Imisebenzi Nemithombo Yokwaziswa Ye-Internet

UMTHOMBO wokwaziswa ovamile we-Internet isimiso somhlaba wonke sokuthumela nokuthola iposi ngomshini (electronic mail), esaziwa ngokuthi i-E-mail. Eqinisweni, i-E-mail imelela ingxenye enkulu yawo wonke umsebenzi owenziwa i-Internet futhi kwabaningi iwukuphela kwengxenye yesimiso se-Internet abasisebenzisayo. Isebenza kanjani? Ukuze siphendule lowo mbuzo, ake siqale sibukeze indlela evamile yokuthumela iposi.

Ake sithi uhlala eCanada futhi ufisa ukuthumela incwadi endodakazini yakho ehlala eMoscow. Ngemva kokuyikhela kahle imvilophi, uyayiposa, kuqale uhambo lwencwadi. Eposini, incwadi idluliselwa endaweni elandelayo, mhlawumbe esikhungweni seposi sesifunda noma sezwe, bese ithunyelwa ehhovisi leposi lendawo eliseduze nendodakazi yakho.

Kwenzeka inqubo efanayo nge-E-mail. Ngemva kokuba incwadi yakho sewuyihlelile kuyi-computer, kumelwe ubhale ikheli le-E-mail yendodakazi yakho. Lapho uyithumela lencwadi ehamba ngomshini, ihamba kuyi-computer yakho, ngokuvamile ngomshini okuthiwa yi-modem, oxhumanisa i-computer yakho ne-Internet ngesimiso sezingcingo. Lencwadi iqala uhambo, ilibangise kuma-computer ahlukahlukene anjengezikhungo zeposi zesifunda nezezwe. Lezi zikhungo zinokwaziswa okwanele ukuba lencwadi ifinyelele kuyi-computer elibangise kuyo, lapho indodakazi yakho ingayithola khona.

Ngokungafani neposi elivamile, ngokuvamile i-E-mail ifika lapho ilibangise khona, ngisho nakwamanye amazwekazi, emizuzwini embalwa noma ngaphansi, ngaphandle kwalapho ingxenye ethile esimisweni sama-computer inokwaziswa okuningi noma ingasebenzi okwesikhashana. Lapho indodakazi yakho ibheka iposi layo emshinini, iyothola i-E-mail yakho. Izinga lokushesha kwe-E-mail nendlela elula yokuyithumela ngisho nakubantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke kuyenza ibe indlela yokuxhumana ethandwayo.

Amaqembu Ezingxoxo

Enye ingosi ethandwayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Usenet. Nge-Usenet ukwazi ukuxhumana namaqembu ezingxoxo uxoxe nawo ngezihloko ezithile. Amanye amaqembu ezindaba agxila ekuthengeni nasekudayiseni izinto ezihlukahlukene. Kunamaqembu ezindaba amaningi, futhi lapho osebenzisa i-computer esefinyelele kuyi-Usenet, azikho izindleko zokujoyina.

Ake sithi umuntu ujoyine iqembu lezingxoxo elihileleke ekuqongeleleni izitembu. Njengoba abanye abakuleli qembu bethumela imiyalezo emisha ephathelene nalomsebenzi wokuzilibazisa, lomuntu osanda kujoyina uyayithola lemiyalezo. Lomuntu akabukezi nje kuphela lokho othile akuthumele kuleli qembu lezingxoxo kodwa futhi ubukeza nezimpendulo zabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu othile ecela ukwaziswa ngochungechunge oluthile lwezitembu, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho kungase kube nezimpendulo eziningi ezivela emhlabeni wonke, ezinikeza ukwaziswa okuzotholakala ngokushesha kubo bonke abakuleli qembu lezingxoxo.

Olunye uhlobo lwalengosi yi-Bulletin Board System (BBS). Izimiso ze-BBS ziyefana ne-Usenet, ngaphandle kokuthi wonke amafayili atholakala kuyi-computer eyodwa, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu. Lamaqembu ezingxoxo anezithakazelo, imibono nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezihlukahlukene, ngakho kudingeka ukuqapha.

Ukuhlanganyela Amafayili Nokuhlola Izihloko

Omunye wemigomo yokuqala ye-Internet kwakuwukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa embulungeni yonke. Uthisha okukhulunywe ngaye esihlokweni esandulelayo wathola omunye uthisha kuyi-Internet owayezimisele ukuhlanganyela naye ukwaziswa ngezifundo okwase kuthuthukisiwe. Emizuzwini embalwa lamafayili adluliswa, nakuba kwakuyibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-3200.

Yiluphi usizo olutholakalayo lapho umuntu engazi ukuthi angasitholaphi isihloko esithile kuyi-Internet? Njengoba sithola inombolo yocingo ngokusebenzisa incwadi yocingo, umuntu osebenzisa i-computer angase athole izinto ezithakazelisayo kuyi-Internet ngokuba aqale afinyelele kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi izingosi zokuhlola (search sites). Umuntu ubhala igama noma umshwana othile; khona-ke lengosi iphendula ngokumnikeza uhlu lwezindawo ze-Internet lapho ukwaziswa kungatholakala khona. Ngokuvamile, lengosi okuhlolwa kuyo ayikhokhelwa futhi kuthatha imizuzwana nje!

Umlimi okukhulunywe ngaye ngaphambili wayezwe ngendlela entsha yokulima okuthiwa i-precision farming, esebenzisa ama-computer namabalazwe eziphuphutheki. Ngokubhala lowo mshwana kulengosi yokuhlola, wathola amagama abalimi ababeyisebenzisa lendlela kanye nokwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngayo.

I-World Wide Web

Ingxenye ye-Internet ebizwa ngokuthi i-World Wide Web (noma, i-Web) yenza ukuba abalobi basebenzise indlela eyisidala—yokubhala imibhalo yaphansi—ngendlela entsha. Lapho umlobi wesihloko sikamagazini noma incwadi efaka uphawu lombhalo waphansi, sibheka ekugcineni kwekhasi futhi ngokuvamile kuthiwa asibheke elinye ikhasi noma incwadi. Abalobi bamafayili e-computer e-Internet bangenza into efanayo besebenzisa isu elidwebela noma ligqamise igama, umshwana, noma isithombe emafayilini abo.

Igama noma isithombe esigqamile siyinkomba kumfundi yokuthi kukhona omunye umthombo wokwaziswa we-Internet, ngokuvamile okuba enye ifayili. Lefayili ye-Internet ingatholakala bese umfundi eyibona ngokushesha. Lefayili kungenzeka ibe kwenye i-computer ekwelinye izwe. UDavid Peal, umlobi wethi Access the Internet!, uphawula ukuthi lelisu “likuvulela amafayili angokoqobo, hhayi nje izikhombo zawo.”

Le-Web futhi yenza ukuthi kugcinwe futhi kubuye kuvulwe izithombe, imifanekiso, imidlalo yopopayi, ama-video nemisindo. ULoma, unkosikazi onakekela ikhaya okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni kwesihloko esandulelayo, wathola futhi wadlala isithombe sebhayisikobho esifushane esinombala sezinkolelo-mbono ezikhona eziqondene nendawo yonke. Ukulandisa wayekulalele esimisweni se-computer yakhe.

Ukuhlola I-Net

Ngokusebenzisa i-browser ye-Web, umuntu angakubona kalula futhi ngokushesha ukwaziswa nezithombe ezinombala okungenzeka zigcinwe kuma-computer emazweni amaningi ahlukahlukene. Ukusebenzisa i-browser ye-Web kuyefana ngandlela-thile nokuhamba okungokoqobo, ukuthi nje kona kulula. Umuntu angavakashela i-Web abone imiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile noma iHolocaust Memorial Museum. Leli khono lokuhamba kalula kuyi-Internet Web ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola i-Net.

Amabhizinisi nezinye izinhlangano ziye zaba nesithakazelo kuyi-Web njengendlela yokukhangisa imikhiqizo yazo noma imisebenzi kanye nokunikeza olunye uhlobo lokwaziswa. Zenza ikhasi le-Web, okusangosi yokugcina ukwaziswa emshinini. Lapho selaziwa ikheli lenhlangano lekhasi le-Web, abantu abangaba amakhasimende bangasebenzisa i-browser ukuze “bathenge,” noma bahlole ukwaziswa. Nokho, njengakunoma iyiphi indawo ethengisayo, akuyona yonke imikhiqizo, imisebenzi, noma ukwaziswa okutholakala kuyi-Internet okwakhayo.

Abacwaningi bazama ukwenza i-Internet ukuba ikwazi ukugcina izindaba zamabhizinisi ziyimfihlo futhi zilondekile. (Sizobuye sixoxe ngokwengeziwe ngokulondeka.) Kwenziwa enye i-Internet yomhlaba wonke—abanye abayibiza ngokuthi i-Internet II—ngenxa yokuminyana kokwaziswa okuye kwabangelwa yilomsebenzi wezentengiselwano.

Iyini I-“Chat”?

Omunye umsebenzi ojwayelekile we-Internet i-Internet Relay Chat, noma i-Chat. I-Chat yenza ukuthi iqembu labantu likwazi ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngokushesha lisebenzisa amagama-mbumbulu. Nakuba isetshenziswa amaqembu obudala obuhlukahlukene, iyathandeka ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha. Lapho esexhunywe kuyo, umuntu uxhumana neqembu elikhulu labanye abantu abasebenzisa ama-computer emhlabeni wonke.

Kwenziwa izingosi ezibizwa ngokuthi izingosi zengevu (chat rooms), noma imizila yengevu, ezinesihloko esithile, njengezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi, izithombe zebhayisikobho, ezemidlalo, noma ezothando. Yonke imiyalezo ebhalwa kulengosi yengevu ibonakala cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo kuma-computer abo bonke abahilelekile kuleyo ngosi.

Ingosi yengevu injengamaqembu abantu abahlangene, abaxoxa ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngaphandle kokuthi bonke babhala imiyalezo emifushane. Ngokuvamile lezi zingosi zengevu zisebenza amahora angu-24 ngosuku. Yiqiniso, amaKristu ayaqaphela ukuthi izimiso zeBhayibheli ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane, njengaleso esitholakala kweyoku-1 Korinte 15:33, ziyasebenza ekuhlanganyeleni emaqenjini engevu njengoba zisebenza kuzo zonke izici zokuphila.a

Ubani Okhokhela I-Internet?

Kungenzeka ukuthi uyazibuza, ‘Ubani okhokhela izindleko zamabanga amade umuntu awahambayo nge-Internet?’ Izindleko zikhokhwa yibo bonke abayisebenzisayo, izinkampane nabantu ngabanye. Nokho, umuntu oyisebenzisayo akanikezwa isitatimende sesikweleti socingo sebanga elide, ngisho noma eye wavakashela izindawo eziningi ezikude. Abantu abaningi abayisebenzisayo bane-akhawunti esikhungweni sendawo sezohwebo esikuxhuma kuyi-Internet, ngokuvamile abakhokha kuso imali efanayo nyanga zonke. Ngokuvamile lezi zikhungo zinikeza ikhasimende inombolo yocingo yendawo ukuze kugwenywe izindleko zocingo ezengeziwe. Ngokuvamile imali ekhokhwa njalo ngenyanga ingaba ngu-R95.

Njengoba ungase ubone, i-Internet isengadlondlobala kakhulu. Kodwa ingabe kufanele uhambe kulomgwaqo omkhulu wokwaziswa?

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Amakheli E-Internet Asho Ukuthini?

Abantu abaxhunywe kuyi-Internet babonwa ngamakheli e-E-mail. Ake sithi ufuna ukuthumela i-E-mail kumngane onekheli le-E-mail elithi drg@tekwriting.com.b Kulesi sibonelo, elithi “drg” yigama umuntu aziwa ngalo. Ngokuvamile abantu basebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama abo noma amagama aphelele. Igama elilandela uphawu “@” kungase kube elomqashi wabo, indawo yebhizinisi labo, noma isikhungo sabo se-E-mail. Kulesi sibonelo, elithi “tekwriting” liyigama lalelo bhizinisi. Ingxenye yokugcina yaleli kheli ibonisa uhlobo lwenhlangano umngane wakho ayisebenzisayo. Kulesi sibonelo, elithi “com” libhekisela enhlanganweni yezentengiselwano. Izinhlangano zezemfundo zinophawu olufanayo kodwa olugcina ngelithi “edu,” kanti izinhlangano ezingangenisi nzuzo zigcina ngelithi “org.” Enye i-E-mail ejwayelekile igcina ngesifushaniso sezwe lowo muntu ahlala kulo. Ngokwesibonelo, ikheli elithi lvg@spicyfoods.ar libonisa ukuthi umuntu onegama elithi “lvg” usebenzisa igama lefemu elithi “spicyfoods” e-Argentina.

Olunye uhlobo lwekheli luthola amafayili e-Web kuyi-Internet. Ake sithi ukwaziswa kocwaningo olukhuluma ngamahlathi emvula kungatholakala efayilini ye-Web etholakala ekhelini elithi http://www.ecosystems.com/research/forests/rf. Izinhlamvu ezithi “http” (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) zibonisa i-protocol esingatha uhlobo lwefayili ye-Web, kanti uphawu oluthi “www.ecosystems.com” lubonisa igama lomsebenzisi we-Web, i-computer—kulesi sibonelo okuyifemu yezentengiselwano ebizwa ngokuthi “ecosystems.” Ifayili yangempela ye-Web iyingxenye yokugcina yaleli kheli—ethi “/research/forests/rf.” Ngokuvamile amakheli e-Web abizwa ngokuthi ama-Uniform Resource Locator, noma uma efushaniswa kuthiwa ama-URL.

[Umbhalo waphansi]