Ukungunda—Kunokuba Luncedo Kanti Kusenokuba Yingozi!

UMBHALI KAVUKANI! ESWEDEN

Okunye ukungunda kusindisa ubomi; okunye kuyabulala. Okunye kongeza incasa kwitshizi newayini; okunye kwenza ukutya kube yityhefu. Okunye kukhula kwisigodo somthi; okunye kuba kwigumbi lokuhlamba okanye ezincwadini. Enyanisweni, ukungunda kukho kuyo yonke indawo—kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho imbewu yako engene ezimpumlweni zakho njengoko ufunda esi sivakalisi.

UKUBA uyathandabuza ukuba ukungunda kukho kuyo yonke indawo, beka iqhekeza lesonka nokuba kuphi, nokuba kusefrijini. Kungekudala, uya kulibona ligqunywe buboya—ukungunda!

Yintoni Ukungunda?

Kukho iindidi zokungunda ezingaphezu kwama-100 000 eziquka iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeemildew, amakhowa, ukungunda kwezityalo namagwele. Ziindidi ezili-100 kuphela zokungunda ezaziwayo eziyingozi kubantu nakwizilwanyana. Ezinye iindidi zokungunda zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni ukutya—zibolisa izinto ezifileyo yaye ngaloo ndlela zibuyisela izondlo ezibalulekileyo ezinokusetyenziswa zizityalo. Kanti ezinye zisebenzisana nezityalo, zizinceda ukuze zifunxe izondlo zomhlaba. Ibe ezinye zizondla ngezityalo.

Ukungunda kuqala ngembewu encinane ethwalwa nangumoya. Ukuba le mbewu incinane iwela kwindawo enokuyenza ikhule, indawo enobushushu nokufuma okufanekileyo, iyantshula, ize ibe yimicu yeeseli ezibizwa ngokuba ziihyphae. Xa ezi seli ziqokelelana kwindawo enye, obu boya bubizwa ngokuba yimycelium, ukungunda okubonakalayo. Ukungunda kusenokuba bubumdaka okanye ibala elibonakala phakathi kweetiles ezikwigumbi lokuhlamba.

Ukungunda kwanda ngokukhawuleza. Xa kusesonkeni kubizwa ngokuba yiRhizopus stolonifer, amachaphaza amnyama amancinane ayimbewu yokungunda okanye isporangia. Ichaphaza nje elinye lineembewu ezingama-50 000, ibe nganye yazo inokuzala iimbewu ezinokuba zizigidi kwisithuba nje seentsuku ezimbalwa! Ukuba kukwiimeko ezintle, ukungunda kungakhula kwincwadi, kwisihlangu okanye kwiphepha elincanyathiselwe eludongeni njengokuba kunjalo kwisigodo somthi.

“Kuzondla” njani ukungunda? Ngokungafaniyo nabantu nezilwanyana, abatya ukutya kuqala kuze kucolwe kwizisu zabo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukungunda kuyenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo le nkqubo. Ukuba loo nto ukungunda kuyityayo inkulu okanye ayityeki, kukhupha incindi ethile eyahlulahlula oko kutya kube ngamaqhekeza amancinane kuze kukwazi ukukutya. Kwakhona, ekubeni ukungunda kungahambi ukuze kufumane ukutya, kumele kuphile koko kutya.

Ukungunda kunokuvelisa imichiza eyingozi ebizwa ngokuba ziimycotoxins, nto leyo enokuba yingozi kubantu nezilwanyana. Ukungunda kunokungena emntwini xa ephefumla, eginya okanye kulusu.

Kusinceda Njani Ukungunda?

Ngowe-1928 isazi ngenzululwazi uAlexander Fleming engalindelanga wafumanisa ukuba ingub’ esele inamandla okubulala iintsholongwane. Le ngub’ esele eyathi kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiPenicillium notatum, iyazibulala iintsholongwane kodwa akunjalo ngabantu nezilwanyana. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe ipenicillin, ekuthiwa “lelona yeza lisindise ubomi babantu abaninzi kunalo naliphi na elinye.” Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, ngowe-1945, uFleming noogxa bakhe uHoward noErnst Chain bathiwa jize ngeMbasa kaNobel ngenxa yeli yeza. Ukususela ngoko, ukungunda kuye kwasetyenziswa kwizinto ezininzi zezamayeza, eziquka amayeza aphelisa amahlwili, ukuqaqanjelwa yintloko kunye nesifo sikaParkinson.

Ukungunda kuye kongeza incasa ekutyeni. Ngokomzekelo itshizi. Ngaba ubusazi ukuba ezi ntlobo zetshizi iBrie, iCamembert, iDanish blue, iGorgonzola, iRoquefort kunye neStilton zinencasa yohlobo oluthile lokungunda iPenicillium? Ngokufanayo isalami, isoy sauce kunye nebhiya, incasa yazo ziyifumana kumngundo.

Oku kuyafana nakwiwayini. Xa iidiliya ezithile zivunwe ngexesha elililo yaye isihlahla ngasinye sinokungunda okufanelekileyo, zinokusetyenziswa ukuvelisa eyona wayini inencasa. Ukungunda okubizwa ngokuba yiBotrytis cinerea kwandisa iswekile yesidiliya kuze kuphucule incasa yaso. Koovimba bewayini, ukungunda okubizwa ngokuba yiCladosporium cellare nako kwandisa incasa kumanqanaba okugqibela okwenziwa kwewayini. Ngokutsho kwentetho yabatyali besidiliya baseHungary: ‘Xa kukho ukungunda, iwayini iba mnandi.’

Xa Ukungunda Kusiba Yingozi

Ukungunda okuyingozi nako kudala kukho. Ngenkulungwane yesithandathu ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, ama-Asiriya ayesebenzisa ukungunda okubizwa ngokuba yiClaviceps purpurea ukuze atyhefe amaqula eentshaba zawo—uhlobo lwakudala lwemfazwe yamachiza. Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi, ukungunda maxa wambi okufumaneka kwingqolowa, kwakubenza abantu abaninzi babe nesifo sokuxhuzula, abanye babe nesitshisa, babolelwe ngamalungu omzimba okanye babe nemibono. Isifo ngoku esibizwa ngokuba yiergotism, kwathiwa ngumlilo kaSt. Anthony ngenxa yokuba amaxhoba amaninzi ayefuna ukunyangwa ngokungummangaliso, ayetyelela kwisakhiwo seengcwele sikaSt. Anthony, eFransi.

Oyena nobangela wesifo somhlaza yityhefu ebizwa ngokuba yiaflatoxin—ityhefu efumaneka kumngundo. Kwelinye ilizwe laseAsia kufa abantu abangama-20 000 ngonyaka ngenxa yeaflatoxin. Le tyhefu iye yasetyenziswa kwizixhobo zamachiza zale mihla.

Noko ke, ukungenwa kukungunda ngokuqhelekileyo kwenza ubani angaziva mnandi kunokuba kubeke ubomi bakhe esichengeni. I-UC Berkeley Wellness Letter ithi: “Ukungunda ngokuqhelekileyo nokuba ungakusezela akuyongozi.” Ubukhulu becala abantu abaguliswa kuko ngabo banengxaki yemiphunga, ukuvaleka kwesifuba, ukungavani kakuhle namachiza athile okanye abangenamandla aneleyo omzimba okuzikhusela; kunye nabantu abasebenza ezifama kwiindawo ezinokungunda okuninzi. Iintsana nabantu abalupheleyo ngabona banokuguliswa lula kukungunda.

Ngokutsho kweSebe Lezempilo laseKhalifoniya, eUnited States, ukungunda kunokubangela ezi ngxaki: ‘Ukuminxeka, imfuxane, ukudunjelwa ngamarhanana; ukukhathazwa ngamehlo (atshise, alile okanye abe bomvu); ukukhohlela; ukurhawuzelelwa ziimpumlo nokukhathazwa ngumqala okanye ukuba namaqhakuva amancinane kulusu.’

Ukungunda Nezakhiwo

Kwezinye iindawo kuqhelekile ukuva ngezikolo ezivalwayo okanye abantu ekufuneka bashiye imizi okanye iiofisi zabo ngenxa yokususwa kokungunda. Ekuqaleni kowama-2002, iMyuziyam Yobugcisa yaseStockholm, eSweden, eyayisandul’ ukuvulwa kwafuneka ivalwe ngenxa yokungunda. Ukucocwa kokungunda kweso sakhiwa kwaxabisa imali enokuba zizigidi ezingama-32 zeerandi! Kutheni le ngxaki iye yanda mvanje?

Ezi ngongoma zimbini ziyaphendula: impahla yokwakha kunye nendlela izakhiwo ezimi ngayo. Kutshanje impahla yokwakha iye yanezinto ezisenokungunda. Umzekelo iibhodi zokwenza iindonga, ezenziwe ngemicu emininzi yamaphepha zaza zanamathiselwa kwisamente enkuphunkuphu (plaster core). Le samente igcina ukufuma. Ukuba kuhlala kufumile ixesha elide, kubakho imbewu yokungunda ize yakukhula idle iphepha elikule bhodi.

Indlela ekwakhiwa ngayo iye yatshintsha. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yee-1970, izakhiwo ezininzi zaseUnited States kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi zazingena umoya kuneendlela zokwakha zale mihla. Olu tshintsho luye lwaphumela ekubeni kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezibugcina ngakumbi ubushushu belanga nezingangeni moya. Xa amanzi engena phakathi, adla ngokuhlala ixesha elide, yaye oku koko kufunwa kukungunda. Ngaba sikho isicombululo kule ngxaki?

Eyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokucombulula le ngxaki, okanye yokuyinciphisa ingxaki yokungunda, kukugcina yonke into engaphakathi icocekile yaye yomile uze unciphise ukufuma. Ukuba indawo ethile ifumile, yisule loo ndawo ngokukhawuleza, uze ulungise loo ngxaki ukuze ingaphinde ibe manzi. Ngokomzekelo, gcina uphahla nemibhobho yokukhongozela imvula icocekile yaye ikwimeko entle. Qiniseka kwakhona ukuba umhlaba ongaphambi kwesakhiwo uqegqelekela kude nesakhiwo ukuze amanzi angemi kufutshane nesiseko saso. Ukuba unomatshini wokupholisa, gcina iipani ezikhongozela amanzi zicocekile namanzi engathintelwa nto ukuze ahambe.

Elinye igosa lokukhusela indalo lithi: “Ukunciphisa ukufuma kuthintela ukungunda.” Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela zilula kunokukhusela wena nosapho lwakho kutshaba olukukungunda. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukungunda kufana nomlilo. Kunokuba yingozi kanti kusenokuba luncedo gqitha. Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwindlela esikusebenzisa ngayo. Kakade ke, kusekho okuninzi esimele sikufunde ngokungunda. Kodwa ulwazi ngendalo kaThixo emangalisayo kunokuba luncedo.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14, 15]

UKUNGUNDA NGAMAXESHA OKUBHALWA KWEBHAYIBHILE?

IBhayibhile ithetha ‘ngeqhenqa elibuhlungu endlwini,’ xa ibhekisela kwisakhiwo ngokwaso. (Levitikus 14:34-48) Kucingelwa ukuba esi sihelegu sasibangelwa kukungunda, kodwa nalapho akuqinisekwanga. Nokuba kuyintoni na, uMthetho kaThixo wayalela abo babenezindlu ukuba bawasuse amatye anjalo, bagutyule indlu yonke ngaphakathi baze balahle nantoni na eyayirhaneleka “endaweni engahlambulukanga” ngaphandle kwesixeko. Ukuba isibetho sasinokubuya, indlu yonke yayigqalwa njengengahlambulukanga, ize idilizwe. Le miyalelo kaYehova ineenkcukacha yayibonisa indlela awayebathanda ngayo abantu bakhe nenyameko awayenayo ngempilo yabo.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

Amayeza enziwe ngomngundo aye asindisa ubomi babantu abaninzi

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]

Iibhodi zokwenza udonga kunye namaphepha okuhombisa udonga zinokugcina ukufuma, nto leyo ebangela kubekho ukungunda