Indlela Ama-Inca Alahlekelwa Ngayo UMbuso Wawo Ochumayo

GUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EPERU

Ukuphuma kwelanga. Izintaba zase-Andes ezikhephuzela iqhwa zazithi azibe bomvana, zenziwa imisebe yokukhanya ehlaba isibhakabhaka ekuseni. Abasheshe bavuke esizweni samaNdiya babejabulela ukufudumala okwakuxosha amakhaza asebusuku obubandayo endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-4300 ukusuka olwandle. Kancane kancane, imisebe yelanga yehlela phansi yaze yengama ithempeli lelanga maphakathi nenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso Wama-Inca, iCuzco (okusho “iNkaba Yomhlaba”). Ezindongeni zegolide wawubona imisebe yelanga. Ama-llama, ama-vicuña nama-condor okwenziwe ngegolide kwakucwebezela engadini yama-Incaa ephambi kwethempeli. Abadlula ngendlela babenza uphawu lokuqabula umoya bekhulekela uNkulunkulu wabo, ilanga. Yeka indlela ababebonga ngayo ngokuthi bayaphila nangokubusiswa ilanga ababecabanga ukuthi libanikeza ukuphila!

PHAKATHI kwekhulu le-14 nele-16, umbuso omkhulu ochumayo wawungumakhonya ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Njengoba ayephethwe abaklami bezakhiwo abakhaliphile nabangochwepheshe, ama-Inca ayengabantu ababehlelwe ngendlela yokuba bathuthuke ngokwezenhlalo. Imingcele yoMbuso wama-Inca omangalisayo yayifinyelela emakhilomitheni angaba ngu-5000, usuka engxenyeni eseningizimu yeColombia yanamuhla ize iyofika phansi e-Argentina. Eqinisweni, “ama-Inca ayecabanga ukuthi ayebusa cishe wonke umhlaba.” (National Geographic) Ayekholelwa ukuthi ngalé kombuso wawo, kwakungekho lutho olubalulekile. Nakuba kunjalo, umhlaba wawungazi nakwazi ukuthi ukhona lombuso.

Ayengobani ama-Inca? Ayedabukaphi?

Obani Abandulela Ama-Inca?

Izinto ezavubukulwa zibonisa ukuthi abantu bokuqala ababehlala kuleli lizwekazi kwakungewona ama-Inca. Kwakukhona eminye imiphakathi ehlelekile eyawandulela ngeminyaka engamakhulu amaningi noma eyizinkulungwane eziningi. Abavubukuli baye bathi kwakungabantu abangamaLambayeque, amaChavin, amaMochica, amaChimu, kanye namaTiahuanaco.

Lawo maqembu abantu bokuqala ayekhulekela izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo—uhlobo oluthile lwezingwe, amabhubesi, ngisho nezinhlanzi. Ukukhulekela onkulunkulu basezintabeni kwakuthé chithi saka phakathi kwabo. Izinto zabo ezibunjiwe zibonisa ukuthi ezinye izizwe zazikhulekela ubulili. Eduze neLake Titicaca, enhla lé emngceleni wePeru neBolivia, isizwe esithile sakha ithempeli elalinemifanekiso yezitho zobulili eyayikhulekelwa emikhosini yenzalo ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi kutholakala isivuno esihle kuPacha-Mama, okusho ukuthi “uMama Owumhlaba.”

Insumansumane Neqiniso

Ama-Inca avela cishe ngo-1200. Ngokombhali wemilando uGarcilaso de la Vega, indodana yenkosazana yama-Inca neqhawe elinendawo eSpain, insumansumane ithi umuntu wokuqala kuma-Inca, uManco Capac kanye nodadewabo ongumakoti wakhe, bathunywa uyise, unkulunkulu welanga, eLake Titicaca, ukuba bayokwenza bonke abantu ukuba bakhulekele ilanga. Nanamuhla lenganekwane isaxoxelwa izingane kwezinye izikole.

Nokho, ake sikhohlwe insumansumane, cishe ama-Inca adabuka kwesinye sezizwe zaseLake Titicaca, amaTiahuanaco. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lombuso owawanda wengamela imisebenzi eminingi yezizwe ezinqotshiwe, wanweba futhi wathuthukisa imisele nezindawo ezase zakhiwe kakade. Ama-Inca ayenza ezibukwayo ekwakheni izakhiwo ezinkulu. Miningi imibono echaza ukuthi abakhi bakhona bakwazi kanjani ukwakha inqaba nethempeli okuseSacsahuaman, okwengame idolobha laseCuzco uma ulibuka usendaweni ephakeme. Izizemazema zamatshe angamathani ayikhulu ahlanganiswa ndawonye. Akusetshenziswanga daka lokuwahlanganisa. Ukuzamazama komhlaba akuwenzanga lutho umsebenzi omuhle wamadwala akha izindonga zedolobha lasendulo laseCuzco.

Ithempeli Elicwebezelayo Lelanga

Edolobheni lasebukhosini laseCuzco, ama-Inca ahlela abapristi ababezokhulekela ilanga ethempelini elalakhiwe ngamatshe apholishiwe. Izindonga zangaphakathi zazifekethiswe ngegolide nesiliva loqobo. Kanye nabapristi, kwamiswa izigodlo ezikhethekile, njengaleso esakhiwa kabusha ethempelini lelanga lasePachácamac, ngaphandle nje kwaseLima. Ophuma langa sikothe bezintombi babeqeqeshwa besebancane, kusukela eminyakeni engu-8 ukuba babe ‘izintombi zelanga.’ Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa nokuthi ama-Inca ayenza imihlatshelo nangabantu. Ayenza imihlatshelo ngezingane kuma-apus, noma onkulunkulu basentabeni. Kuye kwatholakala izidumbu zezingane sezaba yiqhwa ezintabeni zase-Andes.

Nakuba ama-Inca nezizwe zakuqala babengakwazi ukubhala, bakwazi ukwakha isimiso sokugcina imibhalo ngokusebenzisa lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-quipu. Leli “ithuluzi elalakhiwa ngentambo enemicwana emibalabala enamafindo futhi lalisetshenziswa abasePeru” njengensiza-nkumbulo kulabo abababelwe ukugcina uhlu lwezinto ezikhona nokwaziswa okuthile.—Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary.

LoMbuso Wawenziwa Yini Ube Yimbumba?

Uhulumeni owodwa omkhulu wawakhiwa imithetho eqinile nezimiso ezihlelekile. Imfuneko yokuqala kwakuwukuba wonk’umuntu afunde isiQuechua, ulimi lwama-Inca. Incwadi ethi El Quechua al Alcance de Todos (IsiQuechua Singafundwa Yibo Bonke Abantu) ithi “isiQuechua” sibhekwa “njengolimi olubanzi, oluhlukahlukene noluphambili kunazo zonke eziyimixhantela eNingizimu Melika.” Sisakhulunywa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezinhlanu ezintabeni zasePeru nangezinye izigidi emazweni amahlanu ayeyingxenye yalombuso. Iqembu eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yeLake Titicaca lisakhuluma isi-Aymara, ulimi oluvela kolwesiQuechua sangaphambi kwesikhathi sama-Inca.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesiQuechua kwazihlanganisa izizwe ezingaba yikhulu ezanqotshwa futhi kwasiza i-curaca (inkosi) yesigodi eyayibusa iqembu ngalinye. Umkhaya ngamunye wawabelwa indawo ozoyilima. Ngemva kokunqoba, i-Inca yayivumela imigido yesizwe nemikhosi ethile futhi yenza nemibukiso yaseshashalazini nemidlalo ukuze abantu ebabusayo baneliseke.

Intela Ye-mita

Yayingekho imali kulombuso, okwakusho ukuthi igolide lalingabalulekile kubantu. Lalithandelwa ukuthi lidlulisa imisebe yelanga. Okuwukuphela kwentela eyayithelwa, i-mita (ngesiQuechua, “ithuba”), kwakuyimfuneko yokuba ababuswayo bashintshane ngokwenza umsebenzi ophoqelelwe emigwaqweni eminingi yama-Inca nasezakhiweni. Ngakho, izinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezingamaNdiya zabuthwa umthetho.

Besebenzisa izisebenzi ze-mita, abakhi abayizingcweti abangama-Inca bakha uxhaxha lwemigwaqo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-24 000 ubude! Kusukela eCuzco, ama-Inca akha imigwaqo ekhonkwe ngamadwala ukuze ihlanganise izindawo ezikude kakhulu zombuso. Abasubathi abaqeqeshiwe ababehambisa imiyalezo ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-chasqui, babesebenzisa lemigwaqo. Babekanisa emaqhugwaneni asezindaweni ezithile ezigqagqene ngekhilomitha elilodwa kuya kwamathathu. Lapho i-chasqui ifika iphethe umyalezo, i-chasqui elandelayo yayiqala ukugijima nalena efikayo, njengabagijimi abanikezelanayo. Besebenzisa lendlela, babehlanganisa ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-240 ngosuku. Ngokuphazima kweso, i-Inca engumbusi yayithola imibiko evela kuzo zonke izingxenye zombuso wayo.

Ezinhlangothini zemigwaqo, i-Inca yakha izinqolobane ezinkulu. Zazihlale zigcwele ukudla nezingubo okwakusetshenziswa amabutho e-Inca lapho ephikelele ezimpini. I-Inca yayiyigwema impi uma kungenzeka. Isebenzisa amaqhinga, yayithumela izinhloli ukuba ziyocela izizwe ukuba zikhonze ngaphansi kombuso wayo, uma nje zizovuma ukukhulekela ilanga. Uma isizwe sivuma, sasiyekwa siziqhubekele nokuphila endaweni yaso, siqondiswa abaqeqeshi be-Inca abafundisiwe. Uma sinqaba, sasiba isisulu sempi enesihluku. Izingebhezi zamakhanda zezidumbu zazisetshenziswa njengezinkamba zokuphuza i-chicha, utshwala obunamandla obuphiswa ngommbila.

Kwase kubusa i-Inca yesishiyagalolunye, uPachacuti (kusukela ngo-1438 kuqhubeke), indodana yakhe uTopa Inca Yupanqui nesikhulu sombuso esiyiqhawe uHuayna Capac, lapho umbuso wanweba khona imingcele yawo futhi wadlondlobala waze wayofika eningizimu usuka enyakatho. Kodwa awuhlalanga isikhathi eside.

Abahlaseli Abavela Enyakatho

Cishe ngonyaka ka-1530, iqhawe laseSpain uFrancisco Pizarro namasosha akhe behla bevela ePanama, behehwe imibiko yokuba khona kwegolide kulelizwe elingaziwa, ngaleso sikhathi elalidephunwa impi yombango. INkosana uHuáscar, indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, yayinqotshiwe futhi yaboshwa umfowabo ngamzali munye u-Atahuallpa, owayephikelele enhloko-dolobha.

Ngemva kohambo olunzima lokungena maphakathi nedolobha laseCajamarca, uPizarro nebutho lakhe bamukelwa ngezandla ezifudumele umgabadeli u-Atahuallpa. Nakuba kunjalo, ngobuqili, abaseSpain baphumelela ukumkhipha enqoleni yakhe, bamthumba, ngesikhathi esifanayo babulala izinkulungwane zamabutho akhe ayekhungathekile futhi engakulungele ukulwa.

Nakuba ayethunjiwe, u-Atahuallpa waqhubeka nempi yombango. Wathumela izithunywa eCuzco ukuba ziyobulala umfowabo ngamzali munye i-Inca uHuáscar kanye namakhulu abantu bozalo lwasebukhosini. Engahlosile, wenza icebo lokuhlasela kukaPizarro laba lula.

Ebona ubugovu babantu baseSpain ngegolide nesiliva, u-Atahuallpa wathembisa ukugcwalisa ikamelo ngezithombe zegolide nesiliva njengenkokhelo yokukhululwa kwakhe. Kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Kwaphinda kwasebenza ubuqili! Ngemva kokuba seligcwalisiwe njengesithembiso, u-Atahuallpa, umbusi we-13 wama-Inca, owayebhekwa izindela njengokhonza izithombe, waqale wabhapathizwa njengomKatolika wabe esebulawa.

Isiqalo Sesiphelo

Ukubanjwa nokubulawa kuka-Atahuallpa kwaba imbibizane embi kakhulu eMbusweni Wama-Inca. Kodwa amaNdiya alwa nabahlaseli, kwathi umzabalazo obuhlungu walombuso wathatha iminyaka engu-40.

Lapho kufika ababezomsiza, uPizarro namasosha akhe onke babezimisele ukuya eCuzco bayozidelisa ngegolide elengeziwe lama-Inca. Kulokhu kufuna kwabo igolide, abaseSpain babesebenzisa izenzo zonya nokuhlukumeza ukuze amaNdiya aveze lapho kwakufihlwe khona amagugu noma ukuze besabise futhi behlule noma ibaphi abavukelayo.

Ephelezelwa umfowabo kaHuáscar iNkosana uManco II, owayezoba i-Inca elandelayo (Manco Inca Yupanqui), uPizarro wangena ngendlov’iyangena eCuzco waphanga ingcebo yalo eningi yegolide. Izithombe zegolide eziningi zancibilikiswa zaba igolide laseSpain eselilungele ukusetshenziswa. Akumangalisi ukuthi imigulukudu yasolwandle engamaNgisi yayizimisele ukuduna imikhumbi yaseSpain eyayithwele ingcebo yasePeru! Esindwa ingcebo, uPizarro waya ngasogwini, lapho athola khona idolobha iLima ngo-1535 laba ibusela lakhe.

UManco Inca Yupanqui, ngaleso sikhathi owayesebubona kahle ubugovu nenkohliso yabanqobi, wavukela. Nabanye babavukela abaseSpain, kodwa ekugcineni amaNdiya kwadingeka abalekele ezindaweni ezikude ukuze asinde. Kungenzeka ukuthi enye yalezi zindawo ezilondekile kwakuyidolobha elingcwele laseMachu Picchu elicashe ezintabeni.

I-Inca Yokugcina

Ekugcineni, uTupac Amarú, indodana kaManco Inca Yupanqui, waba i-Inca (1572). Manje iPeru yayisibuswa amabamba aseSpain. Inhloso yebamba uToledo kwakuwukuwaqeda nyá ama-Inca. Enebutho elikhulu, watheleka eVilcabamba. UTupac Amarú wabanjwa ehlathini. Yena nomkakhe owayekhulelwe bayiswa eCuzco beyobulawa. INdiya elingumCañari laphakamisa isaha lokunquma uTupac Amarú. Izinkulungwane zamaNdiya ezazibuthene egcekeni elikhulu ledolobha zaquma ngokuzwakalayo zikhalela i-Inca yawo njengoba inqunywa ikhanda ngegalelo elilodwa nje. Izinduna zayo zahlukunyezwa zaze zafa noma zalengiswa. Ngokuqedelwa konya, ukubusa kwama-Inca kwaphela.

Amabamba ayemisiwe, kanye nezindela nabapristi abaningi abangamaKatolika, kancane kancane basakaza ithonya labo, elihle nelibi, kumaNdiya, okwase kuyisikhathi eside ebhekwa njengezigqila nje. Amaningi aphoqwa ukuba asebenze ezimayini zegolide noma zesiliva, enye yazo okwakuyintaba eyayinothe ngetshe-nsimbi elinesiliva, esePotosí, eBolivia. Ukuze asinde ezimweni ezingezinhle, amaNdiya ayephethwe kabi aphendukela ekusebenziseni imilaliso engamahlamvu e-coca. Kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 lapho izwe lasePeru nelaseBolivia athola khona uzimele geqe eSpain.

Inzalo Yama-Inca Yanamuhla

Siyini isimo senzalo yama-Inca kulenkathi yesimanje? Inhloko-dolobha yasePeru iLima, njengamanye amadolobha esimanje amaningi, igcwele izigidi zezakhamuzi. Kodwa lé emaphandleni, ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi lisalokhu ligaye ngalowo mhlathi. Izigodi eziningi ezingazodwa zisalawulwa abapristi bamaKatolika. Kumlimi oyiNdiya, isonto lamaKatolika eliseshashalazini lesigodi, linewozawoza. Izithombe eziningi zosanta abavunule baconsa, izibani ezimibalabala, i-altare legolide, amakhandlela avuthayo, imikhosi engaqondakali lapho umpristi esho khona okuthile, futhi ikakhulu imikhosi nemigidi engcwele—konke lokhu kwanelisa isidingo sakhe sokuzilibazisa. Kodwa ukuzilibazisa okunjalo okujabulisa iso akuzange kuzisuse izinkolelo zamandulo. Kanti ukuphila kwabaningi kusathonywa ukusetshenziswa kwehlamvu le-coca, okucatshangwa ukuthi linamandla ayimfihlakalo.

Ngomoya wayo ongenakwehlulwa, lenzalo yama-Inca—iningi layo manje eselixubile—iye yakwazi ukulondoloza imigido enhlobonhlobo nomculo wayo i-huaino. Nakuba iqale ithule uma inezihambi, umoya wayo wokungenisa izihambi uyabonakala. Kulabo abayaziyo inzalo yoMbuso Wama-Inca—labo abayibona nsuku zonke ilwela ukuphila nabakwazi ukuyisiza, bayibonise uzwela nokukhathalela—indaba yawo ngempela izwisa ubuhlungu!

Imfundo Iletha Izinguquko

Lapho exoxa ne-Phaphama!, uValentin Arizaca, ongowozalo lwamaNdiya akhuluma isi-Aymara esigodini saseSocca eLake Titicaca, wathi: “Ngaphambi kokuba ngibe omunye woFakazi BakaJehova, ngangingumKatolika ngegama nje. Mina kanye nabanye abangane bami sasenza imikhuba eminingi yobuqaba. Nami ngangihlafuna ihlamvu le-coca, kodwa konke sengikuyekile.”

Ezikhumbula kahle izinkolelo-ze eziningi ezazimenza esabe njalo ukucasula ama-apus, uPetronila Mamani, oneminyaka engu-89, uthi: “Njalo ngangenza iminikelo ukuze ngishweleze konkulunkulu basezintabeni futhi ngiqikelele ukuthi ngiyaphila. Ngangingafuni nakancane ukubacasula, ngaleyo ndlela ngizifake engozini yokuthola izinhlupheko. Manje, njengoba sengikhulile ngeminyaka, sengifunde ukubheka izinto ngendlela ehlukile. Ngenxa yeBhayibheli noFakazi BakaJehova, angisacabangi kanjalo.”

OFakazi BakaJehova bafundisa amaNdiya amaningi akhuluma isiQuechua nesi-Aymara ukuzifundela. Nawo abe esefundisa amanye iBhayibheli. Ngalendlela, izinkulungwane zama-Inca namaNdiya aseSpain ziyafundiswa ukuze zenze ngcono ukuphila kwazo. Zafunda nangesithembiso sikaNkulunkulu esiseBhayibhelini somhlaba omusha onobulungisa, ukuthula nokulunga, ozomiswa maduze nje emhlabeni wonke.—2 Petru 3:13; IsAmbulo 21:1-4.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Amabalazwe ekhasini 15]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

UMbuso Wama-Inca Ochumayo

SOUTH AMERICA

Cuzco

Potosí

UMBUSO WAMA-INCA

CARIBBEAN SEA

PACIFIC OCEAN

COLOMBIA

ECUADOR

ANDES

PERU

Cajamarca

Lima

Pachácamac

Vilcabamba

Machu Picchu

Cuzco

Lake Titicaca

BOLIVIA

CHILE

ARGENTINA

[Isithombe ekhasini 16]

Ngenhla: Ithempeli lokuqala lelanga liyisisekelo saleli sonto lamaKatolika eCuzco

[Isithombe ekhasini 16]

Kwesobunxele: Izithombe zobulili zangaphambi kwesikhathi sama-Inca ethempelini eChucuito

[Isithombe ekhasini 16]

Kwesokudla: Igazi lemihlatshelo yama-Inca laligobhoza kulamatshe aqoshiwe

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Kwesokudla: Izindawo eziniselwayo eMachu Picchu, eduze neCuzco

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Ngezansi: Ukubuka indawo usemnyango wasendulo eMachu Picchu

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Ngezansi kwesokudla: Izitini ezingamathani ayikhulu zethempeli laseSacsahuaman eliphinde libe yinqaba