Okwenza Izitshalo Nezilwane Zibe Sengozini

IZINHLOBO zezitshalo nezilwane ziqothulwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Cabangela izimbangela ezintathu eziyinhloko. Ngandlela-thile abantu banengxenye kwezimbili zazo, futhi banengxenye ngokuqondile kwenye.

Ukubhujiswa Kwendawo Yezitshalo Nezilwane

Ukubhujiswa kwendawo yezitshalo nezilwane kunengxenye enkulu ekuncipheni kwezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo nezilwane. I-Atlas of Endangered Species ichaza lokhu ngokuthi “usongo olukhulu ngempela” kodwa futhi “okunzima kakhulu ukuluvimbela.” Ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu emhlabeni kuphoqelela abantu ukuba bangene kancane kancane endaweni okwakungeyezilwane zasendle ngaphambili. Isibonelo esivelele salokhu sibonakala emahlathini emvula emhlabeni.

Ukulinganisela okudabukisayo okugxile kulokho abaningi abakubheka njengokulahlekelwa okudabukisayo kwezinto eziyigugu kuwukuthi ‘phakathi neminyaka engu-40 amahlathi emvula ayobe engasekho.’ Eqinisweni, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yayo yonke imithi yokwelapha eyaziwayo emazweni aseNtshonalanga iye yavela ezitshalweni zasemahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo. Nakuba amahlathi emvula ehlanganisa amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela aleplanethi, ayizindawo zohlaza oluyizingxenye ezine kwezinhlanu emhlabeni.

Ukugawulwa kwemithi nokushintsha kwezindlela zezolimo kuphuca amahlathi emvula aseNtshonalanga Afrika ifa lawo elinothile eliyizihlahla. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ezwekazini laseNdiya kuye kwashintsha ngisho nesimo sezulu, kwanciphisa izimvula kwezinye izindawo kodwa kwabangela izikhukhula kwezinye.

Njengoba umuntu egawula imithi ukuze alungiselele ezolimo, izitshalo, izilwane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezinambuzane ziyafa. Uprofesa waseHarvard u-Edward Wilson ulinganisela ukuthi kulahleka amahlathi ayiphesenti elilodwa ngonyaka, futhi lokhu kubangela ukuba ekugcineni kuqothulwe izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane. Kwesatshwa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane zizonyamalala ngaphambi kokuba zethiwe ngisho negama elingokwesayensi.

Isimo siyefana emaxhaphozini omhlaba, okungenye indawo yezitshalo nezilwane esongelwayo. Abathuthukisi bezindawo badonsa amanzi kulezi zindawo ukuze bakhe izindlu, noma abalimi baziguqule bazenze amasimu. Kuleminyaka eyikhulu edlule, amaphesenti angaba ngu-90 ezikhotha zaseYurophu ezinotshani obomile aye athathwa ezolimo. Ukuphela kwamadlelo eBrithani kuleminyaka engu-20 edlule kuye kwabangela ukwehla kwenani lama-song thrush ngamaphesenti angu-64.

Nakuba umagazini i-Time ubiza isiqhingi saseMadagascar ngokuthi “umkhumbi kaNowa wasemhlabeni,” izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasendle zakhona zisengozini. Lapho inani labantu nezikweletu likhula, izakhamuzi zalesi siqhingi zicindezeleka ngokwandayo ukuba ziphendule amahlathi abe amasimu elayisi. Ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zendawo okuhlala kuyo i-golden bamboo lemur ziye zanyamalala kuleminyaka engu-20 edlule, kunezingu-400 kuphela ezisele kulezi zilwane.

Ukushintsha komuntu okukhulu endleleni asebenzisa ngayo izwe ngokuqinisekile kubhubhisa izilwane zasendle ezikuleso sifunda. Njengesinye isibonelo, cabangela abasePolynesia abafika eHawaii eminyakeni engu-1600 edlule. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingu-35 zaqothulwa.

Abantu bokuqala abafika e-Australia naseNew Zealand balanda kwamanye amazwe amakati afuywayo, amanye awo aba izimbodla. Ngokukamagazini i-New Scientist, lezi zimbodla sezidla izinhlobo ezingu-64 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezidabuka e-Australia. Ekanye nezimpungushe ezibomvu ezalandwa eYurophu, ahlasela izinsalela zezinhlobo zezilwane ezisongelwayo.

Ukuhlaselwa Ngokuqondile

Ukuzingela akusona isenzakalo esisha. Ukulandisa kweBhayibheli kuGenesise kuchaza isihlubuki uNimrode, umzingeli owayephila eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-4000 edlule. Nakuba kungashiwo ukuthi waqothula zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, wayeyiphisi elishiseka ngendlela emangalisayo.—Genesise 10:9.

Emakhulwini eminyaka abazingeli baye baqothula amabhubesi eGreece naseMesopotamia, izimvubu eNubia, izindlovu eNyakatho Afrika, amabhere nama-beaver eBrithani, nezinkunzi zasendle eMpumalanga Yurophu. “Phakathi nawo-1870 nawo-1880, abazingeli babulala izindlovu eziyingxenye yesine yesigidi eMpumalanga Afrika kuphela,” kubika umagazini wezinhlelo ze-BBC, i-Radio Times. “Eminyakeni eyingxenye yekhulu, abantu abadumile, abacebile nabasezikhundleni eziphakeme e-Afrika babedubula izindlovu, obhejane, izindlulamithi, amakati amakhulu nanoma yini ababeyibona. . . . Okubonakala kushaqisa kakhulu namuhla kwakwemukeleka ngokuphelele ngaleso sikhathi.”

Ake sicabangele isimo sehlosi elikhangayo. Ukubalwa kwawo ngawo-1980 kwabonisa ukuthi imizamo yokuwalondoloza yayiphumelela. “Noma kunjalo, izinto azihambanga ngendlela ezazibonakala ngayo,” kuphawula i-1995 Britannica Book of the Year. “Ukubala okwengeziwe okwenziwa ngokucophelela kwabonisa ukuthi izibalo zangaphambili zazikhuliswe izikhulu ezazisekela ukuzingela ngokungemthetho noma ezazimane zihlaba umxhwele abaphathi bazo. . . . Ukuhweba ngomshoshaphansi ngezitho zomzimba zamahlosi kwachuma njengoba ukuncipha kwawo kwakwenyusa inani lentengo kunanini ngaphambili.” Ngakho, ngo-1995, kulinganiselwa ukuthi intengo yehlosi laseSiberia yayisuka ku-R36 300 kuya ku-R92 600—hhayi ngenxa yesikhumba salo esiyigugu kodwa futhi nangenxa yamathambo alo, amehlo, izindevu, amazinyo, izitho zangaphakathi, nezitho zobulili, konke okuyigugu emithini yesintu yaseMpumalanga.

I-Time iphawula ukuthi ukuhweba ngamazinyo endlovu, uphondo lukabhejane, izikhumba zamahlosi, nezinye izitho zomzimba zezilwane sekuyibhizinisi elingemthetho elingenisa izindodla zemali, elilandela ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Futhi akulinganiselwe ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezincelisayo. Ngo-1994 imithi yokwelapha yesintu yaseChina yasebenzisa inani elishaqisayo eliyizigidi ezingu-20 lama-sea horse, okwabangela ukuba ukubanjwa kwawo kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-60 abikwa eminyakeni emibili kwezinye izindawo zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

Akunzima ukubona ukuthi ubani onecala lapho uhlobo oluthile lwezilwane luzingelwa luze luphele. Khona-ke, kuthiwani ngabaqongeleli? I-macaw esengozini, i-golden conure, kubikwa ukuthi ilethela umhwebi waseBrazil ongekho emthethweni imali engu-R1900. Kodwa lapho eyidayisa phesheya, uthola imali engaphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu nengxenye kunaleso samba.

Izimpi nemiphumela yazo, izixuku ezandayo zababaleki, kanye nezinga lokuzala elandayo, ukungcola okwandayo, ngisho nezokungcebeleka, kusongela izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezisengozini. Abantu ababuka izindawo abahamba ngezikebhe ezinezinjini balimaza amahlengethwa abathuthelekela ukuyowabona, futhi umsindo walezi zikebhe ongaphansi kwamanzi ungaphazamisa isimiso samahlengethwa sokuthungatha izinto.

Ngemva kwaloluhlu oludabukisayo lomonakalo obangelwa umuntu, ungase uzibuze, ‘Benzani abalondolozi bemvelo ukuze balondoloze izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezisongelwayo, futhi baphumelela kangakanani?’

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Izitshalo, izilwane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezinambuzane ziyafa njengoba umuntu egawula imithi