Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ Lɛ—Odaseyelii Ni Tsɔɔ Akɛ Eji Anɔkwale
Anɔkwale loo amale?—Akɛ Biblia lɛ etsɔ yinɔi amli akɛbaha wɔ ni atsakeko noko yɛ mli.
Anɔkwale loo amale?—Sɔrɔtofeemɔi akpei abɔ ni yɔɔ Biblia lɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ egbɔjɔ nɔ ni ekɛɔ akɛ eji Nyɔŋmɔ wiemɔ lɛ.
DANI oooha nakai sanebimɔi lɛ ahetoo lɛ, susumɔ saji komɛi ni akɛha nyɛsɛɛ nɛɛ yɛ The Word of God” Exhibition ni afee yɛ Chester Beatty Library ni yɔɔ Dublin, Ireland lɛ he.
Papyrus woji lɛ ni akɛ niji eŋmala nɔ lɛ miifite yɛ tsɛ ni amɛtsɛ lɛ hewɔ. Ní kɛlɛ, Chester Beatty woji lɛ ji woji ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni yɔɔ wojiatoo he lɛ ni abuɔ fe fɛɛ. Atsa enɛ kɛjɛ Coptic (ni ji Mizraim) gbonyofuu he ko aaafee 1930, Sir Frederic Kenyon kɛɛ: “Eji nɔ ko hee ni ana, ni nɔ ni tamɔ nakai pɛ ji Codez Sinaiticus lɛ.”
Nɛkɛ woji ni hiɛ baafai ni akɛ niji ŋmala nɛɛ, nɔ ni yɔɔ momo yɛ afii ohai enyɔ,etɛ kɛ ejwɛ yɛ wɔ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ lɛ anɔ akwɛ aŋmala. Wilfrid Lockwood ni ji wojiatoo he nɔkwɛlɔ lɛ kɛɛ: “Ekomɛi po yɛ ni ekɛ klɛŋklɛŋ nɔ ni aŋmala lɛ teŋ jekɛmɔ aaafee afii oha pɛ.” (Nɔ ni atsɔmɔ lɛ ji wɔ nɔ.) Woji nɛɛ ekome hiɛ Sanekpakpai ejwɛ lɛ kɛ Bɔfoi lɛ Asaji awolo lɛ. Ekome hu hiɛ bɔfo Paulo woji lɛ titri ni ewolo ni eŋma eyaha Hebribii lɛ fata he.
Woji ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmalaa lɛ wa ni etɔɔ mɔ, ni tɔmɔi baanyɛ aba mli. Ewaaa akɛ aaakane niŋmaa ko yɛ gbɛ ni ejaaa nɔ aloo hiŋmɛi aaaho saji loo liamɔ ko nɔ, yɛ bɔ ni niŋmalɔ ni kwɛɔ nɔ ŋmaa eko lɛ baakwɛ jogbaŋŋ lɛ fɛɛ sɛɛ. Yɛ bei komɛi amli lɛ, mɔ ni kwɛɔ nɔ eŋmalaa nɛɛ yɛ miishɛɛ moŋ akɛ eeenu nɔ ni eŋmalaa lɛ shishi fe ni eeeŋma wiemɔi komekomei lɛ ashishinumɔ. Ni akɛni nɔ ni akwɛ eko nɔ aŋma lɛ mɛi komɛi hu kwɛɔ nɔ ŋmalaa ekomɛi hewɔ lɛ, ehaa tɔmɔi faa. Woloŋlelɔi ni tsuɔ enɛɛmɛi ahe nii lɛ buaa nɔ ni akɛ niji ŋmala nɛɛ anaa amɛfeɔ lɛ kuikui loo wekui. Nɛkɛ Chester Beatty wolo nɛɛ, ni ji Hela Biblia ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ ni yɔɔ shihilɛ mli lɛ kɛ nɔ ko ni nilelɔi nɛɛ kpaaa gbɛ haa amɛ, ejaakɛ amɛhaaa kuu loo weku ko shishi.
Dani Yesu be lɛ aaashɛ, ni titri lɛ yɛ Yerusalem hiɛkpatamɔ (607 D.Ŋ.B.) lɛ sɛɛ kɛ agbɛnɛ Yudafoi lɛ ni agbɛ amɛ ashwa hewɔ lɛ, akɛ niji ŋmala Hebri Ŋmalɛi krɔŋkrɔŋi lɛ babaoo. Aaafee afi 100 Ŋ.B. lɛ, Yudafoi ni tsuɔ enɛ he nii lɛ kɛ nɛkɛ woji ni akɛ niji ŋmala nɛɛ tsu nii ni amɛkɛna Hebri ŋmalɛi ni Yudafoi lɛ kpɛlɛɔ nɔ.
Agbɛnɛ hu amɛto mlai bɔni afee ni amɛkɛbɔ mɔdɛŋ ni akwɛ nɔ ni aŋma afɔ shi momo lɛ nɔ aŋmala ekomɛi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Amɛtsɔɔ nibii ni he baahia ni akɛtsu nii, amɛdaramɔ kɛ gbɛ ni amɛbaashi yɛ wiemɔi lɛ ateŋ, wiemɔi komekomei, liamɔi, kɛ emlijaramɔi. Amɛkɛɛ: “Akaŋma wiemɔ ko, loo yod [Hebri alfabeta lɛ mli niŋmaa bibioo kwraa] lɛ po kɛmiijɛ jwɛŋmɔŋ.” Mɛi ni kwɛɔ nɔ amɛŋmalaa eko lɛ ŋmalaa woji loo wolokpoi tamɔ Torah lɛ (nitsɔɔmɔ) ni feɔ Biblia lɛ mli klɛŋklɛŋ woji enumɔ lɛ kɛ Ester wolo lɛ. Wolo ni aŋma yɛ exhibition loo jiemɔ-kɛ-tsɔɔmɔ nɛɛ shishi yɛ Hebri ŋmalɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ ahe lɛ kɛɛ akɛ “amɛkɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee waa yɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ naakpɛɛ nɔ.”
Te tɔmɔi ni bote Hebri kɛ Kristofoia Hela ŋmalɛi ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ amli lɛ mli wa ha tɛŋŋ? Owura Lockwood kɛɛ: “Esa akɛ ama nɔ mi akɛ, sɔrɔtofeemɔi ni yɔɔ Biblia lɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ amli lɛ teŋ lɛ jeee nɔ ko kɛ akɛto wɔŋjalɔi awoji ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ ahe lɛ . . . Nɔ ko nɔ ko bɛ ni jeɔ kpo yɛ Kristofoi atsɔɔmɔ lɛ mli ni saa niŋmalalɔi lɛ afitemɔ he.”—Nɔ ni atsɔmɔ lɛ ji wɔ nɔ.
Atsɔɔ Biblia mli woji ni yɔɔ dani Yesu ba kɛ esɛɛ lɛ fɛɛ shishi ketee wiemɔi krokomɛi amli. Shishitsɔɔmɔi nɛɛ ekome ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ ji Samaritan Pentateuch lɛ. Samariabii ji mɛi ni hi Israel akutsei nyɔŋma maŋtsɛyeli lɛ shikpɔŋkuku lɛ mli beni Ashur ŋɔ Israel kɛtee nom mli (740 D.Ŋ.B.) lɛ. Amɛŋɔ Yudafoi ajamɔ lɛ ni amɛkpɛlɛ Biblia mli klɛŋklɛŋ woji enumɔ lɛ, Pentateuch lɛ pɛ nɔ. Samariabii ni kwɛ woji nɛɛ anɔ amɛŋmala eko tamɔ blema Hebri ŋmalɛ lɛ yɛ sɔrɔtofeemɔi 6,000 kɛ akɛto Hebri ŋmalɛi lɛ ahe lɛ. Wolo ni aŋma yɛ nɔ ni ajie kpo atsɔɔ nɛɛ he lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ: “Nɛkɛ tɔmɔi bibii nɛɛ ahe ehiaaa kwraa, shi eyɛ miishɛɛ hu ni tsɔɔ akɛ anyɛ abaa blema wiemɔi atsɛmɔ loo amɛhe mla nɛɛ yi yɛ gbɛ ni yɔɔ miishɛɛ nɔ.”
Yɛ afii ohai etɛ D.Ŋ.B. lɛ mli lɛ, Yudafoi woloŋlelɔi ni yɔɔ Alexandria, Mizraim lɛ ŋma nɔ ni atsɛɔ lɛ Greek Septuagint shishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ ni ji Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ, ni Yudafoi ni wieɔ Hela lɛ kɛtsu nii yɛ jeŋ muu lɛ fɛɛ mli lɛ. Yɛ be ni sa amli lɛ, Yudafoi lɛ kpa ekɛ nitsumɔ, shi ebafee Biblia ni mra be mli Kristofoi asafo lɛ kɛtsuɔ nii. Kɛ Biblia ŋmalɔi ni ji Kristofoi tsɛ ŋmalɛ kɛjɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ mli lɛ, Septuagint lɛ ji nɔ ni amɛkɛtsuɔ nii. Chester Beatty wolo ni ji Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ hiɛ Daniel wolo lɛ ni yɔɔ Septuagint lɛ mli lɛ baafai 13 sɔŋŋ.
Sɛɛ mli Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔi lɛ baje kpo yɛ wiemɔi tamɔ Latin, Coptic, Syriac, kɛ Armenia mli. Nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ kome ni yɔɔ nɔ ni ajie atsɔɔ nɛɛ mli ji vellum codex ni ji Coptic shishitsɔɔmɔ ni ji Biblia lɛ fa ko ni jɛ afii ohai ekpaa loo kpawo Ŋ.B. lɛ mli. Shishitsɔɔmɔi ni tamɔ nɛkɛ yeɔ buaa Biblia kaselɔi kɛ mɛi ni wieɔ ŋmalɛi lɛ ahe lɛ yɛ mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ? Yɛ be babaoo mli lɛ nɛkɛ Hela niŋmai ni shishitsɔɔlɔi kɛ amɛniji ŋmala nɛɛ ji Hela Shishitsɔɔmɔ ŋmiiŋmi. Owura Lockwood tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Kɛji akɛ Hela ŋmalɛ lɛ ni shishitsɔɔlɔ lɛ kɛtsuɔ nii lɛ ji ekpakpa lɛ, eka shi faŋŋ akɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ kɛ yelikɛbuamɔ baaha yɛ shishijee Hela wiemɔi ni akɛtsu nii lɛ lee mli.”
Nɔ ko ni ekaaa ni sɛɛnamɔ yɔɔ he babaoo yɛ wojiatoo he lɛ ji wiemɔi ni afii ohai ejwɛ lɛ mli Siria niŋmalɔ ko, Ephraem, kɛha yɛ Diatessaron ni Tatian ŋma lɛ he. Aaafee afii 170 Ŋ.B. lɛ mli ni Tatian bua Yesu shihilɛ kɛ esɔɔmɔ nitsumɔ lɛ he saji anaa, ni ekɛ wiemɔi ni jɛ Sanekpakpai ejwɛ (Diatessaron ni eshishi ji “kɛtsɔ ejwɛ”) lɛ mli lɛ tsu nii. Akɛni nɔ ni aŋmala nɛɛ ekomɛi eshwɛɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ yɛ afii oha lɛ mli lɛ je ŋwane akɛ woji ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni kɛ sanekpakpa lɛ kpaa gbee lɛ bɛ. Mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ nɛɛ diɛŋtsɛ kɛɔ akɛ aŋmaaa Sanekpakpai ejwɛ lɛ aahu kɛbashi afii ohai enyɔ lɛ teŋgbɛ lɛ mli.
Shi yɛ afii oha ni eho nɛɛ mli lɛ, akɛni ayana Diatessaron shishitsɔɔmɔi nɛɛ ehee yɛ Armenian kɛ Arabic wiemɔi amli hewɔ lɛ, enyɛ mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ waa nɛɛ anɔ ni amɛpuu sɛɛsɛɛ. Kɛkɛ ni yɛ 1956 mli lɛ, Sir Chester Beatty nine shɛ afii ohai enumɔ/- ekpaa niŋmai ni ekaaa ni Tatian shishijee nitsumɔ lɛ mli wiemɔi kakadaji yɔɔ mli lɛ nɔ. Owura Lockwood kɛɛ: “Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, ekɛ jwɛŋmɔ ni ahiɛ akɛ Sanekpakpai ejwɛ lɛ ni akaneɔ yɛ nakai be lɛ mli lɛ bɛ lɛ ba naagbee.”
“The Word of God” Exhibition (loo Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ lɛ Ni Ajieɔ lɛ Kpo Atsɔɔ) lɛ ji kaimɔ sane kɛha Biblia kaselɔi akɛ woji babaoo ni tamɔ nɛkɛ yɛ ni abaanyɛ awie he. Ha woloŋlelɔi nɛɛ ateŋ mɔ kome, Sir Frederic Kenyon, atsɔɔ bɔ ni nɛkɛ Biblia mli woji ni akɛ niji ŋmala nɛɛ ni ayana amɛ ehee ni yɛ nakai beaŋ nɔŋŋ lɛ ehaa sanebimɔi ni ateɔ amɛ shi kɛjɛ shishijee lɛ ahetoo lɛ atsɔɔ mli:
“Ebaagba mɛikomɛi anaa akɛ amɛaaŋmɛɛ jwɛŋmɔ ni amɛhiɛ akɛ Biblia ni akɛtsɔ yinɔi lɛ amli akɛha lɛ tɔmɔ bɛ mli lɛ he . . . Eshɛjeɔ wɔmii akɛ yɛ naagbee lɛ nɔ ni anaa amɛ ehee nɛɛ fɛɛ lɛ kɛ amɛhe nikasemɔ lɛ ewaje anɔkwale ni Ŋmalɛi lɛ ji lɛ, kɛ wɔhekɛnɔfɔɔ akɛ nɔ ni wɔyɔɔ yɛ wɔdɛŋ nɛɛ, yɛ emuuyeli babaoo mli lɛ, ji Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ.” (The Story of the Bible, baafa 113)—Lala 119:105; 1 Petro 1:25.
[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 27]
Afii ohai etɛ papyrus wolo ni akɛ niji eŋmala—2 Korintobii 4:13–5:4
[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library
[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 28]
Afii ohai 18 lɛ mli kooloi ahewolo wolokpoi ni aŋmala Esther wolo lɛ yɛ nɔ
[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library
[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 29]
Afii ohai ekpaa loo kpawo vellum codex wolo lɛ—Yohane 1:1-9, Coptic Shishitsɔɔmɔ
[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library
[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 30]
Afii ohai enumɔ loo ekpaa vellum codex wolo lɛ—Ephraem niianaatsɔɔmɔ ni Tatian Diatessaron ni yɔɔ Syriac wiemɔ mli lɛ ekomɛi fata he
[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]
Reproduced by permission of the Chester Beatty Library