Bushe Ishina lya Kuti Yehova Lifwile Ukusangwa mu Cipangano Cipya?
BUSHE calicindama ukukwata ishina lya kwa Lesa mu Baibolo? Lesa umwine alimwene ukuti calicindeme. Ishina lyakwe, ilyalembwa mu filembo fine mu ciHebere ifyo beta ukuti Tetragrammaton, lisangwa imiku nalimo 7,000 mu fyalembwa fya kubalilapo mu ciHebere ifyo beta ukuti Icipangano ca Kale.a
Abasoma Baibolo balisumina ukuti ishina lya kwa Lesa lilasangwa mu Cipangano ca Kale, nelyo mu Malembo ya ciHebere. Nangu cibe fyo, abengi batontonkanya ukuti ili shina talyalesangwa muli bamanyuskripiti ba kubalilapo aba ciGriki abo beta nomba ukuti Icipangano Cipya.
Nomba bushe abalelemba Icipangano Cipya balecita shani pa kwambula ifyebo nga basanga apali ifilembo fya Tetragrammaton? Ilingi line apaleba ifilembo fya Tetragrammaton balepyanikishapo ishiwi lya kuti “Shikulu” mu nshita ya kulembapo fye ishina lya kwa Lesa. Lelo abapilibwile Baibolo ya Amalembo ya Calo Cipya bena te fyo bacitile. Mu Malembo ya ciGriki aya Bwina Kristu, nelyo mu Cipangano Cipya ishina Yehova lilasangwamo imiku 237.
Bushe mafya nshi abapilibula Baibolo bakwata ilyo balefwaya ukulemba ishina lya kwa Lesa mu Cipangano Cipya? Mulandu nshi cacindamina ukubikamo ishina lya kwa Lesa muli aya Malembo ya Mushilo? Kabili bushe mumfwa shani nga mwasanga ishina lya kwa Lesa mu Baibolo?
Ubwafya Bakwata pa Kupilibula
Bamanyuskripiti aba Cipangano Cipya ababapo pali lelo te balya ababalilepo ukulembwa. Bamanyuskripiti ba kubalilapo, abalembelwe na Mateo, Yohane, Paulo, na bantu bambi balebabomfya sana, kabili ici calengele ukuti bonaike bwangu. E ico, kwali fye ukupanga bambi, e lyo kabili na bo nga baonaika, kwaleba ukupangilepo na bambi. Bamanyuskripiti abengi ababako muno nshiku aba Cipangano Cipya, babapangile ninshi palipita ne myaka nalimo 200 ukutula apo bapangiile aba kubalilapo. Cali kwati abalekopolola bamanyuskripiti pali ilya nshita balifumishemo Tetragrammaton no kupyanikapo Kuʹri·os nelyo Kyʹri·os ishiwi lya ciGriki ilipilibula ukuti “Shikulu,” nangu bakopolwele muli bamanyuskripti umushali Tetragrammaton.b
Uulepilibula Baibolo nga aishiba ifyo abantu bacitile kwi shina lya kwa Lesa, ilyo alepilibula kuti camwafwa ukwishiba ukuti apa muli bamanyuskripiti ba mu lulimi lwa ciGriki ulwa kubalilapo ifilembo fye shina lya kwa Lesa Tetragramaton epo fyali. Bushe kwaliba ifya kushininkishishako? Moneni ifyebo ifingalenga ukuti mushininkishe pe samba:
◼ Ilyo Yesu alebelenga nelyo ilyo alelanda ifyebo ifyaba mu Cipangano ca Kale, alelumbulala ne shina lya kwa Lesa. (Amalango 6:13, 16; 8:3; Amalumbo 110:1; Esaya 61:1, 2; Mateo 4:4, 7, 10; 22:44; Luka 4:16-21) Ilyo Yesu ali na basambi bakwe pano isonde, ifilembo fye shina lya kwa Lesa ifyo beta ukuti, Tetragrammaton, fyalesangwa mu fyalembwa fya ciHebere ifyo abengi beta ukuti Icipangano ca Kale, na muno nshiku mwine Tetragrammaton e mo yaba. Na lyo line, pa myaka iingi abasoma baletontonkanya ukuti muli bamanyuskripiti ba Septuagint aba ciGriki abo bapilibwile aba Cipangano ca Kale, pamo pene na muli bamanyuskripiti ba Cipangano Cipya tamwali ifilembo fye shina lya kwa Lesa, Tetragrammaton. Lelo pa kati ka myaka ya ba 1900, icintu cimo icacindama sana calicitike icakumine abasoma, basangile ifipapatu fya kale sana ifya Septuagint ya ciGriki ifyaliko pa nshita Yesu ali pano calo. Pali filya fipapatu pali ishina lya kwa Lesa, ilyalembelwe mu filembo fya ciHebere.
◼ Pa kulanda, Yesu alelumbula ne shina lya kwa Lesa kabili alengele na bambi ukulishiba. (Yohane 17:6, 11, 12, 26) Yesu alandile ukwabula ukupita mu mbali ukuti: “Naishile mwi shina lya kwa Tata.” Kabili ilyo alelanda pa milimo alebomba alekomaila pa kuti alebombela fyonse ‘mwi shina lya kwa Wishi.’ Na kuba, ishina lya kwa Yesu wine lipilibula ukuti “Yehova e Pusukilo.”—Yohane 5:43; 10:25.
◼ Ishina lya kwa Lesa ilyaipifiwa lilasangwa mu Malembo ya ciGriki. Pa Ukusokolola 19:1, 3, 4, 6, ishina lya kwa Lesa e mo lyaba mwi lumbo lya kuti “Aleluya.” Ili lumbo lipilibula fye ukuti “Lumbeni Yah!” Ukulanda ukuti Yah e kwipifiwa kwe shina Yehova.
◼ Ifyalembwa fya baYuda ifya kubalilapo filanga ukuti Abena Kristu abaYuda balebikamo ishina lya kwa Lesa mu fyalembwa fyabo. Icalembwa ca kuti The Tosefta, ico bapwile ukulemba mu 300 C.E., balembelemo amafunde yalekanalekana aya mu mutwe fye, cilanda pa fyalembwa fya Bena Kristu ifyo baocele pe Sabata ukuti: “Ifitabo fya Bakashimikila ne fitabo fya minim [ifyo batontonkanya ukuti fya Bena Kristu abaYuda] tafyacingililwe ku mulilo. Lelo bafyocelele apo fyali, . . . pamo pene ne fyalembwa ifilanda pe Shina lya kwa Lesa.” Ici cine calembwa cilanda na pa mashiwi yalandile umwina Galili, uwe shina lya kuti Rabbi Yosé, uwaliko ku kutendeka kwa myaka ya ba 100 C.E., ukuti, cali kwati inshiku shimo mu mulungu “umuntu umo alesusulamo mu fyalembwa, [ifyalembwa fya Bena Kristu] umwalembelwe Ishina lya kwa Lesa no kuyafibika kumbi, e lyo ifyashala alifyocele.” E ico, kwaliba ubushininkisho ubushili bwa kutwishika ubwa kuti abaYuda baliko mu myaka ya ba 100 C.E., balisumine ukuti Abena Kristu balelembamw ishina Yehova mu fyalembwa fyabo.
Bushe Bakapilibula Bacimfishe Shani Ubu Bwafya?
Bushe muli Baibolo ya kuti Amalembo ya Calo Cipya emo babwesesha fye ishina lya kwa Lesa ilyo balepilibula Amalembo ya ciGriki? Awe nakalya. Ukulingana na fintu twamona, bakapilibula abengi balimona ubucindami bwa kubweseshamo ishina lya kwa Lesa mu Baibolo ilyo balepilibula Icipangano Cipya.
Ica kumwenako fye, amaBaibolo ayengi ayo bapilibwila mu ndimi sha mu Africa, mu America, mu Asia, na pa cishi ca Pacific balibikamo ishina lya kwa Lesa mu Cipangano Cipya imiku iingi. (Moneni charti pe bula 21.) Aya amaBaibolo yamo bayapilibula fye nomba line, pamo nga Baibolo ya Rotuman Bible (1999), muli iyi Baibolo balilembamo ishina Jihova ukufika ku miku 51 mu fikomo 48 mu Cipangano Cipya, na Baibolo ya kuti Batak-Toba (1989) iya ku Indonesia, umo balemba ishina lya kuti Jahowa ukufika ku miku 110 mu Icipangano Cipya. Ishina lya kwa Lesa lilasangwa na mu maBaibolo bapilibwila mu ciFrench, iciGerman, na mu ciSpanish. Ica kumwenako fye, Pablo Besson apilibwile Icipangano Cipya mu ciSpanish mu myaka ya ba 1900. Uyu Pablo abomfeshe ishina Jehová pali Yuda 14, kabili mu mafutunoti nalimo 100 atile mwali no kuba ishina lya kwa Lesa.
Pe samba pali amashina ya maBaibolo ya mu ciNgeleshi ayo babbikamo ishina lya kwa Lesa pa kupilibula Icipangano Cipya:
A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, iyapilibwilwe na Herman Heinfetter (1863)
The Emphatic Diaglott, iyapilibwilwe na Benjamin Wilson (1864)
The Epistles of Paul in Modern English, iyapilibwilwe na George Barker Stevens (1898)
St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, iyapilibwilwe na W. G. Rutherford (1900)
The Christian’s Bible—New Testament, iyapilibwilwe na George N. LeFevre (1928)
The New Testament Letters, iyapilibwilwe na J. W. C. Wand, Shikofu wa ku London (1946)
Nomba line, Baibolo yaishibikwa sana iya mu 2004 iya New Living Translation yalandile mu mashiwi ya kwiswila pa mutwe wa kuti “The Rendering of Divine Names” (Ifyo Twapilibwile Amashina ya kwa Lesa) ukuti: “Twabomfya sana ishiwi lya kuti ‘the LORD,’ (SHIKULU) apafwile ukuba tetragrammaton (YHWH) nga fintu balemba mu filembo fikalamba mu maBaibolo bapilibula mu ciNgeleshi. Ifi twacita fikalenga ili ishiwi ukupusanako kwi shina ʹadonai, ilyo tupilibula ukuti ‘Shikulu.’” Pa kulanda pa Cipangano Cipya, iyi Baibolo yatila: “Ishiwi lya ciGriki kurios lyonse balipilibula ukuti ‘Shikulu,’ ifilembo bafikusha fye ukuba ‘SHIKULU’ nga ca kuti amashiwi yali mu Cipangano Cipya bayakopolwele fye nga filya fine yaba mu Cipangano ca Kale.” (Ni fwe tulengele ukuti ifilembo fipindame.) E ico, abapilibwile iyi Baibolo balishibe ukuti balingile ukubikamo ifya kwimininako Tetragrammaton (YHWH) mu Cipangano Cipya.
Icitabo ca kuti The Anchor Bible Dictionary pa mutwe utila “Tetragrammaton in the New Testament,” citila: “Kwaliba ubushininkisho bumo ubwa kuti Tetragrammaton, ye shina lya kwa Lesa, Yahweh, yalisangwile mumo mumo nelyo mu fyalembwa fyonse ifyo bayambwile mu Cipangano ca Kale pa kulemba Icipangano Cipya ilyo ifyalembwa fya Cipangano Cipya fyalembelwe umuku wa kubalilapo.” Uwasoma George Howard atila: “Apo Tetragrammaton yalesangwa mu fyalembwa fya Baibolo ifya ciGriki [Septuagint] ifyapanga Amalembo ya kubalilapo aye calici lya mu kubangilila, kanshi cili fye bwino ukusumina ukuti abalelemba Icipangano Cipya, ilyo baleyambula Ilembo, balebomfya Tetragrammaton iyali mwi lembo line.”
Ubushininkisho Bubili
Amalembo ya Calo Cipya te Baibolo fye yeka iyabalilapo ukukwata ishina lya kwa Lesa mu Cipangano Cipya. Nga filya fine kapingula engacita uo baeba ukupwisha umulandu uo tapali bakambone, e fyo na komiti yangalila umulimo wa kupilibula Baibolo ya Amalembo ya Calo Cipya yacita, yalibebeta bwino bwino ubushininkisho bonse ubwalesangwa. Pa mulandu wa fishinka basangile, bapingwilepo ukubikamo ishina lya kwa Yehova ilyo balepilibula Baibolo ya Amalembo ya Calo Cipya aya ciGriki aya Bwina Kristu. Moneni ubushininkisho bubili ubwalengele ukuti babikemo ili shina.
(1) Bakapilibula balishibe ukuti apo Amalembo ya ciGriki aya Bwina Kristu yalipuutwamo kabili baliyasansha ku Malembo ya mushilo aya ciHebere, e ico tacawene ukufumya ishina Yehova mu Malembo ya ciGriki fye mweka.
Bushe mulandu nshi twingalandila ukuti balitontonkenye bwino pa fyo bapingwilepo ukucita? Nalimo pa kati na nkati aka nshita ya myaka iya batumwa, umusambi Yakobo alandile kuli baeluda bali mu Yerusalemu ukuti: “Sumeone nalondolola bwino bwino ifyo Lesa umuku wa kubalilapo apilibukile ku bena fyalo ku kubuulamo abantu abe shina lyakwe.” (Imilimo 15:14) Bushe batini nga ca kuti mu nshita ya batumwa takwali nangu umo uwaishibe ishina lya kwa Lesa, mulandu nshi Yakobo alandile aya mashiwi?
(2) Ilyo bashulile ifyalembwa fya Septuagint umo babikile ishina lya kwa Lesa ukucila ukubikamo Kyʹri·os (Shikulu), abalepilibula balisumine ukuti kanshi ne fyalembwa fya kubalilapo ifya Malembo ifyo balembele mu nshita Yesu ali pano isonde, ifya ciGriki, e lyo ne fya ciHebere fyalikwete ishina lya kwa Lesa.
Cimoneka kwati icimusango cabipa ica kufumya ishina lya kwa Lesa muli bamanyuskripiti ba ciGriki catendeke pa numa. Bushe muletipo shani? Nga ca kuti ici cimusango eko cali na kale bushe Yesu na basambi bakwe nga balikoseleshe abantu ukulafumyamo ishina lya kwa Lesa mu fyalembwa?—Mateo 15:6-9.
Lilileni “kwi Shina lya kwa Yehova”
Ukwabula no kutwishika, Amalembo yalashinina ukuti Abena Kristu ba kubalilapo balebomfya ishina Yehova mu fyalembwa fyabo, sana sana ilyo baleyambula ukufuma mu Cipangano ca Kale umo ili shina lyalesangwa. E ico, kanshi, caliba fye bwino pa kutiabapilibwile Amalembo ya Calo Cipya balibweseshamo ishina ilya kwa Lesa, Yehova, mu Malembo ya Bwina Kristu aya ciGriki.
Bushe mwaumfwa shani pali ili lyashi? Ilyo umutumwa Paulo alelanda amashiwi yaba mu Malembo ya ciHebere, acinkwileko Abena Kristu mu Roma ukuti: “Onse uwalilila kwi shina lya kwa Yehova akapusuka.” Kabili aipwishe ukuti: “Bakalilila shani ku o bashatetekela? Nga bakatetekela shani uo bashaumfwa?” (Abena Roma 10:13, 14; Yoele 2:32) Baibolo iyakwata ishina lya kwa Lesa kuti yamwafwa ukupalamina kuli Lesa. (Yakobo 4:8) Ala lishuko nga nshi apo twalishiba no kulalilila kwi shina lya kwa Lesa, Yehova.
[Amafutunoti]
a Ishiwi lya kuti Tetragrammaton lilosha ku filembo fine, YHWH, ifimininako ishina lya kwa Lesa mu ciHebere. Ilingi line mu Cibemba ili shina balipilibula ukuti Yehova nelyo Yawe.
b Nga mulefwaya ukwishibilapo na fimbi pa co bafumishemo ishina lya kwa Lesa no kupyanikapo ishiwi lya kuti “Shikulu,” moneni broshuwa ya kuti Ishina lya Bulesa Ilikatwalilila Kuli Pe na Pe, iyalembwa ne Nte sha kwa Yehova, pa mabula 23-27.
[Akabokoshi pe bula 21]
AMABAIBOLO YA CIPANGANO CIPYA MU NDIMI 99 UMO BABOMFYA TETRAGRAMMATON UKULINGANA NO LULIMI LWA CIKAYA
CHIHOWA: iciChoctaw
IÁHVE: iciPortuguese
IEHOUA: iciMer
IEHOVA: iciKiribati; icina Hawaii; iciKerewo; iciKiwai; iciMarquesas; iciPanaieti (Misima); iciRarotongan; iciTahiti; iciToaripi
IEHOVAN: iciSaibai
IEOVA: icina New Britain; iciWedau
IHOVA: iciAneityum
IHVH: iciFrench
IOVA: iciMalekula (Kuliviu); iciMalekula (Pangkumu); iciMalekula (Uripiv)
JAHOWA: iciBatak-Toba
JAHUÈ: iciChacobo
JAKWE: ici(Ki)Sukuma
JAHVE: iciHungarian
JEHOBA: iciKipsigis; iciMentawai
JEHOVA: iciCroatian; iciGerman; iciKélé (Gabon); iciManus Island; iciNandi; iciNauruan; iciNukuoro
JEHOVÁ: iciSpanish
JEHÔVA: iciFang; iciTsimihety
JEHOVAH: iciDutch; iciEfik; iciEngeleshi; iciKalenjin; Malagasy; iciNarrinyeri; iciOjibwa
JEOVA: iciKusaie (Kosraean)
JIHOVA: iciNaga (Angami); iciNaga (Konyak); iciNaga (Lotha); iciNaga (Mao); iciNaga (Ntenyi); iciNaga (Sangtam); iciRotuman
JIOUA: iciMortlock
JIOVA: icina Fiji
JIWHEYẸWHE: iciGu (Alada)
SIHOVA: iciTongan
UYEHOVA: iciZulu
YAHOWA: iciThai
YAHVE: iciIla
YAVE: iciKongo
YAWE: iciBobangi; iciBolia; iciDholuo; iciLingala (Upper Congo); iciMongo (Lolo); ici(Lo)Ngandu; ici(Lo)Ntumba; ici(Ke)Sengele
YEHÓA: iciAwabakal
YEHOFA: iciSouthern Sotho
YEHOVA: iciChokwe; iciChuana (Tlapi); ici(Ki)Kalanga; iciLogo; iciLuba; iciLugbara; (Chi)Luimbi; (Chi)Lunda (Ndembu); (Chi)Luvale; iciSanto (Hog Harbor); iciTiv; iciUmbundu; (Isi)Xhosa
YEHOVAH: iciBube; iciMohawk; iciNguna (Efate); iciNguna (Tongoa)
YEHOWA: iciGa; iciLaotian; (Ki)Songe; iciTshiluba
YEKOVA: iciZande
YEOBA: iciKuba (Inkongo)
YEOHOWA: icina Korea
YHWH: iciHebere
YOWO: iciLomwe
ZAHOVA: iciChin (Haka-Lai)
[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 23]
KAPILIBULA UWACINDIKE ISHINA LYA KWA LESA
Mu mwaka wa 1857 mu November, Hiram Bingham II, mishonari uwali ne myaka 26, aishile no mukashi wakwe pa cishi ca Gilbert (ico beta nomba ukuti Kiribati). Indalama balipile pali ulu lwendo lwa bumishonari shali fye ishinono, isho abana ba ku Sunday School ku America basangwile. Abasangwile ishi ndalama baitile uyu musangulo ukutila Morning Star (Ulutanda lwa Lucelo) ukulangilila ukuti balisumine mu kuteka kwa kwa Kristu ukwa myaka 1,000.
Barrie Macdonald mu citabo cakwe ica mutwe wa kuti Cinderellas of the Empire, atila: “Bingham alelwalilila. Ali no bulwele mu mala, kabili alikwete ubulwele bwa tusanda pa mukoshi ica kuti alefilwa ukulanda bwino ku cintubwingi; amenso yakwe na yo tayali bwino, alebelenga fye pa maawala yabili nelyo yatatu cila bushiku.”
Nangu cibe fyo, Bingham ali no mukoosha wa kusambilila iciKiribati. Kwena calyafishe ukusambilila ulu lulimi . Aleti fye ico amona aipusha abalelanda ulo lulimi pa kuti bamwebe ifyo baciita. Ilyo alembele amashiwi ukufika kuli 2,000, atendeke ukupeela indalama imo iya dola ku musambi wakwe nga amulundilapo amashiwi na yambi 100.
Umupampamina wa kwa Bingham walifuminemo ifisuma. Ilyo alekuuka ukufuma pa cishi ca Gilbert mu 1865 pa mulandu wa kulwalilila, tapelele fye mukusambilisha abantu ifya kulemba iciKiribati lelo alipilibwile na mabuuku ya kwa Mateo na Yohane mu lulimi ulu lwine. Lintu abwelelemo pa cishi mu 1873, Bingham aishile na Baibolo iyo apwishishe ukupilibula iya Cipangano Cipya mu ciKiribati. Alitwalilile no mulimo wa kupilibula pa myaka na imbi 17 ica kuti mu 1890 alipwile ukupilibula Baibolo yonse mu ciKiribati.
Na pali lelo mu Kiribati bacili balabomfya Baibolo Bingham apilibwile. Ababelenga iyi Baibolo balamona ukuti Bingham alibikeilemo ishina Yehova (Iehova mu ciKiribati) imiku iingi sana mu Cipangano ca Kale e lyo no kucila pa miku 50 mu Cipangano Cipya. Ukwabula no kutwishika, Hiram Bingham ali ni kapilibula uwacindike ishina lya kwa Lesa!
[Ifikope]
Hiram Bingham II
Baibolo Bingham Apilibwile mu Cikiribati
[Abatusuminishe]
Top photos from Alfred M. Bingham’s book: “The Tiffany Fortune”
[Charti ne Fikope pe bula 18, 19]
(Nga mulefwaya ukumona charti ne fikope, moneni muli magazini)
200
AMACINDA YA NASH
Umwanda wa myaka uwalenga 2 nelyo 1 B.C.E.
[Icikope]
Ifilembo fya kale ifya ciHebere fikwete ishina lya kwa Lesa pabili
100
ICIPAPATU ICA AMALANGO 18:15, 16
P. FOUAD INV. 266
Umwanda wa myaka uwalenga 1 B.C.E.
[Icikope]
Septuagint bapilibwila mu ciGriki apalembwa ishina lya kwa Lesa mu filembo fya ciHebere
[Abatusuminishe]
Société Royale de Papyrologie du Caire
↑
B.C.E.
C.E.
↓
100
300
400
MULI CODEX ALEXANDRINUS
Muli ba 400 C.E.
[Icikope]
Ishina lya kwa Lesa balilifumishemo no kulembamo fye K̇Ċ na KY e fyo bepifya ishiwi ilya ciGriki ilya kuti Kyʹri·os (“Shikulu”)
[Abatusuminishe]
From The Codex Alexandrinus in Reduced Photographic Facsimile, 1909, by permission of the British Library
500
1900
1950
AMASHIWI YABA PA IMILIMO 3:22,
YAFUMA PA AMALANGO 18:15 MULI BAIBOLO WA AMALEMBO YA CALO CIPYA
Imyaka ya ba 1900 C.E.
[Icikope]
Muli Baibolo wa Amalembo ya Calo Cipya ishina lya kwa Lesa balilibweseshamo
2000
[Ifikope pe bula 20]
Ishina lya kwa Lesa nga filya fine limoneka pa Abena Roma 10:13 mu maBaibolo ayalekanalekana
Amabaibolo mu Cihebere ca Cina Hutter, mu Cigriki, mu Cilatini na mu Cigerman
Baibolo mu Cirotuman
Baibolo mu Cibatak-toba
Amalembo ya Calo Cipya