Ukuhlola Ukuchuma Kwamainca

Ngumlobeli wePhaphama! ePeru

Yisikhathi senjikalanga yasebusika—isikhathi somkhosi omkhulu welanga. Njengoba isibhakabhaka sasebusika esingenamafu sikhazimula phezu kweCuzco, abakhulekeli bathutheleka ngaphakathi kwezindonga ezinkulu eziyindilinga ezizungeze iThempeli leLanga.

Manje wonke amehlo athe njó kumpristi omkhulu njengoba ebulala illama yomhlatshelo, ekhipha inhliziyo esashaya, futhi enza isenzo sokubhula ukuze anqume okuzokwenzeka onyakeni omusha. Isibuko sesiliva esipholishwe sakhazimula sibenyezela esandleni sakhe njengoba ebhekisa imisebe yelanga esicucwini sikakotini. Ekugcineni, kuthunqa intuthu, nomlilo ongcwele usuyavutha futhi. Umkhosi wezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye usuqalile.

SEKUYISIKHATHI eside amaInca nempucuko yawo kumangaza abahloli bamazwe, izazi-mlando, nabafundi bomlando ngokufanayo. Ingcebo emangalisayo yamaInca yegolide nesiliva eyebiwa abaholi abangabanqobi baseSpain yasiguqula sonke isimo sezomnotho saseYurophu. Izimangaliso zobunjiniyela, njengenqaba yaseMachu Picchu eyimfihlakalo, inqaba yaseSacsahuaman eCuzco, kanye nesimiso sobungcweti sokunisela kunikeza ubufakazi bokuhlakanipha okujulile kwamaInca emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe. Abanye baze basho nokusho ukuthi babungekho ubugebengu, ubuvila, noma ukonakala phakathi kwamaInca. Ukuthi lowohulumeni owodwa wawungaqondisa izizwe eziningi ezingafani, iningi lazo ezazizithukuse ezindaweni ezifihlekile nasemifantwini yezintaba eziphakeme kakhulu nezintaba eziyingozi emhlabeni, kuphawuleka ngokusobala.

Indabuko Yawo—Imfihlakalo

Kodwa ayengobani ngempela amaInca? Avelaphi? Yini eyabangela ukuwohloka kombuso wawo onamandla?

Akekho owaziyo ukuthi amaInca avelaphi ngempela. Abanye baye baphawula ukufana aye akuhlanganyela nabaseGibithe lasendulo. NjengoFaro, inkosi yamaInca yayihlonishwa kakhulu njengendodana kankulunkulu welanga futhi yayingashada nodadewabo ukuze kulondolozwe “ubuhlobo bobukhosi.” Eminye imikhuba engokwenkolo yayifana, futhi izikebhe zamaInca ezake zadabula phakathi kweChibi iTiticaca zazifana ncimishi nezikebhe zaseGibithe zomhlanga. Nakuba kunjalo, naphezu kwakho konke ukufana kwawo, kusenomehluko omningi omkhulu phakathi kwamaInca nabaseGibithe. Ngakho-ke, ukuthi amaInca avela eGibhithe kuphakamisa umbuzo ongathi sína.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, enye inganekwane ithi amaInca okuqala ayesinde kuzamcolo. Incwadi ethi Sociografia del Inkario iyaphawula: “Wonke amasiko abantu basemathafeni aphakeme ase-Andes akhuluma ngozamcolo owake wamboza umhlaba wonke.” Ngokwenye inganekwane yamaInca, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zanyamalala. Nokho, enye inguqulo ikhuluma ngabantu “okwathi, ngokuzifihla emgodini ophezulu esiqongweni sentaba ephakeme kakhulu, basinda futhi bakha kabusha emhlabeni.”

Lokhu kufana ekulandiseni kweBhayibheli ngoZamcolo kuyamangalisa. Nokho, kufanele ukuba okhokho bamaInca bathuthela eNingizimu Melika esikhathini esithile ngemva kokusanganiswa kwezilimi eBabele.—Genesise 11:1-9.

Nokho, ayenjani, amaInca asendulo? Ayephila kanjani? Ekuphenduleni make sihlehlele emuva esikhathini sokuchuma kwamaInca.

Ukuphila KuyiAyllu Ezweni Elibuswa AmaInca

Unyaka oka-1500. Sibuka indawo eyisigodi phansi, ethé gqwa-gqwa ngezindlwana. Umuzana weayllu yamaInca, okungukuthi, iqembu lemikhaya ehlala futhi isebenze ndawonye. Wonke umbuso wamaInca uhlukaniswe waba ngama-ayllu, ngayinye eqondiswa yinduna ebizwa ngokuthi icuraca. Imikhaya ihlala ezindlini ezifulelwe ngotshani ezakhiwe ngamatshe nodaka. Ngokunokwenzeka awekho amatafula, izihlalo, noma okuthile okuntofontofo okutholakalayo. Bamane bahlale phansi ukuze badle ukudla kwabo okuncane kabili ngosuku okuhlanganisa amazambane omisiwe, ummbila, iquinoa, nenyama eyomisiwe yellama. Kusihlwa, wonke umkhaya ulala phansi.

Ukwesaba ububi okuyimfihlakalo kumboze impilo yamaInca yonke indawo. Sisondela eqenjini labantu elizungeze isisekelo esisanda kubekwa sendlu yezitini ezomiswe ngelanga. Indoda ethile njengomkhuba ibeka umbungu wellama owomisiwe embotsheni eyakhelwe odongeni. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukududuza uPacha-Mama, noma uMama onguMhlaba, nokuvikela ikhaya ebubini. Ezinye izinto zenhlanhla, ezihlanganisa imihlobiso yezilwane, amagobongo, nezinsiba, zizofakwa lapho kuhlangana khona izindonga noma zelukelwe otshanini bokufulela.

AmaInca anovalo lokuthi angavelelwa okubi ngisho nalapho elele. Amaphupho axakile kucatshangwa ukuthi ayizingozi umphefumulo ohlangabezana nazo lapho ushiya umzimba phakathi nobusuku. Ngakusasa ekuseni, kungase kuthintwane nosebenzisa imimoya ukuze achaze amaphupho anjalo.

Isikhathi sokuphila sifushane, kodwa amaInca akholelwa ukuphindukuzalwa. Izinzipho ezinqunyiwe, izinwele ezigundiwe, namazinyo kulondolozwa ngokunakekela okukhulu uma umoya obuyayo ungase ukudinge. Okwamanje, uma umuntu ebelungile, uyoya endaweni yokulinda ebizwa ngokuthi iHanan Pacha; uma engalungile kangako, uyoya eHurin Pacha; futhi uma emubi, uyoya eUcu Pacha ukuze ahlupheke osizini—okufanayo nombono weLobukholwa wezulu, isihogo, nesihlanzo.

Ubukhazikhazi BaseCuzco

Ngokulandelayo, sisondela enqabeni enkulu yaseSacsahuaman, evikela iCuzco, sona kanye isikhungo sombuso wamaInca. Amatshe amakhulu abaziwe, amanye anesisindo esingamathani angaphezu kwekhulu, aye adonswa alethwa lapha evela ezinkwalini ezikude, enqamula ezintabeni nasemihosheni, izinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezingamaInca. Lamatshe akha izindonga ezintathu ezisondelene ezisabisayo. Umklamo omagwinci-gwinci wezindonga uphoqelela noma obani abangase bahlasele ukuba imihlane yabo ingavikeleki kumaInca alwa ngeminsalo nangemikhonto.

Nokho, njengamanje izixuku ziminyene egcekeni leThempeli leLanga, futhi bonke bahalalisela ukufika kodwendwe lokunqoba. Iqembu labantu basemaphandleni elinovalo nokwesaba lingeniswa ngaphakathi njengeziboshwa. Ngokumangala bagqolozela izakhiwo ezinkulu zethempeli ezifulelwe ngotshani, ezihlotshiswe ngegolide elicwazimulayo.

Egcekeni lethempeli, abagcini bama-akhawunti bamaInca babhala ngokufanelekile izibalo zabathunjwa, izilwane, kanye nenye impango yalokhu kunqoba kwamuva. Uma amakhosi ezinikela ngokuthula, wona, kanye namadodana awo, ayiswa kuma-Amauta, othisha abaqeqeshiwe. Lapho bayofunda ulimi lwesi-Inca, izimiso zenkolo yamaInca, nomthetho. Kamuva, bayobuyiselwa emuva ukuba babuse amaqembu abo angaphambili—kodwa manje njengabammeleli bamaInca. Nokho, abantwana babo kusamelwe basale eCuzco ukuze baqhubeke nesikole. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi, lapho bekhululwa, amakhosi ngeke ahlubuke kubathumbi bawo.

Isizwe esingumakhelwane sasicishe sawaqeda ngokuphelele amaInca ekuqaleni kwawo-1400. Inkosi esikhulile yamaInca uViracocha yaphoqeka ukuba ibaleke eCuzco. Kodwa indodana yayo uPachacuti yazihlanganisa namaviyo empi futhi yabaxosha abahlaseli. Ishukunyiswe yilokhu kunqoba, yanqoba nezinye izizwe, ngaleyondlela yakha lombuso ohlanganisa izizwe ezihlukahlukene.

Nokho, ukuchuma kombuso akuxhomekile ngokuyinhloko empangweni etholakala ngokunqoba empini. Imfihlo yengcebo yamaInca imita. Imita, noma ithuba, okuyisimiso somsebenzi umbusi wamaInca awubeke phezu kwawo wonke umuntu. Njengoba kuthatha izinsuku cishe ezingu-60 noma ezingu-70 onyakeni ngomkhaya ukuba ulime ngokwezidingo zawo, isikhathi esisalayo sinikelwa kuyimita. Ngakho wonke umuntu uba nethuba lokusebenza emasimini ethempeli, ukwakha amabhuloho, imigwaqo, amathempeli, nezindlu, noma ukumba igolide nesiliva ezimayini. Izigidi zezisebenzi zenza umbuso uhlale uphithizela, kuyilapho inkosi yamaInca nezikhulu zayo beqondisa wonke umsebenzi kusukela eCuzco ngezinduna zezinkulungwane, zamakhulu, nezamashumi.

Umthetho wamaInca usiza ukulondoloza loluhlelo. Izigelekeqe ezilahliwe zingase zigwetshelwe ukufa ngokuphonswa ezilwaneni eziyingozi. Akumangalisi-ke, ukuthi izinga lobugebengu lincane kakhulu. Kodwa kusenezindlela eziphumelela ngisho nangokwengeziwe zokuvimbela ukuvukela. Njalo ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye umkhosi wokunikeza ichicha ngesihle, isiphuzo esiwutshwala, wenziwa inkosi yamaInca.

Ukuwohloka Kombuso WamaInca

Iminyaka eminingi umbuso wamaInca waqhubeka ngalendlela kwaze kwaba yilapho izenzakalo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kwezwe ayelibusa ziletha ukuwohloka ekugcineni. Lapho inkosi yamaInca uHuayna Capac ifa, isihlalo sobukhosi sathathwa indodana yayo, uHuáscar. Kodwa indodana kaHuayna Capac eyivezandlebe ethiwa uAtahuallpa yavukela futhi yavusa impi yombango. Izinkulungwane zamaInca zafa. Ukunganeliseki nenzondo manje kwase kulihlukanisile izwe elake laba nokuthula. UAtahuallpa waba inkosi yamaInca.

UAtahuallpa akabanga nandaba kangako lapho iqembu elincane lamadoda ayegqoke insimbi liqala ukwenyukela ezintabeni. Wayengazi ukuthi babezoqalisa ukuhlasela okukhulu kwezizwe zonke, futhi akaqaphelanga ukuthi lezivakashi ezinesikhumba esikhanyayo zazithelela abantu bakhe ngezifo ezibulalayo ezazizoliqothula izwe lamaInca.

Eqinisekiswe yizangoma zakhe ngokunqoba, uAtahuallpa wathatha uhambo lokuya eCajamarca (namuhla esenyakatho yePeru) ukuze ahlangabeze iqembu labahlaseli baseSpain. Nakuba ayezungezwe izinkulungwane zabalandeli bakhe, wayengahlomile kwanhlobo. Indela yamaKatolika yaphuma futhi yamnika incwadi yenkolo. Inhloso kwakuwukumguqulela enkolweni yamaKatolika. Nokho, inkosi yamaInca, yayilahlela phansi leyoncwadi. Ombayimbayi baseSpain baqhuma, futhi kwafa amaInca angu-6 000.

UAtahuallpa wagcinwa ephila ukuze embule zonke izindawo ezazinegolide. Wathembisa ukugcwalisa ikamelo elikhulu ngezinto zegolide ukuze akhululeke. Ngokwamukelwa kwesithembiso sakhe esicebile, uAtahuallpa waligcina izwi lakhe. AbaseSpain abazange baligcine elabo. UAtahuallpa wabulawa ngokuklinywa, futhi kwaba ukuphela kokuchuma koMbuso wamaInca.

Ukudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka kuye kwenza impilo yamaInca yabonakala iyinganekwane. Kodwa kumelwe kukhunjulwe ukuthi naphezu kwezinto ezinkulu azifeza, amaInca ayeyizigqila zokukhulekela ilanga nenkolelo-ze. Namuhla, phakathi kwezinye izakhamizi zaseAndes, amasiko angokwenkolo, aye ashintshwa kancane ubuKatolika, indlela yokuphila yonya, nenkolelo-ze kusabusa ukuphila kwezizukulwane zamaInca.

Nokho, ngokuthakazelisayo, abaningi kuwo baye bakushiya ukwesaba okunjalo okuyize. KumaInca asendulo, uMdali wayengunkulunkuu okude, oncike kumahuaca aphansi (izinto zokukhulekela) nakonkulunkulu. Kodwa ezinye zezizukulwane zawo ziye zafunda ngoNkulunkulu weqiniso, uJehova, oseduze kwabo bonke labo abamfunayo.—IzEnzo 17:27.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 27]

Amanye Amaqiniso Ngezwe LamaInca

*Lisho ukuthini igama elithi “Inca”?

Ekuqaleni igama elithi “Inca” lalibhekisela enkosini, noma umbusi, owayebizwa ngokuthi uCapa Inca, okusho ukuthi “Ukuphela Kwenkosi.” Igama elithi “Inca” laliphinde linikezwe zonke izizukulwane zesilisa zasebukhosini. Namuhla, leligama lingabhekisela kubo bonke labo ababehlala ezweni lamaInca emakhulwini eminyaka edlule.

*Bangaki ababehlala ezweni lamaInca?

Ekudlondlobaleni kwalo, kubikwa ukuthi, abantu abangu-6 000 000 babehlala kulelizwe, nakuba okungenani omunye umthombo usinikeza u-12 000 000. Lokhu kubonisa indlela lombuso owawumkhulu ngayo ngempela, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ngalesosikhathi inani labantu emhlabeni lalilincane kakhulu kunokuba linjalo namuhla.

*Ayexhumana kanjani amaInca?

Ngokuvamile ngezwi lomlomo, njengoba amaInca ayengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. IsiQuechua ulimi olukhulunywayo kodwa olungenakubhalwa, nakuba kuye kwenziwa imizamo yesimanje yokwenza indlela yokubhala esekelwe kwezinye izilimi. Imibiko emifushane engokomthetho yayithunyelwa ngokusebenzisa iquipu, izintambo ezinde ezinamafindo ukuze kuqoshwe ukwaziswa.

[Isithombe ekhasini 25]

Ukukhulekela kwamaInca ilanga kwakwenziwa eMachu Picchu, ePeru

[Izithombe ekhasini 26]

Inqaba yaseSacsahuaman eCuzco