Yika Yitangiwa Yakutulongesa?

“Alioze hulenu tushitu, o manulongesa; hulenu tujila a mu tetela, o manulweza; chipwe yiputa ya mu yambu muyinulongesa; chipwe yishi a mu kalunga-lwiji manwambulwila.”—Yombi 12:7, 8.

Ha miaka yino, akwa-ciência ni akwa-kuhengwola kakulilongesa yuma yinji ha yitemo ni tushitu. O kakulilongesa ni kwimbulula yuma yize yitangiwa ya mwono yakulinga, chipatulo chatala ha mulimo wacho kakuchivuluka ngwo, biomimética. Akwa-ciência ni akwa-kuhengwola, kakulinga mulimo wacho mumu kanazange kutuhwisa yuma yaha hanga yikwase yikungo yinji yize atu akuzachisa. Muze muwana yilweza yize yili mushi, lihule ngwe: ‘Iya watela kutambula uchichimieko ha mulimo wacho?’

Yika Mutuhasa Kulilongesa ha Yihehe ya Baleia?

Yuma yika yize akwa-kutunga ndeke mahasa kulilongesa ha yishi yoze avuluka ngwo, baleia jubarte (hanji ngwetu corcunda)? O mahasa kulilongesa yuma yinji. Baleia jubarte yoze hakola, mahasa kulema yimwe 30 toneladas. Kulema chacho mutuhasa kuchitesa ni minyau yoze unazale too ni yilemu. Chikwo nawa, mujimba wa yishi wacho wapwa ukalu ndambu, kali ni yihehe yize yakusoloka ngwe mapulwa. Baleia jubarte kali ni usuhwe wa 12 metru. Chipwe chocho, muze ali mu meya kakunyanga chinji. Chakutalilaho, nyi kanafupu kulia, yishi wacho mahasa kusanyina hanji kwenda helu lia yishi akwo aku kanahichika fulu-fulu kunyima. Fulu-fulu yacho, ye muyimukwasa kuwana kulia chize malia.

Baleia jubarte kali yishi munene. Kashika akwa-kuhengwola kakukomoka chinji ha kumona kuma kuze yishi wacho akuya ni kusanyina. Kulutwe o yanyingika ngwo, yihehe ye yakukwasa baleia jubarte kusana kanawa. Yihehe yacho yinalise ni mapulwa a ndeke mumu mapulwa a ndeke kasenena. Alioze yihehe ya Baleia yili yakuteta-teta ku masongo hamwe ni mifunda yize akuvuluka ngwo, tubérculos.

Muze anasane, yihehe yenyi yakumukwasa kupwa ni tachi hanga ahone kupinda. Kuchi chino chakulingiwa? Mukanda Natural History unalumbununa ngwo, tubérculos ye yakukwasa hanga meya ahete kanawa ku yihehe chipwe muze anasanyina ku yihela yikalu. Nyi te yihehe ya baleia yakusenena, kachi chino chakumupinjisa kukanduka muze anasanyina ku yihela yikalu. Mumu, mu meya te mumupwa muta unji uze muumupinjisa ni kutepulula tachi jize jili ku yihehe.

Yuma yika kuhengwola chino yinasolola? Sango jinasolola ngwo, ndeke jikwete mapulwa alifwa ni yihehe ya baleia jubarte te kujichi kufupiwa chinji mapulwa akwo hanji yuma yize muyakwasa kuhumuka kanawa. Mapulwa jacho kali akolo chinji chikwo nawa ashi kululieka. John Long, yoze walongoloka ku mulimo wa biomecânica kakutayiza ngwenyi, kwasala hakehe “ndeke jeswe maputuka kujitunga ni mapulwa waze alifwa ni yihehe ya baleia jubarte.”

Chize Akwimbulula Mapulwa a Ngavota

Tunanyingika ngwetu, mapulwa a ndeke kapwa ngwe a tujila. Alioze, ha miaka yinoyene akwa-kutunga ndeke kembulula nawa mapulwa a tujila mu mulali wakukomwesa. Mukanda New Scientist unambe ngwo, “akwa-kuhengwola a ku shikola yinene ya mu Flórida, katunga ndeke yinene yize kuyichi kufupiwa kupwamo mutu hanga ayendese. Ndeke yacho yili ni uhashi ya kumana mu tetela, kupalumuka ni kuhumuka kawashi-washi ngwe chize akulinga ngavota.”

Ngavota kakuhasa kuchilumuka sali-ni-sali muze anahumuka, mumu kakucheka mapulwa jo ha minguza ni ha yipaya. Akwa-kutunga ndeke yembulula mapulwa a ngavota, “yatunga kandeke kakehe kaze kali ni 61 centimetro, ni motor uze unasongwela yikungo yize yinakwate ha mapulwa,” chocho unambe mukanda New Scientist. Mapulwa jacho makwasa ndeke kuhumukina ni kumana helu lia yipatulo yisuku chinji. Maswalale a mu Estados Unidos kanazange chinji kupwa ni ndeke yize yakutalikisa sali-ni sali kawashi washi, hanga yakwase kufupa mata ni mbomba mu mambonge anene-anene.

Chize Akwimbulula Yiliato ya Kasulu Hanji Chandawuli

Mutuhasa kulilongesa yuma yinji hali tushitu waze akukalala. Chakutalilaho, kashitu yoze akuvuluka ngwo, kasulu, mahasa kukalalila ku yikalakala ni kulikwachilila ku fulumba chakuhona kuholoka. Chipwe ku mashimbu a kunyima, kashitu wacho kapwile ni kukomwesa chinji. (Yishima 30:28) Yika yakukwasa kasulu ahone kuholoka?

Kasulu kali ni uhashi wa kulikwachilila chipwe ha yihela yize yasenena, mumu, ku yiliato yenyi kuli kwakujingilika ni yuma yize yapwa ngwe kambu, yize akuvuluka ngwo, cerdas. Cerdas ye yakukwasa kasulu kulalaminya hanji kulikwachilila ha chihela cheswacho. Muze ananyina ku chimwe chikalakala, cerdas jenyi jakwoka, kashika, chino chakumukwasa ahone kuholoka.

Shina kuhengwola chino muchihasa kutukwasa musono? Akwa-ciência mahasa nawa kulilongesa hakutwala ku yitangiwa.a hanji kwimbulula yiliato ya kasulu hanga alinge yikwata yeka-ni-yeka. Umwe mukwa-kuhengwola kambile ngwenyi chikwata chize akulinga ni “ulimbo wa kasulu” muchihasa kukwasa “mandotolo azachise yikwata yipema muze anawuku mweji, chakuhona kuzachisa yikwata yize yakunjila yitumbo yeka-ni-yeka.”

Iya watela kutambula uchichimieko?

Chipatulo chatala ha mulimo wa ndeke chinafupu kulinga mbuneku yoze uli ni molu nake, wakwenda ngwe kavanda. Chikwo nawa, akwa-kuhengwola a mu Finlândia halinga katuma yoze uli ni molu asambano, wakwendela helu lia yimwe yikwiko ngwe chize kashitu munene akulinga. Chimwe chipatulo chatala ha mulimo wa kulinga mashinyi, chineseka kulinga mashinyi waze alifwa ni yishi avuluka ngwo, peixe-cofre. Akwa-kuhengwola akwo kanafupu kwimbulula chipanji cha kashitu avuluka ngwo, abalone hanga alinge mazalo apema nawa akolo.

Akwa-kuhengwola kakulilongesa yuma yinji hakutwala ku yitangiwa, kashika, sango jeswe ni yuma yeswe yize akulilongesa kakuyilulieka hanga ayisweke. Ngwe chizechene mukanda The Economist unambe, muma muze akuswekela sango jacho, akwa-kuhengwola “mahasa kuwanamo ukwaso hanga alinge kanawa milimo yo.” Sango jize akutulikamo kakujivuluka ngwo, “patentes biológicas.” Kanji-kanji, patente kakujihana kuli mutu hanji empresa yize yeza ni nyonga liaha hanji yasonekesa chimwe chikungu chaha. Mukanda The Economist unahanjika nawa hakutwala ku chikuma chacho ngwo, muze akwa-ciência akuvuluka yuma yize o akulinga ngwo ‘patentes biológicas,’ mu maliji akwo kanambe ngwo, yitangiwa ye yatela kutambula patente.

Kuchi yitangiwa yakukwasa atu kupwa ni manyonga apema chinji? Akwa-kuhengwola anji kakutayiza ngwo, yitangiwa yakukwasa kulinga mulimo weka-ni-weka mumu lia kapalia walingiwile ha kupalika cha miaka yinji kunyima. Akwa-kuhengwola akwo kawana nyonga lialisa. Mukanda The New York Times wa mwaka 2005 unasolola maliji waze mukwa-kuhengwola Michael Behe ambile ngwenyi: “Yuma yize [yitangiwa] yakusolola, yakutukwasa kupwa ni shindakenyo. Chakutalilaho: Nyi twamona chimwe chuma chinende ni kuteta-teta ngwe pato, mba kutwahashile kunyonga nawa ha kashitu mweka, acho mutuhasa kwamba ngwetu, kali lume pato.” Mba shindakenyo yika yize iye apwile nayo? “Chipwe ngwe yuma yize yitangiwa yakutulongesa yili zwalala, nihindu kutwatambile kuyilelesa.”

Kwamba pundu, mutu yoze wakutunga mapulwa a ndeke akolo chinji, apema, katela uchichimieko. Chizechene nawa, mutu yoze wakulinga ulimbo upema uze akuzachisa ku shipitali ni yoze wakulinga mashinyi apema no katela uchichimieko. Alioze, mutu yoze wakwimbulula mukwo mba alinge chimwe chuma, katamba kuchichimieka mwenya-chuma, mumu nyi kachilingile mahasa kumusanyika ngwo, mwiji.

Ku nyonga lie, shina akwa-kuhengwola waze akwimbulula yitangiwa mba alinge yuma yeka-ni-yena hanji ahwise kapinda yoze akuwana mu mulimo wo, katamba kunyonga ngwo, yuma yacho yalitangile yene? Ngwe chize tunanyingika, chakufupiwa mana anji hanga mutu embulule chimwe chuma, mba yika mutwamba hali yoze walingile chuma chacho? Iya chamwenemwene watela uchichimieko? Shina mwenya-chuma nyi yoze wachimbulula?

Nyonga Lialita

Yuma yize atu anji akulilongesa hakutwala ku yitangiwa, yakwalingisa hanga ambe yuma yalifwa ni yize mukwa-kusoneka masamu asonekene ngwenyi: “Yehova, yitanga ye yoka chichize! Yeswe wayilingile ni mana. Hashi hazala too ni upite we.” (Samu 104:24) Ni Paulu neye kapwile ni shindakenyo yacho, kashika asonekene ngwenyi: “Mumu chize ku kutanga cha hashi, yuma ya uzambi wenyi ni tachi jenyi ja mutolo yize kuyishi kumoneka, yinasoloka pundu mu yuma yize hanatange.”—A-Roma 1:19, 20.

Alioze, atu anji waze akufuliela muli Zambi ni kuvumbika Liji lienyi mahasa kunyonga ngwe Zambi kazachishile evolução hanga atange yuma. Yika Mbimbiliya yakulongesa hakutwala ku chikuma chacho?

[Maliji ali mushi]

[Chikuma chilemu]

Kuchi yitangiwa yakukwasa akwa-kuhengwola kupwa ni manyonga apema?

[Chikuma chilemu]

Iya watela kutambula uchichimieko ha yitangiwa?

[Mushete]

Ngwe chize tunanyingika, chakufupiwa mana anji mba mutu embulule chimwe chuma. Mba yika mutwamba hali yoze walingile chuma chacho?

Ndeke yino yakulipinguluka ha kwimbulula mapulwa a ngavota

Yiliato ya kasulu kuyishi kupwa ni majilo, kuyishi kuhichika yiswaswa, yakulikwachilila ha chihela cheswacho, kuchizako wika ha Teflon, keshi kufupiwa tachi jinji mba ende. Akwa-kuhengwola kanafupu kwimbulula yiliato yenyi

Kupwa cha yishi avuluka ngwo, peixe-cofre chalingishile hanga alinge mashinyi alifwa ni yishi wacho

[Yakutwaha]

Ndeke: Kristen Bartlett/University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; yishi peixe-cofre ni mashinyi: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Mushete]

YITANGIWA YA MWONO YIKWETE MANA AKUKOMWESA

Tushitu anji kakwete “mana” akukomwesa ha chize akunyingika majila jo chakuhona kujimbala. (Yishima 30:24, 25) Tutalenu yilweza yaali.

◼ Wenyi wa Masonde. Kuchi masonde waze akuya ni kusaka kulia akuhasa kufuna ku chizaza cho chakuhona kutoka? Akwa-kuhengwola a mu Inglaterra kambile ngwo, masonde kakuhichika vumba mu jila yize akupalika. Chikwo nawa kakuhichika ngano jize jakwakwasa kuhiluka ku chizaza cho. Chakutalilaho, mukanda avuluka ngwo New Scientist wakwamba ngwo, masonde waze avuluka ngwo faraó, “kakulinga majila hakamwihi ni chizaza cho.” Mumu liaka akutunga majila jacho? O kakuchilinga hanga muze umwe sonde mapwa ha kuhiluka ku chizaza, mba maheta a majila jacho, iye mawana jila yize yatwala ku chizaza. Mukanda wacho unambe nawa ngwo, majila waze masonde akulinga kakwakwasa kwenda ni kawashi, chipi-chipi muze anende mu yizavu yaali. Chikwo nawa, chino chakwakwasa kufunga tachi jize sonde te makisa nyi ngwe majimbala mu jila.

◼ Yuma Yize Yakukwasa Tujila Hanga Ahone Kujimbala. Tujila anji kakulinga wenyi usuku chipwe muze kwilu kunapeme hanji ka. Kuchi chino chakulingiwa? Akwa-kuhengwola kambile ngwo, tujila kananyingika kanawa tachi ja hashi jize avuluka ngwo, campo magnético ya hashi. Umwe mukanda avuluka ngwo Science wambile ngwo, campo magnético yalisa kulita ni chihela ni chihela. Chikwo nawa, hi mashimbu eswe ko yakutalikisa ku norte. Mba yika yakukwasa tujila hanga ahone kujimbala muze ali mu wenyi? Chakusoloka ngwe, tujila jacho kakuzachisa uhashi wo wa kukaula kutoka cha hita tangwa. Mukanda wacho wambile nawa ngwo, amu hita kutoka cha tangwa chalisa kulita ni tungonde, akwa-kuhengwola kakunyonga ngwo, tujila wano kakunyingika ola yize tangwa lia kutoka kulita ni tukweji.

Iya yoze walongesele masonde kupwa ni nyonga lia kulinga majila? Iya yoze wahanyine wongo ku tujila uze wakwakwasa kunyingika maola ni tungonde? Shina evolução nyi umwe Sakatanga wa mana?

[Chakutwaha]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004