Isahluko 5

UbuHindu—Iphulo Lokufuna Inkululeko

“Kwibutho lamaHindu, kulisiko elingokonqulo, ukuba kuqala nje ngqa ekuseni, ahlambe kumlambo okufuphi okanye ekhaya ukuba akukho mlambo okanye mfula ukhoyo. Abantu bakholelwa ukuba oku kuwenza abe ngcwele. Emva koko, athi engatyanga nokutya, enjenjeya ukuya kwitempile yasekuhlaleni aze anikele ngeentyatyambo nangokutya kuthixo wasekuhlaleni. Wambi ahlamba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo aze awuhombise ngomgubo obomvu nomthubi.

“Phantse kwikhaya ngalinye kulungiselelwe indawana okanye nokuba ligumbi elipheleleyo lokunqulela uthixo othandwayo yintsapho. Kwezinye iingingqi uthixo othandwayo nguGanesa, uthixo oyindlovu. Abantu bathandaza ngokukhethekileyo kuye ukuze babe namathamsanqa, njengoko esaziwa njengomshenxisi wemiqobo. Kwezinye iindawo kunqulwa uKrishna, uRama, uSiva, uDurga, okanye esinye isithixo.”—NguTara C., eKathmandu, eNepal.

1. (a) Chaza amasiko athile amaHindu. (b) Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kwengcamango yaseNtshona nengcamango yamaHindu?

BUYINTONI ubuHindu? Ngaba buyingcamango nje yaseNtshona eyenziwe lula ngokugqithiseleyo yokuhlonela izilwanyana, yokuhlamba kumlambo iGanges, neyokwahlulahlulwa kwabantu babe ziindidi ngeendidi? Okanye ngaba kukho okungakumbi okubandakanyekileyo kubo? Impendulo ithi: Kukho okuninzi ngakumbi okubandakanyekileyo. UbuHindu buyindlela eyahlukileyo yokuqonda injongo yobomi neyahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiingcamango zaseNtshona. Abemi baseNtshona batyekele ekubugqaleni ubomi njengolandelelwano lweziganeko ezingokwembali. AmaHindu abugqala ubomi njengomjikelo ongapheliyo ekuthi kuwo imbali yomntu ibe yinto engabalulekanga kangako.

2, 3. (a) Kutheni kunzima nje ukuchaza ubuHindu? (b) Omnye umbhali ongumIndiya ubuchaza njani ubuHindu nokuba noothixo abaninzi kwabo?

² Akuyonto ilula ukuchaza ubuHindu, ekubeni bungenasivumo sokholo singqalileyo, iqumrhu labefundisi abaphetheyo, okanye abameli abalawulayo. Phofu ke, bunazo iiswami (abefundisi) neeguru (abakhokeli bokomoya). Inkcazelo ebhekele phaya ngobuHindu enikelwe kwenye incwadi yembali ithi “buyintlanganisela yeenkolelo nemimiselo eye yavela ukususela ngexesha lokubhalwa kwezibhalo zabo zamandulo (nezizezona zingcwele), iiVeda, kude kube ngoku.” Enye incwadi ithi: “Sisenokuthi ubuHindu bukukuzinikela ngokunyaniseka okanye ukunqula uthixo uVishnu, okanye uShiva [uSiva], okanye uthixokazi uShakti, okanye imifuziselo yabo, imifanekiso yabo, amaqabane abo omtshato, okanye abantwana babo.” Oko kukhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe izithethe zokunqula uRama noKrishna (abayimifuziselo kaVishnu), uDurga, uSkanda noGanesa (umfazi noonyana bakaSiva). Kuthiwa ubuHindu bunoothixo abangama-330 ezigidi, ukanti kuthiwa ubuHindu abukuko ukukholelwa koothixo abaninzi. Kunokwenzeka njani oko?

³ Umbhali ongumIndiya uA. Parthasarathy ucacisa esithi: “AmaHindu awakholelwa koothixo abaninzi. UbuHindu buthetha ngoThixo omnye . . . Oothixo noothixokazi abahlukeneyo abakwitempile yezithixo yamaHindu bangabameli nje kuphela bamandla nokusebenza koThixo omnye owongamileyo kwihlabathi elibonakalayo.”

4. Igama elithi “ubuHindu” lithetha ntoni?

⁴ Ngokufuthi amaHindu abhekisela kunqulo lwawo njengesanatana dharma, gama elo elithetha umthetho okanye umyalelo ongunaphakade. Eneneni igama elithi ubuHindua ligama elilula elichaza intlaninge yeenkonzo namahlelo (sampradayas) athe avela aza anda ukutyhubela amawaka eminyaka eveliswa yintsomi entsonkothileyo yamandulo yamaHindu. Kangangendlela eyinkohla ngayo loo ntsomi iNew Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology ide ithi ngayo: “Intsomi yamaIndiya ifana nentsunguzi yehlathi elishinyeneyo oya kubhadula uncame kulo. Wakungena nje kulo uphulukana nokukhanya kwemini uze ube sisibhadubhadu esihamba sityhobeka.” Sekunjalo, esi sahluko siza kugubungela iinkalo neemfundiso ezithile zolo nqulo.

Imvelaphi Yamandulo YobuHindu

5. Bande kangakanani ubuHindu?

⁵ Ngoxa ubuHindu busenokungabi bobusasazeke ngokubanzi njengezinye iinkonzo eziphambili, sekunjalo, bebunabalandeli abaphantse babe ngama-700 ezigidi ngowe-1990, okanye malunga nesinye kwisibhozo (i-13 ekhulwini) sabemi behlabathi. Noko ke, inkoliso yaba ifumaneka eIndiya. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukubuza ukuba, Kukanjani ibe kwakutheni ukuze ubuHindu bande kangaka eIndiya?

6, 7. (a) Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali-mbali, ubuHindu bafika njani eIndiya? (b) UbuHindu bulichaza njani ibali labo lomkhukula? (c) Ngokutsho komembi wezinto zakudala uMarshall, luluphi uhlobo lonqulo olwaluqheliselwa kwiNtlambo yeIndus ngaphambi kokufika kwama-Aryan?

⁶ Bambi ababhali-mbali bathi ubuHindu bavela ngaphezu kwama-3 500 eminyaka eyadlulayo ngexesha lokufuduka kwabantu abanebala lolusu elimbatshileyo abangama-Aryan, besuka kumntla-ntshona besinga kwiNtlambo yeIndus, ngoku ngokuyintloko esePakistan naseIndiya. Ukusuka apho basasazeka kwiintili zoMlambo iGanges baza bawelela naseIndiya. Zimbi iingcali zithi iingcamango ezingokonqulo zaba bantu babefuduka zazisekelwe kwiimfundiso zamandulo zaseIran nezaseBhabhiloni. Omnye umzila ofanayo kwiinkolelo ezininzi ezingokwesithethe nokwafumaneka kubuHindu ngulowo webali lomkhukula.—Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 120.

⁷ Kodwa luhlobo olunjani lonqulo olwaluqheliselwa kwiNtlambo yeIndus ngaphambi kokufika kwama-Aryan? Omnye umembi wezinto zakudala, uMhlekazi uJohn Marshall, uthetha “‘Ngothixokazi OnguMama Omkhulu’, omelwe yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamabhinqa akhulelweyo, inkoliso yayo iyimifanekiso yamabhinqa ahamba ze afake iikhola ezinkulu nezangqawe. . . . Kukwakho ‘Nothixo OyiNdoda’, ‘owayekade egqalwa njengomfuziselo kaSiva wasembalini’, ehleli akhe isathanga (ndlela leyo yokuhlala ebonisa ukucamngca), ilungu lakhe lesini lime nkqo (nto leyo esikhumbuza ngesithethe sokunqulwa kwelingam [ilungu lesini lobudoda]), engqongwe zizilwanyana (ezingumfuziselo wegama likaShiva elithetha, ‘INkosi Yezilwanyana’). Kukho imifuziselo emininzi yamatye emela ilungu lesini lobudoda nelungu lesini lobufazi, . . . nto leyo ebhekisela ekunquleni ilingam elilungu lesini likaShiva neyoni elilungu lesini lomfazi wakhe.” (World Religions—From Ancient History to the Present) Ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla uSiva usahlonelwa njengothixo wenzala, uthixo welungu lesini lobudoda, okanye ilingam. Inkunzi yenkomo enguNandi iliqegu lakhe.

8, 9. (a) Omnye umphengululi ongumHindu akazange avumelane njani nengcamango kaMarshall? (b) Kukuphi ukuchasana okukhoyo phakathi kwezinto ezinqulwayo kubuHindu ‘nakubuKristu’? (c) Zisekelwe entwenini iincwadi ezingcwele zobuHindu?

⁸ Umphengululi ongumHindu uSwami Sankarananda akavumelani nengcaciso kaMarshall, etyatyadula ngelithi ntlandlolo amatye ahlonelwayo, wambi awayesaziwa njengeSivalinga, ayeyimifuziselo “yomlilo wesibhakabhaka okanye yelanga nomlilo welanga, oko kukuthi imitha yelanga.” (The Rigvedic Culture of the Pre-Historic Indus) Uqiqa ngelokuba “isithethe esinento yokwenza nesini . . . asizange siveliswe sisisithethe sonqulo. Oko kuyinto nje evele mva. Kukukonakala kwesithethe santlandlolo. Kuveliswe ngabantu ababezama ukwenza lula ingcamango ebintsonkothe kakhulu, ukuze iqondakale lula kubo.” Ngokuchaseneyo nohlalutyo lwaseNtshona lobuHindu, olusekelwe ekuhloneleni kwamaKristu umnqamlezo, ongumfuziselo wobuhedeni welungu lesini lobudoda, uthi “AmaKristu . . . angabanquli abanenzondelelo besini.”

⁹ Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkolelo, iintsomi, namabali aseIndiya abhalwa phantsi, ibe namhlanje abumba iincwadi ezingcwele zobuHindu. Nangona ezi ncwadi zingcwele zininzi, azizami nakancinane ukwandlala imfundiso enye esisiseko yamaHindu.

Iincwadi Ezingcwele ZobuHindu

10. Ziziphi ezinye zezona ncwadi zindala zobuHindu?

¹⁰ Ezona ncwadi zindala ziiVeda, ingqokelela yemithandazo namaculo ecawa aziwa njengeRig-Veda, iSama-Veda, iYajur-Veda neAtharva-Veda. Zabhalwa ebudeni beenkulungwane eziliqela ibe zagqitywa malunga nowama-900 B.C.E. Kamva kwiiVeda kongezelelwa ezinye iincwadi, kuquka iiBrahmana neeUpanishad.

11. (a) Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kweeBrahmana neeUpanishad? (b) Ziziphi iimfundiso ezisisiseko ezichazwe kwiiUpanishad?

¹¹ IiBrahmana zichaza indlela izithethe neminikelo, yasekhaya neyasesidlangalaleni, ezimele zenziwe ngayo ize inabe ngokweenkcukacha ichaza intsingiselo yazo enzulu. Zabhalwa ukususela malunga nowama-300 B.C.E. okanye emva koko. IiUpanishad (gama elo ngokoqobo elithetha, “izihlalo ezisecaleni komfundisi”), ezikwaziwa ngokuba ziiVedanta nezabhalwa malunga nowama-600-300 B.C.E., ziziincwadi ezidandalazisa imvelaphi yazo zonke iingcamango nezenzo zamaHindu, ngokwentandabulumko yawo. Imfundiso esisiseko yesamsara (ukufuduka komphefumlo) neyeKarma (inkolelo yokuba imeko ubani akuyo ebomini ibe ngumphumo wezenzo zakhe azenze xa ebephila ngaphambili) yacaciswa kwezi ncwadi.

12. Wayengubani uRama, ibe ibali lakhe lifumaneka phi?

¹² Olunye udidi lweencwadi ziiPurana, okanye amabali amade angokomfuziselo aqulethe iintsomi ezininzi zamaHindu ezingoothixo noothixokazi kwanamagorha angamaHindu. Kwezi ncwadi zamaHindu ezingangoboya benja kukwakho nombongo weRamayana neMahabharata. Ngokutsho kuka-A. Parthasarathy le ikhankanywe kuqala ilibali “leNkosi uRama . . . oyena mntu uzukileyo ngaphezu kwabo bonke abakwiincwadi zezibhalo.” IRamayana yenye yezona ncwadi zithandwayo zamaHindu, eyabhalwa malunga nenkulungwane yesine Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Ingebali legorha elinguRama, okanye uRamachandra, ojongwa ngamaHindu njengonyana, umntakobothile, nomyeni wokomfuziselo. Ugqalwa njengomfuziselo wesixhenxe kaVishnu, ibe igama lakhe lisetyenziswa ngokufuthi njengesikhahlelo.

13, 14. (a) Ngokutsho komnye umthombo wamaHindu, iyintoni iBhagavad Gita? (b) Igama elithi Sruti nelithi Smriti athetha ntoni, ibe iyintoni iManu Smriti?

¹³ Ngokutsho kukaBhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, umseki woMbutho Wezizwe Ngezizwe Wokunikela Ingqalelo KuKrishna, I-“Bhagavad-gītā [eyinxalenye yeMahabharata] ingumyalelo ophakamileyo wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Le miyalelo yeBhagavad-gītā imisela inkqubo ephambili yonqulo nenkqubo engenakulinganiswa nanto yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. . . . Umyalelo wokugqibela weGītā ungowona unamandla ngokubhekisele kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha naselunqulweni njengoko usithi: zinikele kuKṛṣṇa [Krishna].”—BG.

¹⁴ IBhagavad Gita (Ingoma Ezukileyo), ijongwa ngabanye “njengomthombo oxabisekileyo wamaIndiya wokudimbaza ubulumko bokomoya,” iqulethe ingxoxo eshushu “phakathi kweNkosi uŚrī Kṛṣṇa [Krishna], uMntu Owongamileyo Kwisiqu SikaThixo, noArjuna, umhlobo Wakhe osenyongweni nozinikeleyo kuye, athi amfundise ubuchule bokuzazi ngokunzulu.” Noko ke, iBhagavad Gita iyinxalenye nje enye yemfumba yeencwadi ezingcwele zamaHindu. Ezinye zezi ncwadi (ezinjengeeVeda, iiBrahmana neeUpanishad) zijongwa njengeSruti, okanye “okuviweyo,” ibe ke ngoko zigqalwa njengemibhalo engcwele etyhilwe ngokungqalileyo. Ezinye, ezinjengemibongo neePurana, zijongwa njengeSmriti, okanye “okukhunjulwayo,” ibe ngaloo ndlela zabhalwa ngababhali abangabantu, nangona zifunyenwe ngesityhilelo. Omnye umzekelo wezi ncwadi yiManu Smriti, echaza ngomthetho wamaHindu wonqulo nowasekuhlaleni, ukongezelela ekucaciseni isizinzi senkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu. Ziziphi ezinye zeenkolelo eziye zaveliswa zezinye zezi ncwadi zamaHindu?

Iimfundiso Nehambo Yokuziphatha—IAhimsa NeVarna

15. (a) Chaza iahimsa, uze ucacise indlela amaJain ayisebenzisa ngayo. (b) UGandhi wayijonga njani iahimsa? (c) AmaSikh ahluke njani kumaHindu nakumaJain?

¹⁵ KubuHindu, njengakwezinye iinkonzo, kukho iingcamango ezithile ezisisiseko eziphembelela ukucinga nehambo yokuziphatha yemihla ngemihla. Eyona ibalaseleyo yileyo yeahimsa (ngesiSanskrit, ahinsa), okanye ukungabi nalugonyamelo, nto leyo awayedume ngayo uMohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), owaziwa njengoMahatma. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 113.) Ngokwesiseko sale ntanda-bulumko, amaHindu awamele abulale okanye axhaphaze ezinye izidalwa, nto leyo esesinye sezizathu zokuhlonela kwawo izilwanyana ezithile, njengeenkomo, iinyoka neenkawu. Abona bantu babambelele ngokungqongqo kule mfundiso yeahimsa nabanentlonelo ngobomi ngabalandeli bobuJain (obasekwa ngenkulungwane yesithandathu Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo), ababetha ngezikaTshiwo bade bafake nesigqubuthelo sempumlo nomlomo ukuze kungenzeki nangempazamo ukuba baginye nasiphi na isinambuzane. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 104, nefoto, ekwiphepha 108.) Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaSikh aziwa ngokuthanda kwawo ukulwa iimfazwe, yaye inkoliso yawo inefani ethi Singh, gama elo elithetha ingonyama.—Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 100-101.

16. (a) Inkoliso yamaHindu iyijonga njani inkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu? (b) Wathini uGandhi ngenkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu?

¹⁶ Inkalo eyaziwa jikelele yobuHindu yivarna, okanye inkqubo yokuzikhetha kwalawo maHindu akudidi oluphezulu, eyahlula ibutho labantu libe ziindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 113.) Ubani unokuyiphawula ngokulula into yokuba unanamhla ibutho lamaHindu lisahlulahlulwe ngokwamaqela yile nkqubo, nangona igatywa ngamaBhuda nangamaJain. Phofu ke, kanye njengokuba ucalucalulo lobuzwe luzingisa kwelaseUnited States nakwezinye iindawo, ngoko ngokukwanjalo inkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu yendele ngokunzulu kubemi baseIndiya. Ngandlel’ ithile iluhlobo lokucalula ngokweendidi olusaqheliselwayo, ngokufanayo, nanamhlanje ngomlinganiselo onganeno libutho labantu baseBritani nakwamanye amazwe. (Yakobi 2:1-9) Ngaloo ndlela, eIndiya umntu uzalwa engowodidi oluthile, ibe phantse ukuba akukho ndlela yakulushiya. Ngokungakumbi, umHindu nje oqhelekileyo akabe eziduba ngokufuna indlela yokushiya udidi akulo. Ulujonga njengolumiselwe yena kwangaphambili, into engenakuphepheka ebomini, olube ngumphumo wezenzo zakhe kubomi bakhe bangaphambili, okanye umphumo weKarma. Kodwa le nkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu yaqala njani? Kwakhona sifanele siphethukele kwintsomi yamaHindu.

17, 18. Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaHindu, yaqala njani inkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu?

¹⁷ Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaHindu, ntlandlolo kwakukho iindidi ezine eziphambili ezazisekelwe kumalungu omzimba kaPurusha, owayengumfuziselo katata wantlandlolo woluntu. Imihobe ekwiRig-Veda ithi:

“Xa bahlulahlula uPurusha bamenza wangamacandelo amangaphi?

Babewubiza ngokuba yintoni umlomo wakhe, neengalo zakhe? Babewabiza ngokuba ayintoni amathanga akhe neenyawo zakhe?

AmaBrahman [akolona didi luphezulu] ayengumlomo wakhe, ngeengalo zakhe zombini kwenziwa amaRajanya.

Amathanga akhe aba ngamaVaisya, ngeenyawo zakhe kwaveliswa amaSudra.”—The Bible of the World.

¹⁸ Ngaloo ndlela, amaBrahman akudidi lwabefundisi, nalolona didi luphezulu, kucingelwa ukuba avela kumlomo kaPurusha, olelona lungu lakhe liphezulu. Udidi olulawulayo, okanye lwasemkhosini (amaKshatriya okanye amaRajanya) lwavela ezingalweni zakhe. Udidi lwabarhwebi nolwabalimi, olubizwa ngokuba ngamaVaisya, okanye amaVaishya, lwavela emathangeni akhe. Udidi olunganeno kolo, lwamaSudra, okanye lwamaShudra, okanye lwabaqeshwa, lwavela kwelona lungu liphantsi lomzimba, iinyawo zakhe.

19. Ziziphi ezinye iindidi ezathi zavela?

¹⁹ Emva kweenkulungwane kwade kwavela neendidi ezingaphantsi, iindidi nje ezingazelwa nto nodidi Lwabantu Abaziinqambi, okanye amaHarijan njengokuba uMahatma Gandhi ebabiza ngaloo ndlela iphucuke ngakumbi, okanye “abantu bakathixo uVishnu.” Nangona ukubizwa kwabantu ngokuthi baziinqambi bekungekho ngokwasemthethweni eIndiya ukususela ngowe-1948, udidi Lwabantu Abaziinqambi lusekho ngamandla kwelo lizwe.

20. Ziziphi ezinye iinkalo zenkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu?

²⁰ Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ndidi zabantu zaphindaphindeka ukuze ngalunye lube neyalo imisebenzi kwakunye nobalo ubugcisa kwibutho labantu baseIndiya. Eneneni le nkqubo yamandulo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu, egcina wonk’ ubani ekwindawo yakhe ebuthweni, ikwayinkqubo yocalucalulo lobuzwe ibe “ivula umsantsa omkhulu wobuzwe phakathi kwesizwe sama-Aryan [anolusu olukhanyayo] nesamaDravidian amandulo [anolusu oluntsundu].” Igama elithi varna, okanye udidi, lithetha “ibala.” “Iindidi ezintathu zokuqala zazingama-Aryan, abona bantu bakhanyayo ngebala; abanye ababekudidi lwesine, olwalubunjwa ngabemi bomthonyana ababenebala elimnyama, babengengawo ama-Aryan.” (Myths and Legends Series—India, nguDonald A. Mackenzie) Iyinyaniso engenakuphikwa bani into yokuba le nkqubo yaseIndiya yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu, eye yaqiniswa yimfundiso engokonqulo yeKarma, iye yakhonkxela izigidi zabantu kubuhlwempu nakokungekho sikweni okuhlala kuhleli.

Umjikelo Okruqulayo Wobomi

21. Ngokutsho kweGaruda Purana, iKarma ilichaphazela njani ikamva lomntu?

²¹ Enye inkolelo esisiseko echaphazela imigaqo yokuziphatha nehambo yamaHindu, neyenye yezona zibalaseleyo, yimfundiso yeKarma. Lo ngumgaqo wokuba senzo ngasinye siba nemiphumo yaso, emihle okanye emibi; simisela imeko yobomi ngabunye ofudukela okanye ozalelwa kuyo ngokutsha umphefumlo. Kunjengokuba iGaruda Purana ichaza:

“Umntu ulimisela ngokwakhe ikamva lakhe, ibe kwanakubomi bakhe baxa wayeseyimveku engekazalwa wayechatshazelwa yimisebenzi yakhe yobomi bangaphambili. Nokuba angazifihla kwinqaba esencochoyini yentaba okanye antywilele enzulwini yolwandle, nokuba uziva enqabisekile ngokuba sethangeni likanina okanye unina umphakamisele ngaphezu kwentloko yakhe, umntu akanakuyiphepha imiphumo yezenzo zakhe zangaphambili. . . . Nantoni na eyehlela umntu nangaliphi na ixesha ngokuqinisekileyo iya kudlula kuye ngalo olo suku.”

IGaruda Purana ihlabela mgama isithi:

“Ulwazi olufunyanwa ngumntu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, ubuncwane aphise ngabo ngesisa kubomi bakhe bangaphambili, nemisebenzi ayenzileyo kubukho bakhe obudluleyo, konke oku kuhlahlel’ indlela umphefumlo wakhe ukuya kubomi obutsha ofudukela kubo.”

22. (a) Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kweengcamango zamaHindu ezingomphefumlo emva kokufa nezo zeNgqobhoko? (b) IBhayibhile ifundisa ntoni ngomphefumlo?

²² Le nkolelo isekelwe entwenini? Ingcamango yokungafi komphefumlo ingundoqo kwimfundiso yeKarma, ibe yile Karma eyenza ukuba imbono yamaHindu ngomphefumlo yahluke kuleyo yeNgqobhoko. AmaHindu akholelwa ukuba umphefumlo womntu ngamnye, ijīva okanye iprān,b uphila ubomi obuninzi obunye emva kobunye ibe kunokwenzeka ukuba uphile “nasesihogweni.” Umele uzabalazele ukumanyana ‘neSiqu Esongamileyo,’ esikwabizwa ngokuba nguBrahman, okanye uBrahm (akamele abhidaniswe kunye nothixo wamaHindu onguBrahma). Kwelinye icala, iimfundiso ezisisiseko zeNgqobhoko zigxininisa ukuba umphefumlo usenokuya ezulwini, esihogweni, kwindawo yentlambululo-miphefumlo, okanye eLimbo, ngokuxhomekeke kwinkolelo engokonqulo.—INtshumayeli 9:5, 6, 10; INdumiso 146:4.

23. IKarma iyichaphazela njani imbono yamaHindu ngobomi? (Thelekisa amaGalati 6:7-10.)

²³ Ngenxa yemfundiso yeKarma, amaHindu awakoyiki ukufa. Akholelwa ukuba imeko ubani akuyo ngoku ibangelwe yimeko abephila kuyo ngaphambili ibe ngenxa yoko ingumvuzo wakhe, enoba mhle okanye mbi. UmHindu unokuzama ukuzenzela ingxelo entle yobomi ukuze ubomi bakhe obulandelayo bube nokunyamezeleka ngakumbi. Ngaloo ndlela, uyamkela ngokuvumayo ngakumbi imeko yakhe ebomini kunokuba enokwenza ummi waseNtshona. UmHindu uyigqala imeko akuyo njengebangelwe ngumthetho wokuba yonke into inonobangela wayo nemiphumo yayo ehlobene nobomi bakhe bangaphambi kokuba abekho. Lowo ngumgaqo wokuvuna oko ukuhlwayeleyo kubomi ekucingwa ukuba ububuphila ngaphambi kokuba ubekho. Kambe ke, konke oku kusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba umntu unomphefumlo ongafiyo othi udlulele kobunye ubomi, enoba bobokuba ngumntu, ukuba sisilwanyana okanye ukuba sisityalo.

24. Iyintoni imoksha, yaye amaHindu akholelwa ukuba ifunyanwa njani?

²⁴ Ngoko, iyintoni injongo esisiseko yonqulo lwamaHindu? Kukufumana imoksha, oko kukuthi inkululeko, kumjikelo oyindinisa wokuzalwa ngokutsha nowokuphila kubomi obahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, injongo yawo kukuphepha ukuphila “komphefumlo” enyameni. “Ekubeni imoksha, okanye ukukhululeka kudederhu lokuzalwa ngokutsha, kulusukelo lomHindu ngamnye, ngokwenene esona siganeko sibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe kukufa kwakhe,” sitsho njalo esinye isithethi. Imoksha inokufunyanwa ngokulandela iimarga, okanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 110.) Kwekhu, hayi indlela le mfundiso esekelwe ngayo ubukhulu becala kwingcamango yeBhabhiloni yamandulo yokungafi komphefumlo!

25. Imbono yamaHindu ngobomi yahluke njani kwimbono yeBhayibhile?

²⁵ Kanti, ngokutsho kweBhayibhile, oku kucekiswa nokujongelwa phantsi kobomi bokwenyama kuchasene ngokupheleleyo nenjongo yantlandlolo kaYehova uThixo ngoluntu. Xa wadala isibini sokuqala esingabantu, wasinika ubomi basemhlabeni bolonwabo novuyo. Ingxelo yeBhayibhile isixelela oku:

“Wamdala ke uThixo umntu ngokomfanekiselo wakhe; wamdala ngokomfanekiselo kaThixo; wadala indoda nenkazana. Wabasikelela uThixo, wathi kubo uThixo, Qhamani, nande, niwuzalise umhlaba niweyise; nibe nobukhosi ezintlanzini zolwandle, nasezintakeni zezulu, nasezintweni zonke eziphilileyo ezinambuzelayo emhlabeni. . . . Wakubona uThixo konke akwenzileyo, nanko, kulungile kunene.” (Genesis 1:27-31)

IBhayibhile iprofeta ngexesha elisemnyango lokubakho koxolo nokusesikweni emhlabeni, xesha elo ekuya kuthi ngalo ntsapho nganye ibe nendawo yayo efanelekileyo yokuhlala, yaye uluntu luya kuba nempilo nobomi obugqibeleleyo nobungunaphakade.—Isaya 65:17-25; 2 Petros 3:13; ISityhilelo 21:1-4.

26. Nguwuphi umbuzo ngoku ofuna ukuphendulwa?

²⁶ Umbuzo olandelayo omele uphendulwe uthi, Ngabaphi oothixo umHindu amele abakholise ukuze afumane iKarma elungileyo?

Itempile Yoothixo BamaHindu

27, 28. (a) Ngabaphi oothixo ababumba iTrimurti yamaHindu? (b) Bangoobani abafazi okanye amaqabane abo? (c) Chaza abanye oothixo noothixokazi bamaHindu.

²⁷ Ngoxa ubuHindu busenokuba noothixo abazizigidi, kuqheliselo lokwenene kukho oothixo abathile abathandwayo abaye babalasela kumahlelo awahlukahlukeneyo obuHindu. Abathathu abangabona thixo babalaseleyo baqukwe koko amaHindu akubiza ngokuthi yiTrimurti, ubathathu emnye, okanye oothixo abathathu abadibeneyo.—Ukuze wazi abanye oothixo bamaHindu, bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 116-17.

²⁸ Aba thixo bathathu badibeneyo nguBrahma uMdali, uVishnu uMlondolozi noSiva uMtshabalalisi, yaye ubuncinane ngamnye wabo unomfazi okanye iqabane elinye. UBrahma utshate noSaraswati, uthixokazi wolwazi. Umfazi kaVishnu nguLakshmi, ngoxa umfazi wokuqala kaSiva yayinguSati, owathi wazibulala. Wayelibhinqa lokuqala elathi lazenza idini lasemlilweni, ibe ngaloo ndlela waba ngumntu wokuqala esathi isidumbu sakhe satshiswa. Elandela umzekelo wakhe wasentsomini, amawaka abahlolokazi bamaHindu kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo baye bazenza idini lasemlilweni ngethuba lemingcwabo yamadoda abo, nangona olo qheliselo ngoku lungekho mthethweni. USiva waphinda waba nomnye umfazi owaziwa ngamagama amaninzi. Xa ekwimo yakhe ethandekayo, ubizwa ngokuba nguParvati noUma, kwanoGauri, nelithi Ozukileyo. Xa ekwimo yothixokazi owoyikekayo ubizwa ngokuba nguDurga okanye uKali.

29. UBrahma ugqalwa njani ngamaHindu? (Thelekisa IZenzo 17:22-31.)

²⁹ UBrahma, nangona engoyena thixo ubalaseleyo kwintsomi yamaHindu, akabalulekanga kunqulo lomHindu nje oqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni zimbalwa kakhulu iitempile ezinikelwe kuye, nakubeni ebizwa ngokuba nguBrahma uMdali. Noko ke, intsomi yamaHindu ithi indalo ebonakalayo yenziwa ngumntu, ngumthombo okanye sisiqu esongamileyo—uBrahman, okanye uBrahm omelwa ngoonobumba abangcwele abathi OM okanye AUM. Omathathu la malungu kabathathu emnye agqalwa njengenxalenye yaloo “Mntu,” yaye bonke abanye othixo bajongwa njengemifuziselo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko nokuba nguwuphi omnye uthixo onqulwa njengowongamileyo, kucingelwa ukuba eso sithixo singubathathu emnye sibaquka bonke. Ngoko ngoxa amaHindu ehlonela ngokukhululekileyo oothixo abazizigidi, inkoliso yawo iyavuma ukuba mnye kuphela uThixo wenyaniso, onokuba ziindidi ezininzi: indoda, ibhinqa okanye kwanesilwanyana. Ngenxa yoko, abaphengululi abangamaHindu babalaselisa ukuba ngokwenene ubuHindu bulunqulo lothixo omnye, kungekhona oloothixo abaninzi. Noko ke, kamva iiVeda ziye zayibhangisa ingcamango yobukho bothixo owongamileyo, ziyithabathel’ indawo ngomgaqo wobukho obungabonakaliyo bukaThixo.

30. Yiyiphi eminye yemifuziselo kaVishnu?

³⁰ UVishnu, uthixo onobubele welanga nowendalo iphela, ungoyena ubalulakileyo kunqulo lwabalandeli bobuVaishnava. Unemifuziselo elishumi, kuquka uRama, uKrishna noBuddha.c Omnye umfuziselo wakhe nguVishnu Narayana, “okwimo yomntu ongqengqe phezu kukaShesha okanye uAnanta oyinyoka ezibhijeleyo, edada kumanzi endalo iphela kunye nomfazi wakhe, uthixokazi onguLakshmi, ohleli ezinyaweni zakhe ngoxa uthixo onguBrahma evela kwinyibiba yamanzi ekhula kwinkaba kaVishnu.”—The Encyclopedia of World Faiths.

31. USiva uluhlobo olunjani lothixo?

³¹ USiva, okwabizwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengoMahesha (INkosi Eyongamileyo) nanjengoMahadeva (UThixo Omkhulu), unguthixo wobuHindu okwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu, yaye unqulo olunikelwa kuye lubizwa ngokuba bubuSaiva. Uchazwa “njengoyena uzinikeleyo elunqulweni, inkunkqele kwintanda-bulumko yamaHindu (iyoga) othi ahlale ezisongile aze acamngce kumathambeka eentaba zeHimalaya, umzimba wakhe ugalelwe ngothuthu yona intloko yakhe igqunywe ziinwele eziphotheneyo.” Ukwaphawulwa “ngokutshiswa kwakhe yinkanuko yesini, njengomvelisi wenzala nenkosi eyongamileyo yendalo, uMahadeva.” (The Encyclopedia of World Faiths) USiva unqulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwelingam, okanye umfuziselo welungu lesini lobudoda.—Bona imifanekiso, kwiphepha 99.

32. (a) Uthixokazi uKali uboniswa ekweziphi iimeko? (b) Igama elithile lesiNgesi lavela njani kunqulo lwakhe?

³² Njengezinye iinkonzo ezininzi zehlabathi, ubuHindu bunothixokazi wabo owongamileyo, onokuba nomtsalane okanye oyikeke. Kwimo yakhe ethandeka ngakumbi, waziwa njengoParvati nanjengoUma. Kwimo yakhe eyoyikekayo uboniswa njengoDurga okanye uKali, uthixokazi onxanelwe igazi okholiswayo ngamadini ekuphalala igazi kuwo. Njengothixokazi onguMama, uKali Ma (uMama Ontsundu Wasemhlabeni), usisithixo esiyintloko sehlelo lamaShakti. Uboniswa njengohamba ze ukuza kuthi ga esinqeni egaxele izambalo ezenziwe ngamathambo ezidumbu, eenyoka naweentloko zabantu. Kumaxesha adluleyo, abantu abakrwitshiweyo abangamaxhoba babenikelwa kuye ngamakholwa aziwa ngokuba ziithugi, gama elo ekwathi kulo kwavela igama lesiNgesi elithi “thug” (isikrelemnqa).

UbuHindu NoMlambo IGanges

33. Kutheni le nto iGanges ingcwele kumaHindu?

³³ Asinakuthetha ngetempile yoothixo bobuHindu ngaphandle kokukhankanya owona mlambo wabo ungcwele—iGanges. Inkoliso yeentsomi zamaHindu ihlobene ngokungqalileyo nalo mlambo iGanges okanye iGanga Ma (UMama uGanga), njengoko amaHindu azinikeleyo ewubiza njalo. (Bona imaphu, kwiphepha 123.) Acengceleza umthandazo onamagama awahlukeneyo ali-108 alo mlambo. Kutheni le nto iGanges ihlonelwa kangaka ngamaHindu anyanisekileyo? Kungenxa yokuba ihlobene ngokusondeleyo nokuphila kwawo kwemihla ngemihla yaye ikwahlobene nentsomi yawo yamandulo. Akholelwa ukuba yayikade isemazulwini ngaphambili njengoMnyele. Ngoko kwenzeka njani ukuba ibe ngumlambo?

34. Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaHindu, yiyiphi enye ingcaciso yendlela owavela ngayo umlambo iGanges?

³⁴ Nakubeni eneengcaciso ezahlukahlukeneyo kodwa inkoliso yamaHindu ibiya kukuchaza oko ngokuthi: UMaharajah Sagara wayenoonyana abangama-60 000 ababulawa ngumlilo kaKapila, ongumfuziselo kaVishnu. Imiphefumlo yabo yagwetyelwa isihogo ngaphandle kokuba uthixokazi uGanga wayeza kuhla ezulwini ayihlambulule aze ayikhulule kweso siqalekiso. UBhagīratha, ongumzukulwana womzukulwana kaSagara, wabongoza uBrahma ukuba avumele uGanga ongcwele ukuba ehlele emhlabeni. Enye ingxelo iqhubeka isithi: “UGanga waphendula. ‘Ndingumlambo onamandla kangangokuba ndingaziwohloza iziseko zomhlaba.’ Ngoko [uBhagīratha], akuba ezile iminyaka eliwaka, waya kuthixo uSiva, ongoyena yena uzinikeleyo elunqulweni, waza wambongoza ukuba amele phezulu emhlabeni phakathi kweliwa nomkhenkce weentaba zeHimalaya. USiva wayenesihlwitha seenwele eziphotheneyo entlokweni yakhe, yaye wamvumela uGanga ukuba ehle ngesithongakazi esikhulu esibhakabhakeni esehlela kweso sihlwitha sakhe seenwele, esathi sona sasidambisa eso sithongakazi ukuze singawugungqisi umhlaba. Wandula ke uGanga waqukuqela kancinane ukuza emhlabeni waza wenjenjeya ukwehlisa iintaba enqumla amathafa, esizisa amanzi yaye ngaloo ndlela esizisa ubomi kumhlaba owomileyo.”—From the Ocean to the Sky, nguMhlekazi uEdmund Hillary.

35. Abalandeli bakaVishnu bayichaza njani indlela owavela ngayo lo mlambo?

³⁵ Abalandeli bakaVishnu banengcamango ethande ukwahluka noko yendlela iGanges eyabakho ngayo. Ngokutsho kwesicatshulwa samandulo, esiyiVishnu Purana, banale ngcamango:

“Kulo mmandla [isihlalo esingcwele sikaVishnu] kuphuma umlambo iGanges, oshenxisa zonke izono . . . Uphuma kuzipho lobhontsi wonyawo lwangasekhohlo lukaVishnu.”

Okanye kunjengokuba abalandeli bakaVishnu besithi ngesiSanskrit: “Visnu-padabja-sambhuta,” gama elo elithetha ukuthi “Uphuma kunyawo lukaVishnu olunjengenyibiba yamanzi.”

36. AmaHindu akholelwa entwenini ngokuphathelele amandla amanzi eGanges?

³⁶ AmaHindu akholelwa ukuba iGanges inamandla okukhulula, okusulungekisa, okuhlambulula nawokuphilisa amakholwa. IVishnu Purana ithi:

“IiNgcwele, ezihlanjululwa ngokuhlamba kumanzi alo mlambo, nezizinikele kuKesava [uVishnu], zifumana inkululeko epheleleyo. Umlambo ongcwele, xa kucingwa ngawo, unqwenelwa, ubonwa, uchukunyiswa, kuhlanjwa kuwo okanye udunyiswa ngamaculo, imihla ngemihla uyabahlambulula bonke abantu. Kwanabo bahlala qelele kuwo . . . xa bedanduluka besithi ‘Ganga, Ganga’ ziyashenxiswa kubo izono ababezenze ebudeni bobomi babo bezihlandlo ezithathu ezidlulileyo zokuphila kwabo.”

IThe Brahmandapurana ithi:

“Abo bahlamba ngokunyanisekileyo isihlandlo nje esinye kwimisinga ecwengileyo kaGanga, izizwe zabo ziyakhuselwa Nguye kwiingozi ezininzi kakhulu. Ububi obebusanda ukutyhubela izizukulwana buyabhangiswa. Ngokuhlamba nje kuGanga ubani uhlanjululwa ngoko nangoko.”

37, 38. Kutheni le nto izigidi zamaHindu zithontelana ukuya kwiGanges?

³⁷ AmaIndiya ayathontelana ukuya kulo mlambo ukuze enze ipuja, okanye anqule ngokunikela iintyatyambo, acengceleze imithandazo, aze afumane kumfundisi itilak, elichaphaza elibomvu okanye elimthubi eliqatywa ebunzi. Andula ke angene emanzini ukuze ahlambe. Amaninzi ade awasele la manzi, nakubeni engcoliswe kanobom ngamanzi amdaka edolophu, yimichiza nazizidumbu. Ukanti iGanges inomtsalane wokomoya kangangokuba kungumnqweno wezigidi zamaIndiya ukuhlamba ubuncinane kube kanye kulo ‘mlambo wawo ongcwele,’ enoba ungcolisiwe okanye akunjalo.

³⁸ Amanye ezisa nemizimba yabathandekayo bawo ukuba itshiswe ngaselunxwemeni lwalo mlambo, yaye emva koko uthuthu lwayo lusenokusasazwa apho emlanjeni. Akholelwa ukuba oku kusisiqinisekiso solonwabo olungunaphakade kumphefumlo womfi. Izixhwitha-ntamo ezingenakukwazi ukuhlawula imali yokutshiswa kwezidumbu xa zingcwaba zisuka nje zisityhalele emlanjeni isidumbu esithandelwe ngelaphu, apho sithi khona sixhwithwe ziintaka ezitya iinyama okanye sisuke nje sibole. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo othi, Ukongezelela koko sele sikuqwalasele, ubuHindu bufundisa ntoni ngomphefumlo emva kokufa?

UbuHindu Nomphefumlo

39, 40. Sithini esinye isithethi esingumHindu ngomphefumlo?

³⁹ IBhagavad Gita inikela impendulo xa isithi:

“Njengoko umphefumlo onikwe umzimba womntu uqhubeka udlulela kumanqanaba ngamanqanaba, kwakulo mzimba mnye, ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukusa kubutsha, nokusa ekwaluphaleni, ngokufanayo lo mphefumlo udlulela komnye umzimba ekufeni.”—Isahluko 2, isicatshulwa 13.

⁴⁰ Enye ingcaciso yamaHindu yesi sicatshulwa ithi: “Ekubeni yonke into ephilayo ingumphefumlo, ngamnye uyawuguqula umzimba wawo sihlandlo ngasinye, ubonakale maxa wambi njengomntwana, maxa wambi njengomntu oselula, yaye maxa wambi njengenkathavu yexhego—nangona isekwangula mphefumlo mnye womoya ongaguqukiyo. Ekugqibeleni lo mphefumlo uyawuguqula umzimba, ngokuthi uphume uye komnye, yaye ekubeni uqinisekile ngokufumana omnye umzimba kubomi obulandelayo—enoba ngowokwenyama okanye ngowokomoya—kwakungekho sizathu sokuba uArjuna alilele ukufa kwabantu.”

41. Ngokutsho kweBhayibhile, yiyiphi ingongoma efanele iphuhliswe ngokubhekisele kumphefumlo?

⁴¹ Phawula ukuba le ngcaciso ithi “yonke into ephilayo ingumphefumlo.” Ngoku loo ngxelo iyavumelana noko kutshiwo yiBhayibhile kwiGenesis 2:7:

“UYehova uThixo wambumba umntu ngothuli lwasemhlabeni, waphefumlela emathatheni akhe impefumlo yobomi; umntu ke waba ngumphefumlo ophilileyo.”

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba kuphuhliswe ngokucacileyo le ngongoma: Ngaba umntu wenziwa wangumphefumlo ophilileyo onawo onke amandla okusebenza nonobuchule bokwenza izinto, okanye ngaba unomphefumlo owahlukileyo kumzimba wakhe osebenzayo? Ngaba umntu ungumphefumlo, okanye ngaba unomphefumlo? Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo sicacisa ingcamango yamaHindu.

42. UbuHindu neBhayibhile zahluka njani ngokubhekisele ekuqondweni komphefumlo?

⁴² Isahluko 2, isicatshulwa 17, seBhagavad Gita sithi:

“Loo nto ityhutyha umzimba uphela ayinakubhangiswa. Akukho bani unokuwutshabalalisa umphefumlo ongenakonakala.”

Sandula ke esi sicatshulwa sicaciswe ngokuthi:

“Mzimba ngamnye unomphefumlo, yaye ukuba sezingqondweni kukabani kungumqondiso wobukho bomphefumlo.”

Ngoko ke, ngoxa iBhayibhile isithi umntu ungumphefumlo, imfundiso yamaHindu ithi unomphefumlo. Yaye kukho umahluko omkhulu kulo mba ozichaphazela ngokunzulu iimfundiso ezingunozala wezi ngcamango.—Levitikus 24:17, 18.

43. (a) Iyintoni imvelaphi yemfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo? (b) Iyintoni imiphumo yayo?

⁴³ Ngokusisiseko imfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo isuka kumthombo wamanzi amileyo nanukayo weBhabhiloni yamandulo wolwazi olungokonqulo. Ngokusengqiqweni ikhokelela kwiingcamango ezingemiphumo ‘yobomi basemva kokufa’ ezibalaseliswayo kwiimfundiso zeenkonzo ezininzi—ukuzalwa ngokutsha, izulu, isihogo, indawo yentlambululo-miphefumlo, iLimbo, njalo njalo. Ngokwengcamango yamaHindu, izulu nesihogo ziziindawo umphefumlo olinda noguqulwa kuzo ngaphambi kokuba uzalelwe kubomi bawo obutsha. Okubangel’ umdla ngokukhethekileyo yingcamango yamaHindu ngesihogo.

Imfundiso YamaHindu Ngesihogo

44. Sazi njani ukuba ubuHindu bufundisa ukuba kukho isihogo sokuthuthumbisa imiphefumlo ephilayo?

⁴⁴ Esinye isicatshulwa esikwiBhagavad Gita sithi:

“Xa imithetho yentsapho itshitshiswa, iJanārdana, ngoko ke ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuphelela esihogweni abo bayitshitshisayo.”—I.44, Harvard Oriental Series, Umqu. 38, 1952.

Ingcaciso yoku ithi: “Abo banezono ezikhulu kubomi babo basemhlabeni kufuneka bethubeleze iindidi ezahlukeneyo zesohlwayo kwizijikelezi-langa ezingathi zizihogo.” Noko ke, kukho inkalo enye oku okwahluke ngayo kwintuthumbo kanaphakade yesihogo somlilo seNgqobhoko: “Esi sohlwayo . . . asisiso esikanaphakade.” Ngoko ke, siyintoni kanye kanye isihogo samaHindu?

45. Iintuthumbo zesihogo samaHindu zichazwa njani?

⁴⁵ Le ngxelo ilandelayo iyingcaciso yeshwangusha elehlela umoni, ethatyathwe kwiMarkandeya Purana:

“Bandula ke abathunywa bakaYama [uthixo wabafi] bambophe ngokukhawuleza ngezirhintyelo ezoyikekayo baze bamgxagxamise ukuya emazantsi, bemnkula ngentonga. Uthi ke egxwala emswaneni, aphinde aqweqwediswe ngabathunywa bakaYama, bemntlokothisa ngokungenalusini ezingqaqeni ekukhula kuzo [isityalo] iKusa, nekukho kuzo ameva, iziduli, izikhonkwane namatye, mmandla lowo ekukho kuwo iindawo ezinamadangatye omlilo, nozaliswe yimingxuma, etshiswa ziingqatsini zelanga nayimitha yalo. Egxagxanyiswa ngaba bathunywa boyikekayo yaye eqwengwa ngamakhulukhulu eempungutye, loo mntu unesono uya endlwini kaYama edlula kwindledlana eyoyikekayo. . . .

“Wakuba umzimba wakhe utshisiwe uyagcuma ziintlungu zokutsha; yaye wakuba umzimba wakhe utywatyushiwe okanye ucentiwe uyangcungcutheka ziintlungu.

“Ekubeni umzimba waso utshatyalaliswe ngaloo ndlela, isidalwa, nangona siphila komnye umzimba, sithwaxwa bubugxwayibe bukanaphakade ngenxa yezenzo zaso ezibi. . . .

“Ngoko ukuze ahlanjululwe kwizono zakhe usiwa kwesinye isihogo esifanayo. Emva kokuba etyhutyhe zonke izihogo umoni lowo uba sisilwanyana. Aze emva koko abe ngumsundululu, sisinambuzane nempukane, abe lirhamncwa eliqwengayo, ingcongconi, indlovu, umthi, ihashe, inkomo, yaye utyhubela kolunye uhlobo lobomi besono nobobugxwayiba, aze abuyele kuhlanga lwabantu, azalwe esisifombo, okanye engumntu ongxathu okanye enguhili okanye enguChandala Pukkasa.”

46, 47. Ithini iBhayibhile ngemeko yabafi, yaye ziziphi izigqibo esinokufikelela kuzo?

⁴⁶ Kuthelekise oko kunye noko iBhayibhile ikutshoyo ngabafi:

“Ngokuba abadla ubomi bayazi ukuba baya kufa; ke bona abafileyo abazi lutho, abasabi namvuzo; ngokuba balityelwe, abasakhunjulwa nganto. Seluphelile kade uthando lwabo, nentiyo yabo, nekhwele labo; abasenasabelo naphakade ezintweni zonke ezenzekayo phantsi kwelanga. Yonke into esiyifumanayo isandla sakho ukuba siyenze, yenze ngamandla akho; ngokuba akukho kwenza, nakucinga, nakwazi, nakulumka kwelabafileyo, apho uya khona wena.”—INtshumayeli 9:5, 6, 10.

⁴⁷ Kambe ke, ukuba njengoko iBhayibhile isitsho, umntu akanamphefumlo kodwa ungumphefumlo, ngoko akanakukwazi ukuqiqa emva kokufa. Akukho lonwabo, kungekho nakungcungcutheka. Zonke iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni zobunzima “bobomi basemva kokufa” zisuka nje zithi shwaka.d

Umchasi WobuHindu

48, 49. (a) Kolu hlolisiso, siye safumanisa ukuba ziziphi ezinye iimfundiso zamaHindu? (b) Kutheni le nto bambi baye bakuthandabuza ukunyaniseka kobuHindu? (c) Ngubani owavelayo ukuze ayicel’ umngeni ingcamango yamaHindu?

⁴⁸ Olu hlolisiso lufutshane lobuHindu luye lwabonisa ukuba bulunqulo loothixo abaninzi olusekelwe kunqulo lothixo omnye—bukukukholelwa kuBrahman, onguMntu, umthombo okanye isiqu Esongamileyo, omelwa ngoonobumba abathi OM okanye AUM, nonemifuziselo emininzi. Bukwalunqulo olufundisa ukuba zonke iinkonzo zamkelekile nolukhuthaza ukuba nobubele kwizilwanyana.

⁴⁹ Kwelinye icala, ezinye iinkalo zemfundiso yamaHindu, ezinjengeKarma nokungabikho sesikweni kwenkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu, kwakunye nokunqula izithixo nokuphikisana kweentsomi, ziye zenza ukuba abantu abahluzekileyo engqondweni bakuthandabuze ukunyaniseka kolo nqulo. Omnye umthandabuzi onjalo wavela kumntla-mpuma Indiya malunga nonyaka wama-560 B.C.E. WayenguSiddhārtha Gautama. Wavelisa unqulo olutsha olungazange lwande eIndiya kodwa lwanda kwenye indawo, njengoko isahluko sethu esilandelayo siza kucacisa. Olo nqulo lutsha lwalububuBhuda.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 100, 101]

UbuSikh—Unqulo Oluhlaziyiweyo

UbuSikh, obufuziselwa ngamakrele amathathu nasisangqa, bulunqulo olunamarhamente athe kratya kwi-17 lezigidi. Inkoliso yawo ihlala ePunjab. ITempile Ezukileyo yamaSikh, eyakhiwe embindini wechibi elenziweyo, imi eAmritsar, esisixeko esingcwele samaSikh. Amadoda angamaSikh aqondwa ngokulula ngeenkontsho zawo eziluhlaza, ezimhlophe, okanye ezimnyama, ukunxitywa kwazo, okuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kuqheliselo lwawo lonqulo, kwananjengokuba kunjalo nokuyeka iinwele zibende.

Igama lesiHindi elithi sikh lithetha “umfundi.” AmaSikh angabafundi bomseki wabo, uGuru Nānak, yaye angabalandeli beemfundiso zeeguru ezilishumi (uNānak namalandela akhe asithoba) ezinemibhalo yazo egcinwe kwincwadi engcwele yamaSikh, eyiGuru Granth Sahib. Olu nqulo lwaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16 xa uGuru Nānak wayefuna ukuthabatha iimfundiso ezisisiseko zobuHindu nezobuSilamsi aze akhe unqulo olumanyeneyo.

Iphulo likaNānak linokuchazwa ngesivakalisi esinye: “Njengoko kukho uThixo omnye kuphela, yaye unguBawo wethu; ngoko ke, simele sonke sibe ngabazalwana.” NjengamaSilamsi, amaSikh akholelwa kuThixo omnye yaye ayakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. (INdumiso 115:4-9; Mateyu 23:8, 9) Alandela isithethe samaHindu sokukholelwa ekungafini komphefumlo, ekuguqukeleni ekubeni sisidalwa esitsha, nakwiKarma. Indawo yamaSikh yokunqula ibizwa ngokuba yigurdwara.—Thelekisa INdumiso 103:12, 13; IZenzo 24:15.

Omnye wemithetho emikhulu kaGuru Nānaka wawusithi: “Ngalo lonke ixesha khumbula uThixo, lisebenzise rhoqo igama Lakhe.” Athetha ngoThixo ‘njengoweNyaniso,’ kodwa akathiywanga gama. (INdumiso 83:16-18) Omnye umthetho wawusithi “Yabelana ngoko unako kunye nabo bahlelelekileyo.” Ngokuvisisana noku, kukho ilangar, okanye igumbi lokuphekela lasimahla, kwitempile nganye yamaSikh, apho abantu bazo zonke iindidi banokutya khona ngesisa. Kukwakho namagumbi angaqeshiswayo abasenokulala kuwo abahambi.—Yakobi 2:14-17.

IGuru yokugqibela, uGobind Singh (1666-1708), wasungula ubuzalwana bamaSikh awayebizwa ngokuba ngamaKhalsa, awayelandela oko kwakubizwa ngokuba ngoo-“K” abahlanu, abangaba: kesh, iinwele ezingachetywanga, ezifuzisela utyekelo lokomoya; kangha, inkcaza esezinweleni, efuzisela ulungelelwano noqeqesho; kirpan, ikrele, elingumqondiso wesidima, inkalipho nokuzincama; kara, isacholo sentsimbi, esifuzisela ukumanyana noThixo; kachh, iibhulukhwe ezimfutshane njengezangaphantsi, ezingumqondiso wokundiliseka yaye zinxityelwa ukufuzisela umlinganiselo omhle wokuziphatha.—Bona iThe Encyclopedia of World Faiths, iphepha 269.

[Umfanekiso]

ITempile Ezukileyo yamaSikh, eAmritsar, esePunjab, eIndiya

[Imifanekiso]

Unkontsho oluluhlaza lungumqondiso wengqondo ephangaleleyo njengesibhakabhaka, nengenamkhethe

Unkontsho olumhlophe luthetha umntu ongcwele ophila ubomi obungumzekelo

Unkontsho olumnyama lukhumbuza ngokutshutshiswa kwamaSikh eBritani ngowe-1919

Eminye imibala yeyokuhombisa nje

[Umfanekiso]

Kwimiboniso yonqulo umfundisi wamaSikh ulanda imbali yezixhobo ezingcwele

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 104]

UbuJain—Ukuzeyisa Nokungabi Nalugonyamelo

Olu nqulo, olunophawu lomnqamlezo wamandulo oyiswastika yaseIndiya, lwasekwa ngenkulungwane yesithandathu Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo yinkosana efumileyo yaseIndiya uNataputta Vardhamāna, owaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengoVardhamana Mahāvīra (gama elo elithetha “Indoda Enkulu” okanye “Igorha Elikhulu”). Waguqukela ekuphileni ubomi bokuzeyisa nobokuzila izinto ezithile. Wazimisela ngokupheleleyo ekuqaliseni iphulo lokufuna ulwazi “kwiidolophana nakwimimandla ekumbindi weIndiya ngenjongo yokufuna ukukhululeka kumjikelo wokuzalwa, ufe, uze uphinde uzalwe ngokutsha.” (Man’s Religions, nguJohn B. Noss) Wayekholelwa ukuba umphefumlo unokusindiswa kuphela ngokuzeyisa nangokuziqeqesha ngokugqithiseleyo nangokuyisebenzisa ngamandla iahimsa, ungabi nalugonyamelo kuzo zonke izilwanyana. Wayibaxa iahimsa ngokuthabatha umtshayelo othambileyo awayenokuthi ngawo atshayelele ecaleni ngocoselelo naziphi na izinambuzane ezazinokuba sendleleni yakhe. Esinye isizathu sokuhlonela kwakhe izinto eziphilayo sasikukugcina umphefumlo wakhe usulungekile yaye ugqibelele.

Abalandeli bakhe namhlanje, ngelinge lokuzama ukuphucula iKarma yabo, baphila ubomi obufanayo bokuzeyisa nobokuhlonela zonke ezinye izidalwa. Kwakhona siyayibona indlela inkolelo yokungafi komphefumlo womntu enomphumo onamandla ngayo kubomi babantu.

Namhlanje aphantse afikelele kwizigidi ezine amakholwa akolu nqulo, yaye inkoliso yawo ikummandla waseBombay nowaseGujarat eIndiya.

[Umfanekiso]

UmJain equbuda ezinyaweni zomfanekiso oqingqiweyo oziimitha ezili-17 ubude wengcwele uGomateswara eKarnataka, eIndiya

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 106, 107]

Ingcaciso Yamagama ObuHindu

Iahimsa (ahinsa, ngesiSanskrit)—ukungabi nalugonyamelo; ukungenzakalisi okanye ukungabulali nantoni na. Isizinzi sokungayityi kwamaHindu inyama nesokuhlonela kwawo izilwanyana

Iashram—itempile okanye indawo apho iguru (umfundisi) ifundisela khona

Iātman—umoya; ihlobene nokungafi. Ngokufuthi iguqulelwa ngokuphosakeleyo ngokuthi umphefumlo. Bona ijīva

Iavatar—umfuziselo wesithixo samaHindu

Ibhakti—ukuzinikela kwisithixo okukhokelela kusindiso

Ibindi—ichaphaza elibomvu eliqatywa ebunzi ngamabhinqa atshatileyo

IBrahman—udidi lwabefundisi olukowona mgangatho uphakamileyo wenkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu; ikwasiSiqu Esongamileyo. Bona iphepha 116

Idharma—umthetho osisiseko wezinto zonke; lowo umisela enoba izenzo zilungile okanye azilunganga kusini na

Ighat—izinyuko okanye iqonga elingasemlanjeni

Iguru—umfundisi

IHarijan—ilungu lodidi Lwabantu Abaziinqambi; lithetha ukuthi “abantu bakaThixo,” gama elo lovelwano abalinikwa nguMahatma Gandhi

Ijapa—ukunqulwa kukaThixo ngokucengceleza elinye lamagama akhe; imala, okanye irosari enamaso ali-108, isetyenziselwa ukubala

Ijīva (okanye iprān, iprāni)—umphefumlo womntu okanye umntu ngokwakhe

IKarma—umgaqo wokuba senzo ngasinye sinemiphumo yaso emihle okanye emibi kubomi obuzayo bomphefumlo ofudukileyo

IKshatriya—udidi lweenjingalwazi, olulawulayo, nolwabaphumi-mkhosi olukumgangatho wesibini wenkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu

Imahant—umntu ongcwele okanye umfundisi

Imahatma—ingcwele engumHindu, ngokusuka kwelithi maha, elithetha ukuphakama okanye ubukhulu, nelithi ātman, elithetha umoya

Imantra—isicengcelezo esingcwele, ekukholelwa ukuba sinamandla omlingo, kuqaliswa ngaso inkonzo yaye siyaphindaphindwa emithandazweni naxa kusenziwa imilingo

Imaya—ingcamango yokuba ihlabathi aliyonto engokoqobo

Imoksha, okanye imukti—ukukhululwa kumjikelo wokuzalwa ngokutsha; ukuphela kohambo lomphefumlo. Ikwaziwa njengeNirvana, ukumanyana komntu kunye nesiQu Esongamileyo, uBrahman

OM, AUM—oonobumba abamela uBrahman abasetyenziselwa ukucamngca; isandi sokuvakaliswa kwabo sigqalwa njengesingcangcazela ngokuyimfihlelo; basetyenziselwa ukuphumeza imantra.

Iparamatman—uMoya Wehlabathi, iātman yendalo iphela, okanye uBrahman

Ipuja—unqulo

Isadhu—umntu ongcwele; umntu ozinikeleyo elunqulweni okanye iyogi

Isamsara—ukufuduka komphefumlo ongunaphakade, nongenakonakala

IShakti—amandla ebhinqa okanye omfazi kathixo, ngokukodwa iqabane likaSiva

Israddha—izithethe ezibalulekileyo ezenzelwa ukuhlonela iminyanya nezokunceda imiphefumlo yabangasekhoyo ukuba ifumane imoksha

ISudra—umqeshwa, olona didi luphantsi kwezine eziphambili

Iswami—umfundisi okudidi oluphezulu

Itilak—uphawu olusebunzi olufuzisela ukukhumbula kukabani iNkosi kuzo zonke izenzo zakhe

ITrimurti—oothixo abangubathathu emnye bamaHindu abanguBrahma, uVishnu, noSiva

IiUpanishad—iincwadi zamandulo ezingcwele zemibongo yamaHindu. Zikwaziwa njengeVedanta, enikela ulwazi oluchanileyo lweeVeda

IVaisya—udidi lwabarhwebi nolwabalimi; iqela lesithathu kwinkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu

IiVeda—iincwadi zokuqala ezingcwele zemibongo yobuHindu

IYoga—eli gama lithatyathwe kwelithi yuj, elithetha ukudibanisa okanye ukubopha kunye; ibandakanya ukudityaniswa komntu kunye nothixo wendalo iphela. Laziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengoqeqesho lokucamngca olubandakanya indlela efanalekileyo yokuma neyokuphefumla. Ubuncinane ubuHindu buneeYoga, okanye iindlela eziphambili ezine. Bona iphepha 110

[Imifanekiso]

Ukususela ekhohlo, yimahant engumHindu; isadhu, imile iyacamngca; iguru yaseNepal

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 110]

Iindlela Ezine Zokufumana Imoksha

Unqulo lwamaHindu lunikela ubuncinane iindlela ezine zokufumana imoksha, okanye inkululeko yomphefumlo. Ezi zaziwa njengeeyoga okanye iimarga, iindlela zokufumana imoksha.

1. IKarma Yoga—“Indlela yokwenza okuthile, okanye ikarma yoga, ukuziqeqeshela isenzo esithile. Ngokusisiseko, igama elithi karma marga libhekisela ekusebenziseni kukabani idharma ngokuvisisana nemeko yakhe ebomini. Imisebenzi ethile iyagunyaziswa kubantu bonke, njengeahimsa nokuzikhwebula kutywala nakwinyama, kodwa idharma ekhethekileyo yomntu ngamnye ixhomekeke kudidi akulo nakumgangatho wakhe wokuphila.”—Great Asian Religions.

Le Karma iqheliselwa ngokungqongqo ngokwemida yodidi ubani akulo. Umntu akanakuluphucula udidi akulo ngokusuka atshate nomntu wolunye udidi okanye ngokusuka atye ukutya kolunye udidi olungelolwakhe, awalumiselwa yiKarma yakhe kubomi bexa elidluleyo. Ngoko ke udidi ubani akulo alujongwa njengokungekho sikweni kodwa lugqalwa njengelifa lobomi bakhe bangaphambili. Ngokwentanda-bulumko yamaHindu amadoda namabhinqa awalingani onke. Bahlulwa ludidi abakulo nasisini yaye, ngokungathi kunjalo, nalibala lolusu. Ngokuqhelekileyo okukhona ulusu lukabani lukhanya, kokukhona esiba kudidi oluphezulu.

2. IJnana Yoga—“Indlela yolwazi, okanye ijnana yoga, uqeqesho lokufumana ulwazi. Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela yokwenza okuthile, ikarma marga, kunye nemisebenzi yayo emiselweyo yesihlandlo ngasinye ebomini, ijnana marga inikela indlela engokwentanda-bulumko nengokwengqondo yokuzazi wena ubuqu nendalo iphela. Kukuba yinto ethile, kungekhona ukwenza into ethile, okungundoqo kwi-jnana marga. [Akekeliswe sithi.] Okona kubalulekileyo kukuba, le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ngabo bahamba ngayo ukufumana imoksha kobu bomi.” (Great Asian Religions) Ibandakanya ukuzeyisa ngokungqongqo nokuzikhupha kwimicimbi yehlabathi nokuqhelisela ubungcathu. Iyimbonakaliso yokuzeyisa.

3. IBhakti Yoga—“Olona hlobo luthandwayo lwesithethe samaHindu namhlanje. Le yindlela yokuzinikela, ibhakti marga. Ngokwahlukileyo kwikarma marga . . . le ndlela ilula ngakumbi, iyeyokwemvelo ngakumbi, yaye inokusetyenziswa ngabantu balo naluphi na udidi, isini, okanye ubudala. . . . Ivumela iimvakalelo neminqweno yomntu ukuba isebenze ngokukhululekileyo kunokuba ithintelwe kukuzeyisa ngokungqongqo okugunyaziswa yiyoga . . . Iquka ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo koothixo.” Yaye kukho oothixo abangokwesithethe abangama-330 ezigidi ekufuneka behlonelwe. Ngokutsho kwesi sithethe, ukwazi kukuthanda. Enyanisweni, igama elithi bhakti lithetha “ukunamathela kukabani okungokweemvakalelo kuthixo amkhethileyo.”—Great Asian Religions.

4. IRaja Yoga—Yinkqubo “yokuma ngendlela ekhethekileyo, yokuphefumla, neyokucengcelezwa kwamabinzana athile afanelekileyo.” (Man’s Religions) Inamanyathelo asibhozo.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 113]

UMahatma Gandhi Nenkqubo Yokuzikhetha KwamaHindu Akudidi Oluphezulu

“Ukungabi nalugonyamelo kungundoqo kunqulo lwam. Kukwasisiseko sokholo lwam.”—uMahatma Gandhi, ngoMatshi 23, 1922.

UMahatma Gandhi owayedume ngokhokelo lwakhe olungenalugonyamelo ekuncedeni i-Indiya ukuba ikhululeke kulawulo lweBritani (ngowe-1947), wakwaqalisa iphulo lokuphucula imekobume yezigidi zamaHindu awayekhonza kunye nawo. Kunjengokuba uNjingalwazi ongumIndiya uM. P. Rege ecacisa esithi: “Wayivakalisa iahimsa (ukungabi nalugonyamelo) njengomlinganiselo osisiseko wokuziphatha okuhle, awathi wawuchaza njengokuxhalabela isidima nentlalo-ntle yomntu ngamnye. Wayengavumelani negunya lezibhalo zamaHindu xa imfundiso yazo yayingqubana neahimsa, wakulwela ngenkalipho ukupheliswa kokugqalwa kwabantu abathile njengabaziinqambi nokubhangiswa kwenkqubo yokuzikhetha kwamaHindu akudidi oluphezulu, waza wakhuthaza ukuphathwa kwamabhinqa ngokulinganayo namadoda kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.”

UGandhi wayekujonga njani ukugqalwa kwabathile njengabakudidi Lwabantu Abaziinqambi? Kwileta eyayisiya kuJawaharlal Nehru, yomhla kaMeyi 2, 1933, wabhala oku: “Inkqubo yokugqalwa kwabathile njengeeHarijan igabadele kakhulu ngohlobo lokuba ayinakupheliswa yimigudu nje yeenkcuba-buchopho kuphela. Ayikho into embi njengaleyo ehlabathini. Ukanti andinakulushiya unqulo, oko kukuthi ubuHindu. Ndingadandatheka ubomi bam bonke ukuba ndingashiya ubuHindu. UbuKristu, ubuSilamsi nezinye iinkonzo ezininzi ndizithande ngenxa yobuHindu. . . . Kodwa ke andinakuyinyamezela inkqubo yabo yokujongwa kwabantu abathile njengabaziinqambi.”—The Essential Gandhi.

[Umfanekiso]

UMahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), inkokeli ehlonelwayo yamaHindu nongumfundi-si weahimsa

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 116, 117]

UbuHindu—Abanye Boothixo Noothixokazi Babo

UAditi—umama woothixo; uthixokazi wesibhakabhaka; Ongenakulinganiswa nanto

UAgni—uthixo womlilo

UBrahma—uThixo onguMdali, umthombo wendalo iphela. Omnye woothixo ababumba iTrimurti (ubathathu emnye)

UBrahman, okanye uBrahm—Owongamileyo, nokho kwindalo iphela, omelwa ngoonobumba abathi OM okanye AUM. (Bona uphawu olungasentla.) Kukwabhekiselwa kuye njengoAtman. Wambi amaHindu amgqala uBrahman njengoMthombo Ongokobuthixo okanye Isiqu Esongamileyo esingengomntu

UBuddha—uGautama, umseki wobuBhuda; amaHindu amgqala njengomfuziselo (iavatar) kaVishnu

UDurga—umfazi okanye iShakti kaSiva ibe uchazwa njengoKali

UGanesa (Ganesha)—unyana kaSiva onguthixo onentloko yendlovu, iNkosi Yemiqobo, uthixo wethamsanqa. Ukwabizwa ngokuthi Ganapati nangokuthi Gajanana

UGanga—uthixokazi, omnye wabafazi bakaSiva okwasisimntwisiso somlambo iGanges

UHanuman—uthixo oyinkawu nokwangumlandeli ozinikeleyo kaRama

UHimalaya—ohlala ekhephini, ungutata kaParvati

UKali—iqabane elintsundu (iShakti) likaSiva nelikwanguthixokazi wentshabalalo onxanelwe igazi. Ngokufuthi uboniswa enolwimi olude olubomvu olujinga ngaphandle

UKrishna—umfuziselo wesibhozo ohlekisayo kaVishnu nosisithixo esichazwe kwiBhagavad Gita. Izithandane zakhe yayingamabhinqa asebenza kumzi-mveliso wobisi

ULakshmi—uthixokazi wobuhle nowethamsanqa; iqabane likaVishnu

UManasa—uthixokazi weenyoka

UManu—ukhokho wohlanga lwabantu; wasindiswa yintlanzi enkulu kwintshabalalo yomkhukula

UMitra—uthixo wokukhanya. Waziwa njengoMithras ngamaRoma

UNandi—inkunzi yenkomo, inqwelo okanye isithuthi sikaSiva

UNataraja—nguSiva okwimo yokudanisa engqingwe ngamadangatye omlilo

UParvati okanye u-Uma—uthixokazi oliqabane likaSiva. Ukwanguthixokazi uDurga okanye uKali

Prajapati—uMdali wendalo iphela, iNkosi yeZidalwa, uyise woothixo, weedemon, nowazo zonke ezinye izidalwa. Kamva waziwa njengoBrahma

UPurusha—indoda esisiseko sendalo iphela. Iindidi ezine eziphambili zabantu zabunjwa ngomzimba wakhe

URadha—iqabane likaKrishna

URama, uRamachandra—umfuziselo wesixhenxe wothixo uVishnu. Umbongo weRamayana ibalisa ngebali likaRama nomfazi wakhe uSita

USaraswati—uthixokazi wolwazi nokwaliqabane likaBrahma uMdali

UShashti—uthixokazi okhusela amabhinqa nabantwana ngexesha lokubeleka

USiva—uthixo wenzala, wokufa nowentshabalalo; ilungu leTrimurti. Ufuziselwa ngumkhonto oneencam ezintathu nalilungu lesini lobudoda

USoma—unguthixo yaye ukwasisiyobisi; usisiseko sobomi

UVishnu—uthixo ongumlondolozi wobomi; ilungu lesithathu leTrimurti

[Inkcazelo]

(Oku kuthatyathwe kuludwe olukwiMythology—An Illustrated Encyclopedia)

[Imifanekiso]

Ukususela ngasentla ekhohlo, ukujikelezela ngasekunene, nguNataraja (uSiva odanisayo), uSaraswati, uKrishna, uDurga (uKali)

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 120]

Ibali LamaHindu LoMkhukula

“Ngenye intsasa bazisa amanzi kuManu [ukhokho woluntu nongummisi-mthetho wokuqala] ukuba ahlambe ngawo . . . Xa wayezihlamba, kwabonakala intlanzi [uVishnu okumfuziselo wakhe njengoMatsya] ezandleni zakhe.

“Yathetha naye yathi, ‘Ndikhulise, ndiza kukusindisa!’ ‘Uza kundisindisa entwenini?’ ‘Umkhukula uza kuzitshabalalisa zonke ezi zidalwa: ndiza kukusindisa kuwo ke!’ ‘Ufuna ukuba ndikukhulise njani?’”

Le ntlanzi yamyalela uManu indlela awayefanele ayinyamekele ngayo. “Ngoko ke yathi, ‘Ngonyaka othile loo mkhukula uza kufika. Ngoko ufanele ulisebenzise (icebiso lam) ngokuthi wakhe inqanawa; yaye xa umkhukula ufikile uze ungene kuloo nqanawa, ibe mna ndiya kukusindisa kuwo.’”

UManu wayithobela imiyalelo yentlanzi, yaye ebudeni bomkhukula le ntlanzi yayitsalela inqanawa “kwintaba esemantla. Yandula ke yathi, ‘Ndikusindisile. Yibophelele emthini inqanawa; kodwa amanzi mawangakukhukulisi, ngoxa usentabeni. Njengoko amanzi ewutha, usenokwehla ngokuthe ngcembe!’”—ISatapatha-Brahmana; thelekisa iGenesis 6:9–8:22.

[Imaphu/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 123]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

IGanges iqukuqela ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2 400 ukusuka kwiintaba zeHimalaya ukuya eCalcutta nakwintili eseBangladesh

I-INDIYA

ICalcutta

UMlamboIGanges

[Imifanekiso]

IGanga Ma, entlokweni kaSiva, isehla ngeenwele zakhe

AmaHindu azinikeleyo kwighat, ehlamba kwiGanges eVaranasi, okanye eBenares

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 96]

UGanesa, uthixo wethamsanqa wamaHindu onentloko yendlovu, nongunyana kaSiva noParvati

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 99]

Iilingam (imiqondiso yelungu lesini lobudoda) ezihlonelwayo ngamaHindu. USiva (uthixo wenzala) ungaphakathi kwenye ilingam yaye uneentloko ezine enye ecaleni kwenye

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 108]

Oonongendi abangamaJain abafake iimukha-vastrika, okanye isigqubuthelo somlomo, esinqanda izinambuzane ukuba zingangeni zize zife

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 115]

Ukunqulwa kwenyoka, okuqhe-liselwa ngo-kuyintloko eBengal. UManasa ungu-thixokazi weenyoka

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 118]

UVishnu, ekunye nomfazi wakhe uLakshmi, kwinyoka ezisongileyo enguAnanta kunye noBrahma oneentloko ezine okwinyibiba yamanzi ekhula kwinkaba kaVishnu