Ukpepn̄kpọ Akwaifiọk Greece—Nte Enye Ama Ofori Ido Ukpono Christ?

“Okposụkedi Ido Ukpono Christ akasuade ukpono ndem Greece ye ido mbon Rome, enye ama enen̄ede enyịme ediwak ọwọrọetop ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece ye Rome.”—The Encyclopedia Americana.

KE OTU mbon oro ẹkenyenede akpan odudu ke ekikere mme “Christian,” “Edisana” Augustine enyene itie oro owo mîkemeke ndineni. Nte ekemde ye The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “ekikere [Augustine] ekedi ebiet emi ẹketịmde ẹbuak ido ukpono Obufa Testament ọyọhọ ọyọhọ ye ido Plato eke ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece; ndien edi enye n̄ko ke ẹkeda ẹmen ntan̄ndian ukpepn̄kpọ emi ẹdụk Christendom eke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn Ido Ukpono Roman Catholic ye Ido Ukpono Protestant eke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn.”

Ke akpanikọ, n̄kpọ emi Augustine akakpade ọkpọn̄ mi odu ebịghi. Ke etịn̄de aban̄a udomo oro ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece akarade Christendom, Douglas T. Holden ọkọdọhọ ete: “Ukpepn̄kpọ Ido Ukpono Christian enen̄ede abuaha ye ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece tutu osion̄o mme owo oro ẹnyenede ekikere mbon Greece ke itie usụkkiet ye ekikere mme Christian ke itie kiet edi.”

Ndusụk nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹnen̄ede ẹnịm ke odudu otode utọ ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk oro ama ofori Ido Ukpono Christ ke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ esie, esịn inem ke ukpepn̄kpọ esie, onyụn̄ anam ẹnen̄ede ẹnịm enye ke akpanikọ. Ndi emi ekedi se iketịbede? Didie ndien ini ewe ke ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece akada itie? Ndi enye, ke akpanikọ, ama ofori m̀mê akasasabade Ido Ukpono Christ?

Ndidụn̄ọde mme n̄kpọntịbe ẹtọn̄ọde ke ọyọhọ isua ikie ita M.E.N. ẹsịm ọyọhọ isua ikie ition E.N. ebe ke ndidụn̄ọde esen esen ikọ inan̄ eyesịn un̄wana: (1) “edibuak ido mbon Greece ke Ido Ukpono mme Jew,” (2) “edibuak Ido Ukpono Christ ke ido mbon Greece,” (3) “edibuak ido mbon Greece ke Ido Ukpono Christ,” ye (4) “ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Christian.”

“Edibuak Ido Mbon Greece ke Ido Ukpono Mme Jew”

Akpa, “edibuak ido mbon Greece ke Ido Ukpono mme Jew,” enen̄ede enyene ntuaha. Akpasarade ido ukpono mme Hebrew, oro Abasi akpanikọ, Jehovah, ọkọtọn̄ọde, ikedịghe se ẹkpedade mme ekikere nsunsu ido ukpono ẹsabade. (Deuteronomy 12:32; Mme N̄ke 30:5, 6) Nte ededi, toto ke editọn̄ọ mme edinam ye ekikere nsunsu ido ukpono oro ẹkekande enye ẹkụk—utọ nte odudu mbon Egypt, Canaan, ye Babylon—ẹma ẹsịn edisana utuakibuot ke itiendịk mbiara. Edi n̄kpọ mbọm nditịn̄ nte ke Israel ama ayak utuakibuot akpanikọ esie akabade abiara idiọk idiọk.—Judges 2:11-13.

Ediwak isua ikie ke ukperedem, ke ini Palestine eset akakabarede edi ubak Obio Ukara Greece ke idak Akwa Alexander ke ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄ M.E.N., mbiara emi ama esịm ndiọkn̄kan idaha onyụn̄ ọkpọn̄ nsinsi idaha mbiara enịm. Alexander ama atan̄ mme Jew ọdọn̄ ke udịmekọn̄ esie. Ebuana ke ufọt mme Jew ye obufa andikan mmọ ama enen̄ede otụk ekikere ido ukpono mme Jew. Ekikere mbon Greece ama ebe odụk ufọkn̄wed mme Jew. Akwa Oku Jason ọwọrọ etop nte andikasiak ufọkn̄wed mbon Greece ke Jerusalem ke 175 M.E.N. man emenede ukpepn̄kpọ Homer ke enyọn̄.

Nte enemde, ke ewetde n̄kpọ ke ufọt ufọt ọyọhọ isua ikie iba M.E.N., owo Samaria kiet ama odomo ndiwụt mbụk Bible nte edide uwetn̄kpọ mbụkeset eke mbon Greece. N̄wed mme Jew ẹmi mîkedịghe ubak edisana uwetn̄kpọ, utọ nte Judith ye Tobit, ẹtịn̄ in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ ẹtụk mbụk mbon Greece oro ẹban̄ade idan̄. Ediwak mbon akwaifiọk Jew oro ẹkedomode ndinam ekikere mbon Greece odu ke n̄kemuyo ye ido ukpono mme Jew ye Bible ẹma ẹwọrọ ẹwụt idem.

Owo oro ẹnen̄erede ẹtoro kaban̄a emi edi Philo, owo Jew eke akpa isua ikie E.N. Enye ama ada mme ukpepn̄kpọ Plato (ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄ M.E.N.), eke mme anditiene Pythagoras, ye eke mme Stoic anam n̄kpọ. Ekikere Philo ama enyene ntotụn̄ọ odudu ke idem mme Jew. Ke etịn̄de ibio ibio aban̄a ọniọn̄ ọniọn̄ usụn̄ oro ekikere mbon Greece ekebede odụk ido edinam mme Jew, ewetn̄wed owo Jew oro Max Dimont ọdọhọ ete: “Ke ẹdade ekikere akwaifiọk Plato, mbufiọk Aristotle, ye ifiọk ataifiọk Euclid ẹfori, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ mme Jew ẹma ẹda Torah ẹnam n̄kpọ ye mbufa ifiọk. . . . Mmọ ẹma ẹka iso ndida ekikere mbon Greece nsịn ke ediyarade eke Jew.”

Nte ini akakade, mbon Rome ẹma ẹkan Obio Ukara Greece, ẹdade Jerusalem ẹnyene. Emi ama akam eberede usụn̄ ọnọ mme akpan ukpụhọde efen efen. Etisịm ọyọhọ isua ikie ita E.N., mme ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk ye eke ido ukpono nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹkedomode ndifori nnyụn̄ mbuak mme ekikere Plato ẹma ẹwọrọ ẹda, ẹdiọn̄ọde ofụri ofụri mfịn nte obufa akwa ifiọk Plato. Ekikere emi ama enyene akamba odudu ke Ido Ukpono Christ eke mbon nsọn̄ibuot.

“Edibuak Ido Ukpono Christ ke Ido Mbon Greece”

Ke akpa isua ikie ition eke eyo nnyịn, ndusụk mme ọfiọkn̄kpọ owo ẹma ẹdomo ndiwụt ebuana emi odude ke ufọt ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece ye akpanikọ oro Bible ayararede. N̄wed oro A History of Christianity ọdọhọ ete: “Mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ Christian aban̄ade odudu oro akande eke owo ẹkewụt mbon Greece ediwak isua mbemiso Christ nte ẹn̄wanade uko uko edi ẹsan̄ade nnan nnan ẹbịne ifiọk Abasi, ẹdomode, yak idọhọ, ndikere mban̄a Jesus ke ekpri ikpîkpu ekikere, ndisiak Ido Ukpono Christ ke ukpọk ukpọk ekikere mme okpono ndem.”

Plotinus (205-270 E.N.), emi ekebemde iso ke otu mme utọ ekere-n̄kpọ oro, ama ọtọn̄ọ usụn̄ edinam oro ọkọkọn̄ọde akpan akpan ke mme ekikere Plato. Plotinus eketịbi ukpepn̄kpọ ukpọn̄ ndidu san̄asan̄a n̄kpọn̄ ikpọkidem edi. Prọfesọ E. W. Hopkins eketịn̄ aban̄a Plotinus ete: “Ukpepn̄kpọ ido ukpono esie . . . ama enen̄ede akara ekikere mme adausụn̄ Christian.”

“Edibuak Ido Mbon Greece ke Ido Ukpono Christ” ye “Ukpepn̄kpọ Akwaifiọk Christian”

Ọtọn̄ọde ke ọyọhọ isua ikie iba E.N., mme ekere n̄kpọ oro ẹdide mme “Christian” ẹma ẹsịn ọkpọsọn̄ ukeme ndisịm mme ọfiọkn̄wed ẹdide mme okpono ndem. Kpa ye in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ ntọt oro apostle Paul ọkọnọde aban̄a “mbukpo ndisịme ndutịn̄” ye “ọkpọsọn̄ eneni eke ẹkotde ke nsu, ẹte, ifiọk,” mme utọ andikpep oro ẹma ẹbuak mme n̄kpọ ẹtode ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk ido mbon Greece eke n̄kann̄kụk oro ke ukpepn̄kpọ mmọ. (1 Timothy 6:20) Etie nte uwụtn̄kpọ Philo ọkọnọ ekikere nte ke ekeme ndidi ekpedi mmemmem ndinam mme ekikere Plato ẹsan̄a ukem ye eke Bible.—Men 2 Peter 1:16 domo.

Nte ededi, akpanikọ eke Bible ekedi se ẹkenen̄erede ẹnọmọ. Mme andikpep ẹdide “mme Christian” ẹma ẹdomo ndiwụt nte ke ido edinam mbon Greece ye Rome okodu ke n̄kemuyo ye Ido Ukpono Christ. Clement eke Alexandria ye Origen (ọyọhọ isua ikie iba ye ita E.N.) ẹma ẹnam obufa akwaifiọk Plato edi itiat idakisọn̄ ọnọ se ikakabarede idi “ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Christian.” Ambrose (339-397 E.N.), bishop eke Milan, ama “enyịme ukpepn̄kpọ Greece eke ata ndondo oro, eke mme Christian ye mme okpono ndem ukem ukem—akpan akpan uwetn̄kpọ . . . Plotinus ekedide okpono ndem owo obufa akwaifiọk Plato.” Enye okodomo ndiwụt mme ọfiọkn̄wed mbon Latin usụn̄ edinam mbon Greece ye eke Rome ke Ido Ukpono Christ. Augustine ama etiene uwụtn̄kpọ esie.

Isua ikie ke ukperedem, Dionysius owo n̄ka Areopagus, (emi n̄ko ẹkekotde abian̄a-abian̄a Dionysius), eyedi ekedi owo mọn̄k eke Syria, ama odomo ndibuak ukpepn̄kpọ obufa akwaifiọk Plato ye mme ukpepn̄kpọ “Christian.” Nte ekemde ye n̄wed ofụri orụk ifiọk kiet, “mme uwetn̄kpọ [esie] ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ akpan orụk obufa akwaifiọk Plato ke akwa ikpehe ukpepn̄kpọ ye idaha eke spirit Christian ke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn . . . oro anamde ẹnyene nsio nsio ikpehe usụn̄ ido ukpono ye utuakibuot esie tutu esịm idahaemi.” Nso an̄wan̄wa edifụmi item apostle Paul emi okodụride owo utọn̄ aban̄a “ifiọk owo ye ikpîkpu abian̄a eke asan̄ade ye se owo ẹkpepde” ke emi edi ntem!—Colossae 2:8.

Mbiara N̄kpọ Oro Asabarede

Ẹmekụt ẹte ke “mme Christian ẹkpepde ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Plato ẹkenịm se ẹyararede ke akpa itie ẹnyụn̄ ẹda ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Plato nte mfọnn̄kan n̄kpọutom ndida ndiọn̄ọ nnyụn̄ n̄kpeme mme ukpepn̄kpọ N̄wed Abasi ye ido edinam ufọkabasi.”

Plato ke idemesie ekenịm ete ke ukpọn̄ emi mîkemeke ndikpa odu. Ke akamba udomo, kiet ke otu mme ata ọwọrọiso nsunsu ukpepn̄kpọ oro ọkọnyọnide odụk ukpepn̄kpọ “Ido Ukpono Christ” ekedi oro aban̄ade ukpọn̄ ikpaha ke nsinsi. Ndinyịme ukpepn̄kpọ emi ke ntak ẹdọhọde ke ndinam ntre ama enen̄ede anam ido ukpono Christ edemede udọn̄ ediwak owo inenke. Ke ini ọkọkwọrọde ikọ ke Athens, kpa iwụk ebiet ido edinam Greece, apostle Paul ikekpepke ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Plato aban̄ade ukpọn̄. Utu ke oro, enye ọkọkwọrọ ukpepn̄kpọ Christian eke ediset ke n̄kpa, okposụkedi ọkọsọn̄de ediwak mbon Greece oro ẹkekpan̄de utọn̄ ẹnọ enye ndinyịme se enye eketịn̄de.—Utom 17:22-32.

Ke edide isio ye ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece, N̄wed Abasi owụt in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ nte ke ukpọn̄ idịghe n̄kpọ emi owo enyenede-nyene edi ke edi se enye edide. (Genesis 2:7) Ke n̄kpa, ukpọn̄ etre ndika iso ndu uwem. (Ezekiel 18:4) Ecclesiastes 9:5 ọdọhọ nnyịn ete: “Mme odu-uwem [ẹfiọk] ẹte ke mmimọ inyene ndikpa: edi ama edi mme akpa-n̄kpa, mmọ ifiọkke baba n̄kpọ kiet: mmọ inyụn̄ inyeneke aba n̄kpọ eyen utom: koro owo mîtịghi aba enyịn̄ mmọ.” Bible ikpepke ukpepn̄kpọ ukpọn̄ ikpaha ke nsinsi.

Abian̄a abian̄a ukpepn̄kpọ efen ekenyene n̄kpọ ndinam ye idaha Jesus mbemiso ekedide owo, ekikere oro nte ke enye ekedi n̄ka ye Ete esie. N̄wed oro The Church of the First Three Centuries anam an̄wan̄a ete: “Ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet . . . ekenyene ntọn̄ọ esie oto ebiet emi ekedide ata isio ye eke mme Jew ye eke N̄wed Abasi Christian.” Nso ikedi ebiet oro? Ukpepn̄kpọ emi “ọkọkọri, ẹkenyụn̄ ẹda enye ẹdisịn ke Ido Ukpono Christ, ebe ke ubọk mme Ewetn̄wed Akwaifiọk Plato.”

Ke akpanikọ, nte ini akakade ndien obufa akwaifiọk Plato ọdiọn̄de-diọn̄ aka iso akara mme Ewetn̄wed Ido Ukpono, ẹma ẹnyịme mme ekpep ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet. Etie nte ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Plato eke ọyọhọ isua ikie ita ama anam mmọ ẹkeme ndibuak se owo mîkekemeke ndibuak—ndinam adiana-ita Abasi etie nte Abasi kiet. Ebede ke n̄kọkibuot akwaifiọk, mmọ ẹkedọhọ ẹte ke owo ita ẹkeme ndidi Abasi kiet ke adan̄aemi ẹsụk ẹdide san̄asan̄a owo!

Nte ededi, akpanikọ Bible owụt in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ nte ke Jehovah ikpọn̄ edi Ata Ọkpọsọn̄ Abasi, Jesus Christ edi edibon Eyen Esie emi osụhọrede akan enye, ndien edisana spirit edi anamutom odudu Esie. (Deuteronomy 6:4; Isaiah 45:5; Utom 2:4; Colossae 1:15; Ediyarade 3:14) Ukpepn̄kpọ Abasi-Ita-ke-Kiet ikponoke n̄kukụre Abasi akpanikọ onyụn̄ etetịmede mme owo, ọwọn̄ọrede mmọ ọkpọn̄ Abasi emi mmọ mîkemeke ndidiọn̄ọ.

N̄kpọ kiet efen emi odudu obufa akwaifiọk Plato akakarade ke ekikere mme Christian ekedi idotenyịn eke tọsịn isua oro ọkọn̄ọde ke N̄wed Abasi. (Ediyarade 20:4-6) Ẹma ẹtịm ẹdiọn̄ọ nte ke Origen ikamaha mbon o-tọsịn isua. Ntak oro enye ọkọbiọn̄ọde ukpepn̄kpọ aban̄ade tọsịn isua ukara Christ oro enyenede isọn̄ ntre ke Bible? The Catholic Encyclopedia ọbọrọ ete: “Ke ntak obufa akwaifiọk Plato emi mme ukpepn̄kpọ esie ẹkekọn̄ọde . . . , [Origen] ikekemeke ndida ye mme andinịm ukpepn̄kpọ tọsịn isua ke akpanikọ.”

Akpanikọ

Ndomokiet ke otu mme n̄kpọntịbe oro ẹsiakde ke enyọn̄ emi ikenyeneke n̄kpọ ndinam ye akpanikọ. Akpanikọ emi edi ofụri otu ukpepn̄kpọ Christian oro ẹkụtde ke Bible. (2 Corinth 4:2; Titus 1:1, 14; 2 John 1-4) Bible kpọt edi n̄kukụre ebiet emi akpanikọ otode.—John 17:17; 2 Timothy 3:16.

Nte ededi, asua Jehovah, asua akpanikọ, asua ubonowo, ye asua nsinsi uwem—Satan kpa Devil, “owot-owo” ye “ete nsu”—amada nsio nsio n̄kari n̄kari usụn̄ ndisiak mmọn̄ ke akpanikọ oro. (John 8:44; men 2 Corinth 11:3 domo.) Okopodudu n̄kan ke otu mme n̄kpọutom oro enye akamade edi mme ukpepn̄kpọ mbon akwaifiọk mme okpono ndem Greece—ẹmi ẹnen̄erede ẹwụt ekikere esie—ke ukeme esie nditịmede se isịnede ye mme uduot ukpepn̄kpọ Christian.

Edibuak ukpepn̄kpọ Christian ye ukpepn̄kpọ akwaifiọk Greece emi mîkemke mi edi ndidomo ndisiak mmọn̄ ke akpanikọ Bible, ẹsụhọrede odudu esie ye nte enye enemde mme andiyom akpanikọ ẹmi ẹdide mbon nsụhọdeidem, ẹnyenede eti esịt, ẹnyụn̄ ẹdide se ẹkemede ndinọ ukpep. (1 Corinth 3:1, 2, 19, 20) Enye n̄ko odomo ndisabade edisana idaha in̄wan̄în̄wan̄ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible oro an̄wan̄ade, anamde ubahade emi odude ke ufọt akpanikọ ye nsu okûn̄wan̄a.

Mfịn, ke idak ndausụn̄ Ibuot esop, Jesus Christ, ẹfiak ẹwụk ata ukpepn̄kpọ Christian akpanikọ. N̄ko, mbon oro ẹyomde akpanikọ ke eti esịt ẹkeme ndidiọn̄ọ ata esop Christian mmemmem mmemmem ebe ke mme mfri esie. (Matthew 7:16, 20) Mme Ntiense Jehovah ẹnyịme ẹnyụn̄ ẹyom ndin̄wam utọ mbon ẹmi man ẹkụt akpanikọ emi owo mîsiakke mmọn̄ ndinyụn̄ n̄n̄wam mmọ ẹsọn̄ọ ẹmụm n̄kpọ akpa nsinsi uwem emi Ete nnyịn, Jehovah, ọnọde ẹkama.—John 4:14; 1 Timothy 6:19.

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Augustine

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Uwetn̄kpọ usem Greek: Oto n̄wed oro Ancient Greek Writers: Plato’s Phaedo, 1957, Ioannis N. Zacharopoulos, Athens; Plato: Musei Capitolini, Roma