IBhayibheli LesiNtaliyane Linomlando Onezingqinamba
“IBHAYIBHELI liphakathi kwezincwadi ezisakazwa kabanzi ezweni lethu [e-Italy], kodwa mhlawumbe liyincwadi efundwa abambalwa. Abathembekile basathola isikhuthazo esincane kakhulu sokuba bajwayelane neBhayibheli nosizo oluncane lokulifunda njengeZwi likaNkulunkulu. Kunalabo abafuna ukwazi lokho okuqukethwe iBhayibheli, kodwa ngokuvamile akekho ongabahlephulela isinkwa seZwi.”
La mazwi ashiwo ngo-1995 indikimba yabaBhishophi Bengqungquthela Yase-Italy, aphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, lalifundwa kabanzi kangakanani iBhayibheli e-Italy? Kungani ukusakazwa kwalo kwasalela emuva kunakwamanye amazwe? Kungani lisalokhu liyincwadi efundwa abambalwa e-Italy? Ukuhlolisisa umlando wezinguqulo zeBhayibheli zesiNtaliyane kungasinikeza izimpendulo ezithile.
Kwathatha isikhathi eside ukuba kuthuthukiswe izilimi ezisuselwa olimini lwesiLatini—isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiPutukezi, iSpanishi nezinye. Emazweni ahlukahlukene eYurophu okwakusetshenziswa kuwo isiLatini ngokuyinhloko, kancane kancane ulimi oluvamile lwabantu lwaqala ukuhlonishwa futhi lwasetshenziswa ngisho nasezincwadini. Ukuqashelwa kolimi lwabantu kwakuthonya ngokuqondile ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli. Kanjani? Ngesinye isikhathi, igebe phakathi kwesiLatini, ulimi olungcwele lwabashumayeli, nolimi lwabantu abavamile, nezilimi zalo zesigodi nokuhlukahluka kwazo, laba likhulu kangangokuthi abantu abangafundile kangako abazange besasiqonda isiLatini.
Ngonyaka ka-1000, kwakungaba nzima ngeningi lezakhamuzi zasenhlonhlweni yase-Italy ukufunda i-Vulgate yesiLatini, ngisho noma yayitholakala kalula. Kwase kungamakhulu eminyaka isigaba sabashumayeli silawula yonke imikhakha yemfundo, kuhlanganise neyasemayunivesithi ambalwa ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakungomntakabani kuphela ababezuza kuyo. Ngakho, iBhayibheli lagcina “liyincwadi engaziwa.” Nokho, abaningi babefisa ukuba neZwi likaNkulunkulu futhi balithole ngolimi lwabo.
Iningi labefundisi lamelana nokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli, lesaba ukuthi kwakuzokhuthaza ukuba kusakazeke lokho okuthiwa ukuhlubuka. Ngokwesazimlando uMassimo Firpo, “ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabantu [kwakuzosho] ukususa umgoqo wolimi [ukusetshenziswa kwesiLatini] owawulondoloze ukubusa okukhethekile kwabefundisi ezindabeni zenkolo.” Ngakho, ukuhlanganiswa kwamasiko, inkolo nezici ezingokwenhlalo yikho okwenza ukuba intuleke imfundo engokweBhayibheli futhi lokho kusekhona namanje e-Italy.
AmaBhayibheli Okuqala Angaphelele
Ngekhulu le-13 kwaba nezinguqulo zokuqala zezincwadi zeBhayibheli ezahunyushwa zisuswa olimini lwesiLatini ziyiswa olimini lwabantu abavamile. Lezo zinguqulo zezingxenye zeBhayibheli zazikopishwe ngesandla futhi zazibiza kakhulu. Njengoba inani lezinguqulo lalanda ngekhulu le-14, cishe lase litholakala iBhayibheli eliphelele ngolimi oluvamile, nakuba izincwadi zalo zazihunyushwe abantu abahlukene ngezikhathi ezingafani nasezindaweni ezihlukene. Iningi lalezi zinguqulo, ezazibhalwe abahumushi abangaziwa, lalifundwa abantu abacebile noma abafundile, okwakuyibo kuphela ababekwazi ukuzithengela. Ngisho nalapho ukunyathelisa kwenza izincwadi zingabizi kangako, amaBhayibheli “ayesatholwa abambalwa kuphela” ngokusho kwesazimlando uGigliola Fragnito.
Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, uquqaba lwabantu lulokhu lungafundile. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ase-Italy ngo-1861, abantu abangamaphesenti angu-74,7 babengafundile. Ngesikhathi uhulumeni omusha wase-Italy ulungiselela ukuba imfundo itholakale mahhala futhi ukhipha nomthetho wokuthi kumelwe itholwe yibo bonke abantu, uPapa Pius IX wabhalela inkosi ngo-1870 eyincenga ukuba iwesule lo mthetho awuchaza ngokuthi “isishayo” esihloselwe “ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele izikole zamaKatolika.”
IBhayibheli Lokuqala Eliphelele LesiNtaliyane
IBhayibheli lokuqala eliphelele lesiNtaliyane lanyatheliswa eVenice ngo-1471, eminyakeni engaba ngu-16 ngemva kokusetshenziswa okokuqala kwezinhlamvu ezihlelwe ngesandla eYurophu. UNicolò Malerbi, indela yaseCamaldoli, wanyathelisa inguqulo yakhe ngezinyanga ezingu-8. Wancika kakhulu ezinguqulweni ezazitholakala ngaleso sikhathi, ezihlela esusela kuyi-Vulgate yesiLatini, futhi esikhundleni samagama athile wayefaka ajwayelekile endaweni yangakubo, eVenetia. Inguqulo yakhe yaba uhlelo lokuqala lweBhayibheli lesiNtaliyane elanyatheliswa futhi lasakazwa kabanzi.
Enye indoda eyakhipha inguqulo yeBhayibheli eVenice kwakungu-Antonio Brucioli. Wayeyisazi sezifundo eziphathelene nabantu, enemicabango yamaProthestani, kodwa akazange alishiye iSonto LamaKatolika. Ngo-1532, uBrucioli wahumusha iBhayibheli elisusela ezilimini zokuqala isiHebheru nesiGreki. Leli kwakuyiBhayibheli lokuqala elahunyushwa lisuselwa ezilimini zokuqala liyiswa olimini lwesiNtaliyane. Nakuba yayingabhaliwe ngesiNtaliyane esihle kakhulu, le nguqulo yanamathela ngokuphawulekayo emibhalweni yokuqala, uma kucatshangelwa ulwazi lwezilimi zasendulo ngaleso sikhathi. Kwezinye izindawo nezinhlelo, uBrucioli wafaka igama likaNkulunkulu elithi “Ieova.” Kwacishe kwaphela ikhulu leminyaka, iBhayibheli lakhe lidumile phakathi kwamaProthestani angamaNtaliyane nabantu abaphikisana nenkolo.
AmaKatolika anyathelisa ezinye izinguqulo zesiNtaliyane—empeleni ezingukubukezwa kweBhayibheli likaBrucioli. Ayikho kuzo eyasakazwa ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngo-1607, uGiovanni Diodati, umfundisi wesonto labalandeli bakaCalvin obazali bakhe babalekela eSwitzerland ukuze bagweme ukushushiswa ngenxa yenkolo, wahumusha enye inguqulo eseGeneva eyisusela ezilimini zokuqala eyiyisa olimini lwesiNtaliyane. Inguqulo yakhe yaba iBhayibheli elasetshenziswa amaProthestani ase-Italy amakhulu eminyaka. Ngesikhathi eyanyatheliswa ngaso, yayibhekwa njengenguqulo enhle kakhulu yesiNtaliyane. IBhayibheli likaDiodati lasiza abantu base-Italy ukuba baqonde izimfundiso zeBhayibheli. Kodwa ukuhlola kwabefundisi kwakuthiya ukusakazwa kwalo kanye nezinye izinguqulo.
IBhayibheli—“Incwadi Engaziwa”
I-Enciclopedia Cattolica ithi: “ISonto belilokhu liwenza umsebenzi walo wokuhlola izincwadi ngokucophelela, kodwa ngaphambi kokunyathelisa, alizange lisibone isidingo sokwenza uhlu lwezincwadi ezingavunyelwe ngoba leyo mibhalo eyayibhekwa njengeyingozi yayishiswa.” Ngisho nangemva kokuqala kweNguquko YamaProthestani, abefundisi bamazwe amaningana aseYurophu benza konke okusemandleni ukuze banciphise ukusakazwa kwezincwadi okuthiwa ezezihlubuki. Ushintsho lwenzeka ngemva kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent ngo-1546, lapho kwacatshangelwa khona umbuzo maqondana nokunyatheliswa kwezinguqulo zolimi lwabantu. Kwavela imibono emibili eyayihluke kakhulu. Labo ababethi mazinganyatheliswa bathi iBhayibheli lolimi lwabantu ‘lalingunina noma umsuka wakho konke ukuhlubuka.’ Labo ababethi mazinyatheliswe bathi “izitha” zabo, amaProthestani, zazizophikisa ngokuthi isonto lalivimbela ukukhishwa kweBhayibheli ngezilimi zabantu ukuze lifihle “ukukhwabanisa nokukhohlisa” kwamaKatolika.
Ukungavumelani kwenza ukuba uMkhandlu ungathathi hlangothi kule ndaba kodwa wama kwelokuthi i-Vulgate inokwethenjelwa, futhi yaba umbhalo oyinhloko weSonto LamaKatolika. Nokho, uCarlo Buzzetti, uthisha wasePontifical University Salesianum, eRoma, uphawula ukuthi ukubiza i-Vulgate ngokuthi “inokwethenjelwa” empeleni, “kwavumelana nombono wokuthi, ngokomthetho kwakuyilona kuphela iBhayibheli okwakufanele lisetshenziswe.” Okwenzeka kamuva kwakufakazela lokhu.
Ngo-1559, uPapa Paul IV wanyathelisa uhlu lokuqala lwezincwadi ezivinjelwe, uhlu lwezincwadi amaKatolika ayenqatshelwe ukuzifunda, ukuzidayisa, ukuzihumusha noma ukuba nazo. Le miqulu yayibhekwa njengemibi futhi iyingozi okholweni nasebuqothweni babantu. Lolu hlu lwalukwenqabela ukufunda izinguqulo zeBhayibheli ngolimi lwabantu, kuhlanganise nekaBrucioli. Izephula-mthetho zazixoshwa ebandleni. Uhlu lwango-1596 lwalunemithetho eqine nangokwengeziwe. Akekho owayezothola imvume yokuhumusha noma ukunyathelisa amaBhayibheli ngolimi lwabantu abavamile. Lawo maBhayibheli kwakufanele aqedwe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ukushiswa kwamaBhayibheli egcekeni lesonto kwanda ngokwengeziwe ngemva kwekhulu le-16. Ezingqondweni zabantu abavamile, imiBhalo yaba incwadi yezihlubuki, futhi lowo mbono usekhona nanamuhla. Cishe wonke amaBhayibheli nezincwadi ezihlaziya iBhayibheli ezazisemitatsheni yomphakathi neyabantu kwashiswa, futhi phakathi neminyaka engu-200 eyalandela akekho umKatolika owayengahumushela iBhayibheli olimini lwesiNtaliyane. AmaBhayibheli ayesakazwa enhlonhlweni yase-Italy—ngasese, ngenxa yokwesaba ukwephucwa—kwakuyilawo kuphela ayehunyushwe izazi ezingamaProthestani. Ngakho, isazimlando uMario Cignoni sithi: “Empeleni, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka abantu abavamile bengalifundi iBhayibheli. IBhayibheli lacishe laba incwadi engaziwa, futhi ekuphileni kwazo, izigidi zabantu base-Italy zazingakaze zifunde ngisho nekhasi elilodwa nje leBhayibheli.”
Umthetho Uyaxegiswa
Kamuva, umthetho wezincwadi ezivinjelwe owakhishwa uPapa Benedict XIV ngo-June 13, 1757, washintsha umthetho wangaphambili, “wakuvumela ukufundwa kwezinguqulo zolimi lwabantu ezigunyazwe uPapa futhi ezinyatheliswa ngesiqondiso sababhishobhi.” Ngenxa yalokho, u-Antonio Martini, kamuva owaba umbhishobhi omkhulu eFlorence, wazilungiselela ukuhumusha i-Vulgate. Ingxenye yokuqala yanyatheliswa ngo-1769, futhi lo msebenzi waphela ngo-1781. Ngokwenye incwadi yamaKatolika, inguqulo kaMartini yaba “eyokuqala ngempela eyaphawuleka.” Ngaphambi kwalokho, amaKatolika ayengasazi isiLatini ayengenakukwazi ukufunda iBhayibheli eligunyazwe yisonto. Eminyakeni engu-150 eyalandela, inguqulo kaMartini yaba yilona kuphela iBhayibheli elagunyazwa ukufundwa amaKatolika ase-Italy.
Kwaba noshintsho olukhulu emkhandlwini wawo wonke amasonto eVatican II. Ngo-1965 incwadi ethi Dei Verbum yakhuthaza ngokokuqala ngqa ukuba “kuhunyushelwe izinguqulo ezifanelekayo nezilungile . . . ezilimini ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulu zisuselwa emibhalweni yokuqala yezincwadi ezingcwele.” Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, ngo-1958, iPontificio istituto biblico (i-Pontifical Biblical Institute) yanyatheisa “inguqulo yokuqala ephelele yamaKatolika eyayisuselwe emibhalweni yokuqala.” Ezindaweni ezimbalwa le nguqulo yayifake igama likaNkulunkulu ngale ndlela “Jahve.”
Ukumelana nokukhiqizwa kwamaBhayibheli ngezilimi zabantu kuye kwaba nemiphumela edabukisayo, futhi isekhona namanje. Njengoba kwasho uGigliola Fragnito, kuye “kwagxilisa kumakholwa ukulingabaza ikhono lawo lokucabanga nokuba angawethembi unembeza wawo.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwafakwa amasiko angokwenkolo, amaKatolika amaningi awabheka njengabaluleke kakhulu kuneBhayibheli. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela abantu ukuba bazihlukanise nemiBhalo, ngisho noma sebekwazi ukufunda.
Nokho, umsebenzi wokushumayela owenziwa oFakazi BakaJehova uye wavusa isithakazelo esisha eBhayibhelini e-Italy. Ngo-1963 oFakazi banyathelisa INguqulo Yezwe Elisha YemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki ngesiNtaliyane. Ngo-1967 kwase kutholakala iBhayibheli eliphelele. Ezweni lase-Italy kuphela kuye kwasakazwa amakhophi ale nguqulo angaphezu kwezigidi ezine. INguqulo Yezwe Elisha, enegama likaNkulunkulu elithi Jehova emavesini alo, ihluke kakhulu ngokunamathela ngokungaguquki kulokho okushiwo yimibhalo yokuqala.
OFakazi BakaJehova bangena indlu ngendlu, befunda futhi bechazela bonke abalalelayo isigijimi sethemba esingokomBhalo. (IzEnzo 20:20) Uma uhlangana noFakazi BakaJehova ngesikhathi esizayo, kungani ungabaceli ukuba bakubonise lokho okushiwo iBhayibheli lakho maqondana nesithembiso sikaNkulunkulu esimangalisayo sokuthi maduze uzoletha ‘umhlaba omusha’ lapho ‘kuyohlala khona ukulunga.’—2 Petru 3:13.
[Ibalazwe ekhasini 13]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
IVenice
IROMA
[Isithombe ekhasini 15]
Inguqulo kaBrucioli yasebenzisa igama likaNkulunkulu elithi “leova” emavesini alo
[Isithombe ekhasini 15]
Uhlu lwezincwadi ezingavunyelwe futhi ezibhekwa njengeziyingozi luhlanganisa nezinguqulo zeBhayibheli ngolimi lwabantu
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 13]
Bible title page: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma
[Imithombo Yezithombe ekhasini 15]
Brucioli’s translation: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma; Index: Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali