elinyulu’ yobuBhuda? (Thelekisa uMateyu 6:7, 8; 1 Kumkani 18:26, 29.)

³⁰ Phakathi kwamahlelo amaninzi amaMahayana aye avela eTshayina naseJapan kukho imvaba yeLizwe Elinyulu neyobuBhuda bamaZen. Le siyikhankanye kuqala isekela inkolelo yayo ekubeni nokholo kumandla asindisayo ka-Amida Buddha, owathembisa abalandeli bakhe ukuba babeza kuzalwa ngokutsha kwiLizwe Elinyulu, okanye kwiParadisi EseNtshona, ilizwe lolonwabo nochulumanco ekuhlala kulo oothixo nabantu. Ukusuka apho, kulula ukuya eNirvana. Ngokucengceleza umthandazo othi “Ndikholelwa kuAmida Buddha,” maxa wambi izihlandlo ezininzi-ninzi ngemini, lowo uzinikeleyo uyazihlambulula ukuze akwazi ukufumana ukhanyiselo okanye ukuzalwa ngokutsha kwiParadisi EseNtshona.

31. Ziziphi iimbalasane zobuBhuda bamaZen? (Thelekisa eyabaseFilipi 4:8.)

³¹ UbuBhuda bamaZen (Imvaba yobuCh’an eTshayina) igama labo bulifumene ngoqheliselo lokucamngca. Igama elithi ch’an (lesiTshayina) nelithi zen (lesiJapan) athatyathwe kwigama lesiSanskrit elithi dhyāna, elithetha “ukucamngca.” Olu qeqesho lufundisa ukuba ukufundisisa, imisebenzi emihle nezithethe azibalulekanga kangako. Ubani unokufumana ukhanyiselo kuphela nje ngokucamngca ngemibuzo enjengothi, ‘Sinjani isandi sokuqhwaba kukabani izandla?’ nothi, ‘Sifumana ntoni apho kungekho nto khona?’ Ukuntsonkotha kwemfundiso yobuBhuda bamaZen kuye kwabonakala kwimisebenzi yabo yobugcisa ecikizekileyo yokulungiswa kweentyatyambo, yokubhala kakuhle, yokuzoba ngeinki, yokubhala imihobe, yokulungisa isitiya, njalo njalo, yaye le misebenzi yobugcisa iye yathandwa kakhulu kwelaseNtshona. Namhlanje, iindawo zobuZen zokucamngca zifumaneka kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona.

32. UbuBhuda bamaTibeti buqheliselwa njani?

³² Okokugqibela, kukho ubuBhuda bamaTibeti, okanye ubuLama. Olu hlobo lobuBhuda maxa wambi lubizwa ngokuba bubuMantrayana (INdlela YeMantra) ngenxa yokubalasela kwabo ekusebenziseni iimantra, izicengcelezo ezide ezinothotho loonobumba abanentsingiselo okanye abangenantsingiselo. Kunokuba igxininise kubulumko okanye imfesane, le mvaba yobuBhuda igxininisa kwizithethe, kwimithandazo, kumlingo nasekusebenzelaneni nemimoya. Imithandazo icengcelezwa izihlandlo ezininzi ngemini ngokuncedwa ngumtyukatha wamaso okubala imithandazo namavili emithandazo. Izithethe ezintsonkothileyo zinokwaziwa kuphela ngemfundiso yomlomo evela kwiilama, okanye iinkokeli zoonongendi, ekukho phakathi kwazo ezona zaziwa kakhulu eziziDalai Lama neePanchen Lama. Emva kokufa kwelama, kwenziwa uphando ngomntwana ekuthiwa loo lama iguqukela ekubeni nguye ngokuthi izalwe ngokutsha ukuze ibe ngumfundisi olandelayo. Phofu ke, eli gama likwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iimonki, ekuqikelelwa ukuba, ngaxa lithile zazikhe zamalunga nesinye kwisihlanu sabo bonke abemi baseTibeti. Kwakhona iilama zikhonza njengabafundisi-ntsapho, oogqirha, abemi abanemihlaba yabo nanjengabameli bezobupolitika.

33. Iimvaba zobuBhuda zifana njani nezo zeNgqobhoko? (Thelekisa eyoku-1 yabaseKorinte 1:10.)

³³ Ezi mvaba ziziintloko zobuBhuda nazo zikwahlulahlulwe zaba ngamaqela, okanye amahlelo amaninzi. Wambi aba nenkokeli yawo ekhethekileyo, njengoNichiren waseJapan, owafundisa ukuba yiLotus Sutra yobuMahayana kuphela equlethe iimfundiso ezichanileyo zikaBuddha, noNun Ch’in-Hai waseTaiwan, onabalandeli abaninzi. Kule nkalo, ubuBhuda abahlukanga kakhulu kwiNgqobhoko eneemvaba namahlelo amaninzi. Enyanisweni kuqhelekile ukubona abantu abathi bangamaBhuda bebandakanyeka kuqheliselo lobuTao, lobuShinto, kunqulo lweminyanya, kwanakolo lweNgqobhoko.b Onke la mahlelo obuBhuda azibanga esekele iinkolelo noqheliselo lwawo kwiimfundiso zikaBuddha.

Iingobozi Ezintathu Nezinye IZibhalo ZamaBhuda

34. Yintoni esimele siyikhumbule xa siqwalasela iimfundiso zobuBhuda?

³⁴ Iimfundiso ekuthiwa zezikaBuddha zadluliselwa ngomlomo zaza zaqala ukubhalwa phantsi kuphela kwithuba elingangeenkulungwane emva kokufa kwakhe. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukhulu becala, ziqulethe oko abalandeli bakhe bezizukulwana zamva bacinga ukuba wayekuthethile nokuba wayekwenzile. Oku kwenziwa kuntsonkothe ngakumbi sisibakala sokuba, ngelo xesha, ubuBhuda babusele bahlulahlulwe baziimvaba ezininzi. Ngaloo ndlela, iincwadi ezahlukeneyo zinikela iingxelo ezahlukeneyo zobuBhuda.

35. Ziziphi ezona ncwadi zokuqala ezingcwele zamaBhuda?

³⁵ Ezona ncwadi zokuqala zamaBhuda zabhalwa ngesiPali, ekuthiwa sihlobene nolwimi lukaBuddha, malunga nenkulungwane yokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Zamkelwa yimvaba yobuTheravada njengeencwadi ezichanileyo. Ziqulethe imibhalo engama-31 eyenziwe yaba yimiqulu emithathu ebizwa ngokuba yiTipitaka (Tripitaka, ngesiSanskrit), gama elo elithetha “Iincwadi Ezintathu,” okanye “Imiqulu Emithathu.” IVinaya Pitaka (Incwadi Yeziluleko) ixubusha ngokuyintloko ngemithetho nemimiselo yeemonki noonongendi. ISutta Pitaka (Incwadi Yeentetho) iqulethe iintshumayelo, amabali ayimizekelo efundisayo eyenziwa nguBuddha nabafundi bakhe abakhokelayo. Okokugqibela, kukho iAbhidhamma Pitaka (Incwadi Yemfundiso Esisiseko) equlethe inkcazelo yeemfundiso ezisisiseko zikaBuddha.

36. Yintoni eziphawuleka ngayo izibhalo zobuBhuda bamaMahayana?

³⁶ Kwelinye icala, inkoliso yemibhalo yemvaba yobuMahayana ibhalwe ngesiSanskrit, ngesiTshayina nangolwimi lwaseTibeti, yaye iyimiqulu emininzi. Iincwadi zesiTshayina zizodwa nje ziyimiqulu engaphezu kwama-5 000. Ziqulethe iingcamango ezininzi ezazingekho kwimibhalo yokuqala, ezinjengeengxelo zokuba ooBuddha babengangentlabathi yeGanges ukuba baninzi, ekuthiwa babephila kwizigidi zeminyaka engenakubalwa, ngamnye esongamele umhlaba wakhe wobuBhuda. Akabaxi tu omnye umbhali xa esithi ezi ncwadi “ziphawulwa ngeengcamango zazo ezahlukahlukeneyo, neziyintelekelelo egqithiseleyo, ngokubalisa ngabantu abanomtsalane nangokusebenzisa uphindaphindo lwamagama olugqithiseleyo.”

37. Ziziphi iingxaki ezabangelwa yimibhalo yobuMahayana? (Thelekisa eyabaseFilipi 2:2, 3.)

³⁷ Licacile elokuba, liqaqobana nje labantu eliziqondayo ezi ncwadi zintsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ezi ncwadi zamva zabududulela kude ubuBhuda koko uBuddha wayenenjongo yako ntlandlolo. Ngokutsho kweVinaya Pitaka, uBuddha wayefuna ukuba iimfundiso zakhe ziqondwe kungekuphela nje ludidi lwabafundileyo kodwa zizo zonke iindidi zabantu. Ngokuvisisana noku, wagxininisa kwelokuba iingcamango zakhe zifundiswe ngolwimi lwabantu abaqhelekileyo, kungekhona ulwimi olungokonqulo olungasasetyenziswayo lobuHindu. Ngaloo ndlela, kwibango lamaBhuda angamaTheravada lokuba ezi ncwadi zazingezizo ezonqulo, impendulo yabalandeli bobuMahayana yeyokuba uGautama onguBuddha waqala wafundisa abantu abaqhelekileyo nabangafundanga, kodwa kwabo bafundileyo nabazizilumko watyhila iimfundiso ezabhalwa kamva kwiincwadi zobuMahayana.

Umjikelezo WeKarma NeSamsara

38. (a) Zifana njani iimfundiso zamaBhuda nezamaHindu? (b) Iyintoni ingcamango yamaBhuda ngomphefumlo ngokusekelwe kwingcamango nakuqheliselo lawo?

³⁸ Nangona ubuBhuda babakhululayo abantu kumakhamandela obuHindu ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, iingcamango zabo ezisisiseko zisasekelwe kwimfundiso yobuHindu yeKarma neyesamsara. UbuBhuda, njengoko ekuqaleni bafundiswa nguBuddha, bahlukile kubuHindu kuba buyayiphikisa ingcamango yobukho bomphefumlo ongafiyo kodwa buthetha ngomntu “njengentlanganisela yamandla angokomzimba nangokwengqondo.”c Sekunjalo, iimfundiso zabo zisasekelwe kwiingcamango zokuba bonke abantu basuka kobu bomi baye kobunye ubomi ngokuzalwa ngokutsha ngokungapheliyo (isamsara) baze bathwaxwe yimiphumo yezenzo zexa elidluleyo nezangoku (iKarma). Nakubeni isigidimi sabo sokhanyiselo nesokukhululeka kulo mjikelezo sisenokubonakala sinomtsalane, bambi babuza oku: Sisengqiqweni kangakanani isiseko saso? Bubuphi ubungqina obukhoyo bokuba zonke iingcinezelo zibangelwa zizenzo zikabani zobomi obudluleyo? Ibe, enyanisweni, bubuphi ubungqina obukhoyo bokuba kukho nabuphi na ubomi bexa elidluleyo?

39. Enye incwadi yamaBhuda iwuchaza njani umthetho weKarma?

³⁹ Enye ingcaciso ngomthetho weKarma ithi:

“IKamma [igama lesiPali elithi Karma] ingumthetho yona ngokwayo. Kodwa ayilandeli umgaqo wokuba kufanele kubekho ummisi-mthetho. Imithetho eqhelekileyo yemvelo, njengomthetho womxhuzulane, ayifuni mmisi-mthetho. Kwanomthetho weKamma akuyomfuneko ukuba ube nommisi-mthetho. Uyazisebenzela wona ngokwawo ngaphandle kokungenelela kothunywashe olawulayo ovela ngaphandle nozimele geqe.”—A Manual of Buddhism.

40. (a) Yintoni eboniswa bubukho bemithetho yemvelo? (b) Ithini iBhayibhile ngomthetho obangela ukwenzeka kwezinto nemiphumo yoko?

⁴⁰ Ngaba oku kuvakala kusengqiqweni? Ngaba ngokwenene imithetho yemvelo ayifuni mmisi-mthetho? Ingcali yeziphekepheke uGqr. Wernher von Braun yakhe yathi: “Imithetho yemvelo yendalo iphela ingqale ngohlobo lokuba asinabunzima ekwakheni isiphekepheke esinokuya enyangeni yaye sinokubala ngokuchanileyo nkqu nomzuzwana esiwusebenzisayo. Kumele ukuba le mithetho yamiselwa ngumntu othile.” IBhayibhile ikwathetha ngomthetho wokuba yonke into eyenzekayo iba nomphumo wayo. Isixelela ukuba, “UThixo yena asingowokuhlekisa. Kuba into athe wahlwayela yona umntu, wovuna kwayona.” (Galati 6:7) Kunokuba ithi lo mthetho awufuni mmisi-mthetho, iphuhlisa ingongoma yokuba “uThixo yena asingowokuhlekisa,” ibonisa ukuba lo mthetho wenziwa wasebenza nguMmisi wawo, uYehova.

41. (a) Umthetho weKarma usenokuthelekiswa njani nomthetho weenkundla zamatyala? (b) Chaza umahluko okhoyo phakathi kweKarma nedinga leBhayibhile.

⁴¹ Ukongezelela, iBhayibhile isixelela ukuba “umvuzo wesono kukufa,” yaye ‘ofileyo ukhululwe kuso isono.’ Kwaneenkundla zamatyala ziyaqonda ukuba akukho bani unokohlwaywa kabini ngalo naluphi na ulwaphumo-mthetho. Ngoko, kutheni le nto umntu osele ezihlawulele izono zakhe ngokufa emele azalwe ngokutsha ukuze nje abandezeleke kwakhona ngenxa yemiphumo yezenzo zakhe zexa elidluleyo? Ngokubhekele phaya, ekubeni umntu engazazi izenzo zexa elidluleyo ohlwayelwa zona, unokuguquka njani kuzo aze aphucule? Ngaba oku kunokugqalwa njengokusesikweni? Ngaba kuyavisisana nenceba, ekuthiwa yayilolona phawu lubalaseleyo lukaBuddha? Ngokwahlukileyo koko, emva kokuchaza ukuba “umvuzo wesono kukufa,” iBhayibhile, ihlabela mgama isithi: “Ke sona isibabalo sikaThixo bubomi obungunaphakade, kuKristu Yesu iNkosi yethu.” Ewe, ithembisa ukuba uThixo uza kukuphelisa konke ukonakala, isono nokufa yaye uza kuzisa inkululeko nemfezeko kuluntu lonke.—Roma 6:7, 23; 8:21; Isaya 25:8.

42. Umphengululi ongumBhuda ukuchaza njani ukuzalwa ngokutsha?

⁴² Ngokubhekisele ekuzalweni ngokutsha, nantsi ingcaciso yomphengululi ongumBhuda uGqr. Walpola Rahula:

“Umntu akayonto yimbi ngaphandle kwentlanganisela yamandla angokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Oko sikubiza ngokuba kukufa kukuyeka komzimba wenyama ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza. Ngaba onke la mandla aphela pam kwangaxeshanye ekuyekeni nje komzimba ukusebenza? UbuBhuda buphendula ngokuthi ‘Hayi.’ Ulangazelelo, ukufuna, umnqweno wokuphila, wokuqhubeka uphila, wokusoloko ukho, ungamandla amakhulu aphembelela bonke ubomi, aphembelela zonke izinto eziphilayo nakwaphembelela ihlabathi lonke. La ngawona mandla makhulu ehlabathini. Ngokutsho kwemfundiso kaBuddha, la mandla awapheli ngokusuka umzimba uyeke ukusebenza, oko kukuthi wakufa; kodwa ayaqhubeka ekho ekwenye imo, evelisa obunye ubomi obubizwa ngokuba kukuzalwa ngokutsha.”

43. (a) Ngokwebhayoloji, umntu ubunjwa njani ngokweeseli zemfuza? (b) Bubuphi “ubungqina” obusetyenziswayo maxa wambi bokuxhasa ukuzalwa ngokutsha? (c) Ngaba obo “bungqina” buyavisisana noko sikwaziyo ngokuqhelekileyo?

⁴³ Ngexesha lokukhawulwa, umntu ufumana ama-50 ekhulwini eeseli zemfuza kumzali ngamnye. Ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba afane ngokupheleleyo nomntu othile obekhe waphila kwixa elidluleyo. Eneneni, inkqubo yokuzalwa ngokutsha ayinakuxhaswa nguwo nawuphi na umgaqo owaziwayo wenzululwazi. Ngokufuthi, abo bakholelwa kwimfundiso esisiseko yokuzalwa ngokutsha bacaphula njengobungqina amava abantu abazibanga bekwazi ukuchaza inkangeleko yobuso, iziganeko neendawo abangazange bazibone ngaphambili. Ngaba oku kusengqiqweni? Ukuba ubani uthi umntu onokukwazi ukunikela ingxelo yezinto zamaxesha amhlamnene umele ukuba wayephila ngelo xesha, ukwamele athi umntu onokukwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili ikamva—yaye kukho abaninzi abazibanga bekwazi ukwenjenjalo—umele ukuba wayekhe waphila kwikamva. Ngokucacileyo, oko akunjalo.

44. Thelekisa imfundiso yeBhayibhile ngokubhekisele ‘kumoya’ kunye nemfundiso esisiseko yamaBhuda yokuzalwa ngokutsha.

⁴⁴ Ngaphezu kwama-400 eminyaka ngaphambi kokuphila kukaBuddha, iBhayibhile yathetha ngamandla obomi. Ichaza oko kwenzekayo xa umntu esifa, ithi: “Lungekabuyeli emhlabeni uthuli, njengoko belunjalo, umoya ubuyele kuThixo owawunikayo.” (INtshumayeli 12:7) Igama elithi “umoya” liguqulelwe ngokusuka kwigama lesiHebhere elithi ruʹach, elithetha amandla obomi abangela ukuba ziphile zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, umntu nesilwanyana. (INtshumayeli 3:18-22) Phofu ke, umahluko obalulekileyo ngowokuba iruʹach ingamandla angengomntu; ayinamnqweno kuyo ngokwayo okanye igcine ubuntu okanye naziphi na iimpawu zomntu ofileyo. Ayisuki komnye umntu iye komnye ekufeni kodwa ‘ibuyela kuThixo owayinikayo.’ Ngamanye amazwi, amathemba aloo mntu obomi obuzayo—ithemba lovuko—asezandleni zikaThixo ngokupheleleyo.—Yohane 5:28, 29; IZenzo 17:31.

INirvana—Ngaba Kukufumana Oko Kungenakufunyanwa?

45. Iyintoni ingcamango yamaBhuda ngeNirvana?

⁴⁵ Oku kusifikisa kwimfundiso kaBuddha engokhanyiselo nosindiso. Ngokwentetho yamaBhuda, ingcamango esisiseko yosindiso kukukhululeka kumthetho weKarma nowesamsara, kwanokufumana iNirvana. Ibe iyintoni iNirvana? Iincwadi zamaBhuda zithi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuyichaza okanye ukuyicacisa kodwa unokuba namava ayo kuphela. Ayilozulu apho ubani aya khona emva kokufa kodwa yinto enokufikelelwa nguye wonk’ ubani, apha yaye ngoku. Kuthiwa elo gama ngokwalo lithetha “ukubhujiswa, ukutshayelwa ngokupheleleyo, ukuphela.” Ngaloo ndlela, bambi bayichaza iNirvana njengokuphela kwayo yonke inkanuko nomnqweno; ubomi bokungabi nazimvakalelo, ezinjengeentlungu, uloyiko, ulangazelelo, uthando okanye intiyo; imeko yoxolo, ukuphumla nokungaguquki okungunaphakade. Ngokusisiseko, kuthiwa ikukuphela kobukho bomntu.

46, 47. (a) Ngokweemfundiso zamaBhuda, uyintoni umthombo wosindiso? (b) Kutheni le nto imbono yamaBhuda ngomthombo wosindiso yahlukile nje kumava ethu aqhelekileyo?

⁴⁶ UBuddha wafundisa ukuba ukhanyiselo nosindiso—ezikwenza ugqibelele ukuze ufanelekele iNirvana—aziveli nakuwuphi na uThixo okanye amandla angaphandle, kodwa zivela kumntu ngokwakhe ngomgudu wakhe wokwenza okulungileyo nowokuhlakulela iingcamango ezithe tye. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo: Ngaba okugqibeleleyo kunokuphuma kokungagqibelelanga? Ngaba amava ethu aqhelekileyo awasixeleli na, njengoko awomprofeti uYeremiya ongumHebhere amxelelayo, ukuba “ayikhona emntwini indlela yakhe; akukhona endodeni ehambayo ukuqinisela ukunyathela kwayo”? (Yeremiya 10:23) Ukuba akukho bani ukwaziyo ukuzilawula ngokupheleleyo izenzo zakhe kwanakwimicimbi nje engenamsebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ngaba kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba kukho nabani na onokusebenzela usindiso lwakhe eyedwa jwi?—INdumiso 146:3, 4.

⁴⁷ Kanye njengokuba kungenakwenzeka ukuba umntu otshone kumgxobhozo wentlabathi obizelayo aziphumele ngokwakhe kuwo, ngokukwanjalo lonke uluntu lukhonkxwe sisono nakukufa, ibe akukho namnye onamandla okuzikhulula kula makhamandela. (Roma 5:12) Ukanti, uBuddha wafundisa ukuba usindiso luxhomekeke kuphela kwimigudu yomntu siqu. Isibongozo awasenzayo kubafundi bakhe xa wayesahlukana nabo sasisithi “kholosani ngeziqu zenu ningakholosi ngoncedo oluvela ngaphandle; bambelelani nkqi kwinyaniso njengesibane; funani usindiso kuphela kwinyaniso; ningafuni luncedo kuye nabani na ngaphandle kwenu ubuqu.”

Ngaba Lukhanyiselo Okanye Kukuphoxeka?

48. (a) Enye incwadi iwuchaza njani umphumo weengcamango ezintsonkothileyo zamaBhuda njengengcamango yeNirvana? (b) Ube yintoni umphumo wokuvuseleleka komdla wabantu kutshanje kwiimfundiso zamaBhuda kweminye imimandla?

⁴⁸ Ube yintoni umphumo wemfundiso esisiseko enjalo? Ngaba kwabo bakholelwa kuyo ibethelela ukholo nokuzinikela kokwenyaniso? Incwadi ethi Living Buddhism inikela ingxelo yokuba kwamanye amazwe obuBhuda, nkqu “iimonki zinikela ingqalelo encinane kwiinkalo ezibalaseleyo zonqulo lwazo. Ukufunyanwa kweNirvāna kucingelwa ngokubanzi kungumnqweno onamandla nongekho ngqiqweni ngokunganiki themba, yaye akufane kucamngcwe. Ngaphandle kokungazifundisisi ngokuthe rhoqo iiTipitaka, zizinikela ekubeni zibe yimpembelelo entle nefanelekileyo ebuthweni.” Ngokufanayo, igqabaza ngokuvuseleleka komdla wabantu okwenzeke kutshanje kwiimfundiso zamaBhuda, iWorld Encyclopedia (yaseJapan) iphawula oku: “Okukhona uhlolisiso lobuBhuda lusiba lolukhethekileyo, kokukhona buphambuka kwinjongo yabo yantlandlolo—ukukhokela abantu. Ngokwale mbono, kucacile ukuba utyekelo lwakutshanje lohlolisiso oluqatha lobuBhuda alusosiqinisekiso sokuvuselelwa kokholo oluphilileyo. Kunoko, kumele kuphawulwe ukuba xa unqulo lusiba ngumbandela wohlolisiso oluntsonkothileyo nolusekelwe kwintanda-bulumko, ukholo lwalo lokwenene luyafiphala.”

49. Kwabaninzi, ubuBhuda bube yintoni?

⁴⁹ Ingcamango esisiseko yobuBhuda ikukuba ulwazi nokuqonda lukhokelela kukhanyiselo nosindiso. Kodwa iimfundiso ezisisiseko ezintsonkothileyo zeemvaba ezahlukahlukeneyo zobuBhuda ziye nje kuphela zavelisa imeko “engekho ngqiqweni ngokunganiki themba” ekhankanywe ngasentla, engenakuqondwa yinkoliso yamakholwa. Ngenxa yaloo makholwa, ubuBhuda buye bancitshiselwa ekwenzeni okulungileyo nasekulandeleni izithethe ezimbalwa nemimiselo elula. Abunanto yakwenza nemibuzo edidayo yobomi, enjengethi: Sivela phi? Kutheni silapha nje? Yaye liyintoni ikamva lomntu nelomhlaba?

50. Nguwuphi umbuzo ophakamayo ngenxa yamava anawo amaBhuda athile anyanisekileyo? (Thelekisa amaKolose 2:8.)

⁵⁰ Wambi amaBhuda anyanisekileyo aye anamava okudideka nawokuphoxeka ngenxa yeemfundiso ezisisiseko ezintsonkothileyo nezithethe eziluxanduva zobuBhuda njengoko buqheliselwa namhlanje. Imigudu yamaqela neentlangano zamaBhuda zokukhuthaza intlalontle yoluntu nobudlelane kumazwe athile isenokuba ibakhulula abaninzi kwintlungu nakwingcinezelo. Kodwa njengomthombo wokhanyiselo nenkululeko yokwenyaniso yabantu bonke, ngaba ubuBhuda buye basizalisekisa isithembiso sabo?

Ngaba Lukhanyiselo Ngaphandle KoThixo?

51. (a) Enye ingxelo engesiganeko esibangel’ umdla sikaBuddha ithini ngeemfundiso zakhe? (b) Yintoni le ibalulekileyo ekucacileyo ukuba zasilela kuyo iimfundiso zikaBuddha? (Thelekisa eyesi-2 yeziKronike 16:9; INdumiso 46:1; 145:18.)

⁵¹ Iingxelo ezingobomi bukaBuddha zibonisa ukuba ngasihlandlo sithile yena nabafundi bakhe babesehlathini. Wakha amagqabi awazalisa isandla waza wathi kubafundi bakhe: “Oko ndinifundise kona kulingana nala magqabi asesandleni sam, oko ndinganifundisanga kona kulingana namagqabi akulo lonke eli hlathi.” Kambe ke, oku kwakusekelezele ekuthini uBuddha wayefundise kuphela inxalenye encinane kakhulu yoko wayekwazi. Phofu ke, kukho enye into ebalulekileyo awayesilele kuyo—uGautama onguBuddha phantse abe wayengenanto wayenokuyithetha ngoThixo; yaye akazange azibange enguThixo. Enyanisweni, kuthiwa wabaxelela oku abafundi bakhe, “Ukuba ukho uThixo, ayinakucingwa nokucingwa into yokuba uzixhalabisile ngemicimbi yam yemihla ngemihla,” yaye “abakho oothixo abanako okanye abaya kuze bancede umntu.”

52. (a) Iyintoni imbono yobuBhuda ngoThixo? (b) Yintoni ubuBhuda obuyityesheleyo?

⁵² Ngokwale ngqiqo, ubuBhuda bunendima encinane kakhulu kwiphulo loluntu lokufuna uThixo wenyaniso. IThe Encyclopedia of World Faiths iphawula ukuba “kubonakala ukuba ubuBhuda bokuqala abuzange buzidube ngokucinga ngoThixo, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo abuzange bufundise okanye bufune ukuba nokholo kuThixo.” Ukugxininisa kwabo ekuzifuneleni komntu ngamnye usindiso, ebhenela kweyakhe ingqondo okanye indlela yokuqonda ukuze afumane ukhanyiselo, kuyabonakala ukuba ngokwenene ubuBhuda bukholelwa ukuba akukho mntu unokumazi uThixo, ukuba phofu buyakholelwa kwaukukholelwa kubukho bukaThixo. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 145.) Ekuzameni kwabo ukuqhawula amakhamandela eenkolo zobuHindu nothotho lwabo loothixo abadidayo basentsomini, kuthe kanti nabo ubuBhuda sebude bazibhuda izingqi. Buye bayityeshela ingcamango esisiseko yobukho boYena Mntu Uphakamileyo, ezikho nezisebenza ngokuthanda kwakhe izinto zonke.—IZenzo 17:24, 25.

53. Kunokuthiwani ngokufuna ukhanyiselo ngaphandle kukaThixo? (Thelekisa IMizekeliso 9:10; Yeremiya 8:9.)

⁵³ Ngenxa yale ngcamango yokuzingca neyokuzimela geqe, umphumo ube kukuveliswa kwamabali antsonkothe ngokwenene, izithethe, iimfundiso ezisisiseko ezintsonkothileyo nokuchazwa kweentsingiselo zezi zinto ziimvaba nangamahlelo amaninzi awathi asekwa ebudeni beenkulungwane. Oko kwakucetywe ngenjongo yokuzisa isicombululo esilula kwiingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zobomi kwaphumela kwinkqubo yonqulo neyentanda-bulumko engenakuqondwa yinkoliso yabantu. Endaweni yoko, umlandeli nje oqhelekileyo wobuBhuda uzixakekisa ngokunqula imifanekiso eqingqiweyo nabangasekhoyo, oothixo needemon, imimoya neminyanya, aze enze nezinye izithethe ezininzi kwanoqheliselo olungenanto yakwenza noko uGautama onguBuddha wakufundisayo. Ngokucacileyo, ukufuna ukhanyiselo ngaphandle kukaThixo akusebenzi.

54. Ziimfundiso zaziphi ezinye iinkcuba-buchopho ezingonqulo zaseMpuma eziza kuqwalaselwa ngokulandelayo?

⁵⁴ Malunga nexesha elinye uGautama onguBuddha awayefuna ngalo ukhanyiselo, komnye ummandla welizwekazi laseAsiya kwakuphila izithandi zobulumko ezimbini ezathi iingcamango zazo zaphembelela izigidi zabantu. YayinguLao-tzu noConfucius, izilumko ezimbini ezazihlonelwa sisizukulwana samaTshayina nangabanye abantu. Zazifundisa ntoni yaye zawuphembelela njani umoya wephulo lokufuna koluntu uThixo? Oko koko siza kukuqwalasela kwisahluko esilandelayo.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 139]

Iinyaniso Ezine Ezizukileyo ZikaBuddha

UBuddha wayicacisa inyaniso yakhe esisiseko koko kubizwa ngokuba ziiNyaniso Ezine Ezizukileyo. Apha sicaphula kwiDhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Isiseko SoBukumkani Bobulungisa), kwinguqulelo kaT. W. Rhys Davids:

▪ “Owu Bhikkus, le yinyaniso ezukileyo ephathelele ukubandezeleka. Kubuhlungu ukuzala, kubuhlungu ukonakala, kubuhlungu ukugula, kubuhlungu nokufa. Kubuhlungu ukungonwabi, kubuhlungu ukuphela kolonwabo; yaye nawuphi na umnqweno ongazalisekiswayo, nawo uyintlungu. . . .

▪ “Owu Bhikkus, le yinyaniso ezukileyo ephathelele imvelaphi yokubandezeleka. Ngokwenene, nguloo mnqweno, obangela ukuhlaziyeka kobomi, ophelekwa luyolo lokwenyama, ufuna ulwaneliseko apha, naphayaa—oko kukuthi, ulangazelelo lokwanelisa iminqweno, okanye ukulangazelela ukuphila, okanye ukulangazelela impumelelo. . . .

▪ “Owu Bhikkus, le yinyaniso ezukileyo ephathelele ukupheliswa kokubandezeleka. Ngokwenene, kukupheliswa kwawo kanye lo mnqweno, kungasali nesuntswana lawo; kukubekelwa kwawo ecaleni, kukubhangiswa kwawo, kukukhululwa kuwo, kukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kulo nqweno. . . .

▪ “Owu Bhikkus, le yinyaniso ezukileyo ephathelele indlela esa ekuphelisweni kosizi. Ngokwenene, yindlela ezukileyo eyahlulahlulwe kasibhozo; oko kukuthi: iimbono ezilungileyo iminqweno elungileyo; intetho elungileyo; ihambo elungileyo; ubomi obulungileyo; umgudu olungileyo; isimo sengqondo esilungileyo; ukucamngca ngezinto ezilungileyo.”

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 145]

UbuBhuda NoThixo

“UbuBhuda bufundisa indlela yokufumana ukulunga nobulumko obugqibeleleyo ngaphandle koThixo wobuqu; ukufumana olona lwazi luphakamileyo ngaphandle ‘kwesityhilelo’; . . . ukufumana intlawulelo ngaphandle kokuhlawulelwa ngomnye umntu, usindiso ekuthi kulo ubani ngamnye abe ngumsindisi wakhe siqu.”—IThe Message of Buddhism, nguBhikkhu Subhadra, njengoko icatshulwe kwethi What Is Buddhism?

Ngoko ngaba amaBhuda awabukholelwa ubukho bukaThixo? Incwadi ethi What Is Buddhism? epapashwe nguLodge ongumBhuda, eLondon, iyaphendula: “Ukuba xa uthetha ngokungakholelwa kuThixo ubhekisela kubani oyigatyayo ingcamango yobukho boThixo wobuqu, uthetha ngathi kanye.” Yandula ke ihlabele mgama isenjenje: “Ingqondo ephangaleleyo inokucamngca ngokulula ngengcamango yokuba Indalo Iphela ilawulwa nguMthetho ongagungqiyo, kwananjengokuba isenokukwazi ukucamngca ngeNdwalutho ethile yamandulo esenokuba ayizange iyibone, ingayazi nalapho ihlala khona, neyathi ngaxa lithile yadala kokungeni Indalo Iphela ezaliswe bubutshaba, kokungekho sikweni, ngamahla-ndinyuka, nayingcinezelo neembambano ezingapheliyo.”

Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwengcamango yabo, ubuBhuda abuyixhasi inkolelo yobukho bukaThixo okanye uMdali. Phofu ke, iitempile nezibingelelo zokuthandazela zamaBhuda zifumaneka namhlanje phantse kwilizwe ngalinye ekuqheliselwa kulo ubuBhuda, yaye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo namathambo ooBuddha nawoobodhisattvas aye aba zizinto amaBhuda anyanisekileyo athandaza kuzo, anyusa kuzo imibingelelo, nazinqulayo. UBuddha, ongazange azibange enguThixo, uye waba nguthixo ngandlela zonke.

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 142]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ubuBhuda babusasazeke ukusuka eIndiya ukuya kulo lonke elasempuma Asiya

I-INDIYA

IBenares

IBuddh Gaya

INKULUNGWANE YESI-3 B.C.E. ISRI LANKA

INKULUNGWANE YESI-4 C.E. IKOREA

INKULUNGWANE YESI-6 C.E. IJAPAN

INKULUNGWANE YESI-7 C.E. ITIBETI

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 131]

Iitempile zamaBhuda zakhiwe ngokwahlukileyo emhlabeni wonke

EChengteh, emantla eTshayina

EKofu, eJapan

Kwisixeko saseNew York, eU.S.A.

EChiang Mai, eThailand

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 133]

Umfanekiso okrolwe elityeni, wePhupha likaMaya, eGandhara, ePakistan, ubonisa uBuddha lowo wayeza kuba njengendlovu emhlophe ekwisa-ngqa engena kwicala langasekunene likaKumkanikazi uMaya ukuze amenze akhulelwe

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 134]

Iimonki nabanquli abangamaBhuda kwitempile ekwiSixeko saseNew York

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 141]

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaBuddha ebonisa izimbo zomzimba awayezenza xa

engena eNirvana

efundisa

ecamngca

exhathisa isilingo

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 147]

Ungcelele oluhlonela umhla wokuzalwa kukaBuddha, eTokyo, eJapan. Indlovu emhlophe engasemva ifuzisela uBuddha

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 150]

Amaphepha eLotus Sutra (yenkulungwaye ye-10), abhalwe ngesi-Tshayina, achaza amandla ebodhisattva enguKuan-yin okusindisa emlilweni nakumkhukula. IBodhisattva enguKsitigarbha, esekunene, yayithandwa eKorea ngenkulungwane ye-14

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 155]

Umsongo wamaBhuda waseKyoto, eJapan, ubonisa ukuthuthunjiswa “esihogweni”

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 157]

Njengoko kuboniswe apha ukusuka entla ngasekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene, amaBhuda namhlanje anqula umfanekiso welingam eBangkok, eThailand; weZinyo likaBuddha eKandy, eSri Lanka; nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaBuddha eSingapore naseNew York

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 158]

Umfazi ongumBhuda ethandaza phambi kwesibingelelo sentsapho, nabantwana besiba nenxaxheba kumsebenzi wasetempileni