EPULO 4
Mbela iinima ayihe yi na omwenyo oya za moshinima shimwe?
Darwin okwa li i itaala kutya iinima yi na omwenyo oye ya po, okuza moshinima shimwe. Okwa li ta dhiladhila kutya oshinima shono aniwa mwa za iinima ayihe yi na omwenyo kombanda yevi, otashi vulu okufaathanithwa nomuti omunenenene. Konima yethimbo, aantu yalwe oya kala yi itaala kutya petameko omuti ngoka mwa za iinima yi na omwenyo, ogwa li owala ekota li na oosele ndhoka dhe ya po tango. Mekota ndyoka omo nduno mwa zi iinima yi na omwenyo mbyoka ye ya po tango, e tayi tsikile okwiitopola moongundu dhi ili nodhi ili dhiimeno nosho wo dhiinamwenyo. Konima yaashono, oongundu ndhoka tadhi itopola ishewe, opo dhi ete po iimeno niinamwenyo mbyoka tu wete kunena. Mbela iinima osho ye ya po ngawo shili?
Aanongononi oyendji otaya ti ngiini? Oyendji otaya ti kutya opu na iikulunima yomamanya mbyoka tayi yambidhidha elongo kutya iinima yi na omwenyo oye ya po okuza moshinima shimwe. Otaya ti wo kutya molwaashoka iinima ayihe yi na omwenyo oyi na o-DNA, omwenyo ogu na okukala owala gweya po kugwo gwene okuza moshinima shimwe.
Ombiimbeli otayi ti ngiini? Ombiimbeli muGenesis otayi ti kutya iimeno, iikwameya, iinamwenyo yokombanda yevi noondhila, ayihe oya shitwa ‘pamaludhi gawo gi ili nogi ili.’ (Genesis 1:12, 20-25) Oohapu ndhoka otadhi ulike kutya iinamwenyo ‘yoludhi’ lumwe otayi vulu okukala ya yoolokathana nosho wo kutya oludhi kehe olwa yooloka ko wo kiinamwenyo yomaludhi galwe. Pakutala kwaashoka Ombiimbeli tayi popi kombinga yeshito, itashi kumitha sho pwa monika iikulinima yi ihwapo, yiinimwenyo yomaludhi inaaga monika nale, mbyono ya monika owala momukokomoko gwethimbo efupi.
Uumbangi otawu ulike shike? Mbela uumbangi mboka wu li po otawu tsu kumwe naashoka Ombiimbeli ya popya nenge onaashoka sha popiwa kuDarwin? Uuyelele mboka wa monika po muule womimvo 150 dha ka pita otawu ulike shike?
EDHILADHILO LYADARWIN LYOMUTI GWOMWENYO OLYA SAMAPALA
Omimvo opo dha zi ko aanongononi oya li ya yelekanitha uuthigululwakwatya mboka wu li miinima yi na omwenyo mbyoka yi na owala osele yimwe nosho wo mboka wu li moosele dhiimeno nosho wo dhiinamwenyo. Oya li taya dhiladhila kutya uuyelele mboka taya mono otawu ka vula okukoleka shoka Darwin a ti kombinga yomuti gwomwenyo. Ihe shoka hasho ya mono.
Omakonakono ngoka ga ningwa oga ulika shike? Mo 1999 omukonakoni gwiinima yi na omwenyo gwedhina Malcolm S. Gordon okwa nyola a ti: “Osha fa shi li ngeyi kutya omwenyo ogwe ya po okuza miinima oyindji. Inagu ya po okuza momuti gwomwenyo nenge moshinima shimwe.” Mbela opu na uumbangi mboka tawu ulike kutya iinima yi na omwenyo oya za mekota limwe lyomuti, nenge moshinima shimwe ngaashi Darwin a li i itaala? Gordon okwa tsikile ko a ti: “Shoka aantu ya kala yi itaala kombinga yaampoka pwa za iinima yi na omwenyo, itashi tsu kumwe noongundu moka iinima yi na omwenyo ya topolwa kunena. Otashi vulika nokuli itaashi tsu kumwe nongundu ndjoka hayi ithanwa phyla nosho wo ongundu dhilwe ndhoka dhi li mongundu ndjika yo-phyla.29a
Omakonakono ngoka opo ga ningwa itaga tsu kumwe naashoka Darwin a popi sho a ti kutya iinima ayihe yi na omwenyo oya za koshinima shimwe. Pashiholelwa, mo 2009 moshifo sho-New Scientist omwa li mwa nyolwa oohapu dhomunongononi Eric Bapteste, ngoka i itaala moevolusi tadhi ti: “Katu na uumbangi mboka tawu ti kutya omuti gwomwenyo ogwoshili.”30 Omwa li wo mwa nyolwa oohapu dhaMichael Rose, ngoka ha konakona iinima yi na omwenyo nokwi itaala moevolusi, tadhi ti: “Otu shi shi nawa kutya kapu na uumbangi wa sha tawu koleke kutya iinima oya za momuti gwomwenyo. Ngele osho shi li ngawo, nena omukalo moka twa tala ko iinima yi na omwenyo ogu na okulunduluka.”31b
MBELA IIKULUNIMA OTAYI ULIKE SHIKE?
Aanongononi oyendji otaya ti kutya iikulunima mbyoka ya monika po, otayi ulike kutya iinima yi na omwenyo oye ya po okuza moshinima shimwe. Pashiholelwa, otaya ti kutya uuyelele mboka wa za kiikulunima otawu ulike kutya moohi omo mwa zi iinamwenyo yoludhi lwomafuma, omanga miihono omo mwa zi mbyoka hayi yamitha. Ihe mbela uumbangi mboka tawu adhika miikulunima otawu koleke ngaa oshinima shono?
Omunongononi gwedhina David M. Raup, ngoka i itaala moevolusi noha konakona wo iikulunima yiinamwenyo mbyoka hayi adhika komamanya, okwa ti: “Pehala lyokumona kutya omwenyo ogwe ya po kugwo gwene kashona nakashona, aatseyinawa yomamanya yopethimbo lyaDarwin naamboka yopethimbo lyetu oya mona kutya uuyelele mboka wu li komamanya itawu tsu kumwe noshinima shoka. Iinima yi na omwenyo inayi ya po ohaluka kuyo yene, yo tayi tameke andola okulundulukila miinima yilwe kashona nakashona sigo tayi kana po thiluthilu.”32
Uushili owo kutya iikulunima oyindjiyindji otayi ulike kutya iinamwenyo inayi lunduluka momukokomoko gwomimvo ndhoka ya kala ko. Kapu na uumbangi tawu ulike kutya iinamwenyo oya kala nokulunduluka yi ete po iikwawo yomaludhi gi ili. Ohatu mono owala omaukwatya gontumba ngoka inaatu tseya nale momalutu gayo. Pashiholelwa, aanongononi opo ya mono kutya omalimalima ohaga longitha omawi gago ga mone kehe shimwe shoka shi li komeho yago, ihe kapu na shoka tashi ulike kutya omalimalima oge ya po okuza moshinima shontumba.
Oongundu dhiinamwenyo odhindji ndhoka tu shi ngashingeyi, opo owala dha monika omimvo ndhika. Molwaashoka iikulunima oyindji yiinima yi na omwenyo opo ya monika meni lyethimbo efupi, aakonakoni yiikulunima mbyoka otaya ti kutya iinima mbyoka oya li ko aniwa pethimbo hali ithanwa “Cambrian explosion.” Mbela ethimbo lini ndono?
Natu tye nee andola ethimbo ndyoka tali fekelwa kaanongononi oli li mondjila. Omimvo ndhoka evi lya kala po natu dhi yelekanithe ando nokapale ketanga (1). Ngele otwa longitha eyelekanitho ndyoka, oto ka enda owala okuza mokola sigo ompoka hapu thangelwa opelendi, opo wu ye pethimbo ndyoka aanongononi tayi ithana Cambrian period (2). Iikulunima yiinamwenyo yomaludhi ogendji oya monika aniwa muule wethimbo ndyoka. Iikulunima mbyono ngawo, oya monika lela meni lyethimbo. Shaashi sho andola to ende mokapale, yo iikulunima yiinamwenyo yi ili noyi ili otayi ende tayi holoka po ombaadhilila sho to katuka onkatu kehe!
Okuya po ohaluka kwiikulunima yiinamwenyo yi ili noyi ili okwa ningitha aakonakoni yiinima mboka yi itaala moevolusi ya kale ya limbililwa shoka sha popiwa kuDarwin. Pashiholelwa, mo 2008, Stuart Newman ngoka i itaala moevolusi noha konakona iinima yi na omwenyo okwa li a pulwapulwa. Okwa ti kutya opwa pumbiwa elongo epe ndyoka tali yelitha nkene iinima yi na omwenyo ya holoka po ombaadhilila. Okwa ti: “Ondi wete kutya shoka Darwin a popi nkene iinima ye ya po oshi na okutalululwa, oshoka otashi vulika inaashi simana unene noitashi yelitha thiluthilu nkene iinima ye ya po okuza kiikwawo.”33
UUPYAKADHI WU NA KO NASHA NIIKULUNIMA
Omolwashike uuyelele mbono wiikulunima yomamanya wu na ko nasha nuunene wiinamwenyo mbyono haku tiwa aniwa ohayi lundulukile miikwawo, wa lundululwa momambo gamwe?
Ongiini kombinga yiikulunima mbyoka hayi longithwa okuulika nkene aniwa oohi dha lundulukile miinamwenyo yoludhi lwomafuma nankene iihono ya lundulukile mwaambyoka hayi yamitha? Mbela iikulunima mbyoka otayi gandja uumbangi mboka tawu koleke kutya iinima oye ya po kuyo yene ohaluka? Ngele otwa konakona nuukeka iikulunima mbyoka, otatu ka mona kutya opu na uupyakadhi wontumba.
Uupyakadhi wotango, ngele owa yelekanitha uunene wiinamwenyo mbyoka aniwa ya lunduluka okuza kiihono sigo okiinamwenyo mbyoka hayi yamitha, uuyelele mboka ihawu kala aluhe wu li mondjila momambo. Pehala lyokukala yi thike pamwe, iinamwenyo mbyoka yimwe ohayi kala iinene unene, omanga iikwawo hayi kala iishona.
Uupyakadhi uutiyali mboka wa mana oompata owo kutya kapu na uumbangi tawu ulike nkene iinamwenyo mbyoka ya pambathana. Aakonakoni yamwe yiinima otaya tengeneke kutya ohashi kutha uule womimvo omamiliyona ogendji, opo iinamwenyo mbyoka yi li miikulunima yomamanya yi kuthwe mo. Omukonakoni gwiinamwenyo gwedhina Henry Gee okwa popi kombinga yethimbo ndyoka hali piti po, opo yi kuthwe mo a ti: “Ethimbo ndyoka hali piti po, opo iinamwenyo mbyoka hayi adhika miikulunima yomamanya yi kuthwe mo olindji unene, nomolwaasho itaatu vulu okupopya thiluthilu kutya oya pambathana noya za moshinima sha faathana.”34c
Omukonakoni gwiinima yi na omwenyo gwedhina Malcolm S. Gordon okwa popi kombinga yiikulunima yomamanya hoka taku adhika oohi nosho wo iinamwenyo yoludhi lwomafuma a ti kutya otayi ulike owala kashona kutya “pethimbo iinamwenyo mbyoka ya li po, oya li po pamaludhi ogendji.” Okwa ti wo kutya “itatu vulu okutseya thiluthilu kutya iinamwenyo mbyoka oya li ya lunduluka ngiini nenge kutya oya li ya pambathana ngiini.”35d
IIKULUNIMA OTAYI ULIKE SHIKE NAANAA?
Mo 2004 moshifo sho-National Geographic omwa li oshitopolwa tashi yelekanitha uuyelele mboka hawu adhika miikulunima yomamanya “nofilima yoevolusi yi na omathano 1 000, e tapu kana omathano ge li 999.”36 Natu tale kutya eyelekanitho ndyoka otali ti shike.
Ngele omathano 95 giikulunima otaga ulike kutya iinamwenyo ihayi lundulukile miinamwenyo yilwe, omolwashike aakonakoni yiikulunima haya unganeke omathano gatano ngoka ga hupa po momukalo tagu ulike kutya osho hayi ningi?
Dhiladhila ando ofilima yi na omathano 100 000, ihe sho to yi tala opu na owala omathano 100 ga hupa po. Mbela oto ka vula ngaa oku uva ko ofilima ndjono sho to yi tala nokumona kutya oyu uka peni? Otashi vulika ngaa wu kale wu na edhiladhilo, ihe ongiini ngele omathano owala gatano gomomathano 100 ngoka wu na, taga vulu okutulwa melandulathano, opo ga tse kumwe naashoka to dhiladhila, go omathano galwe 95 itaga tsu kumwe nedhiladhilo lyoye? Mbela oto ka tya ngaa kutya edhiladhilo ndyoka wu na konima yokutala owala omathano gatano oli li mondjila? Otashi vulika nokuli momukalo moka wu unganeka omathano ngoka gatano, we shi ningi wi ikolelela kwaashoka to dhiladhila kutya oshi li mondjila. Mbela itashi ka kala shi li hwepo, wu tale ishewe komathano galwe 95 ngoka ge li po?
Omolwashike ethaneko ndyoka tali holola omukalo moka mboka yi itaala moevolusi ya tala ko iikulunima? Uule womimvo odhindji, aakonakoni yiinima inaya kala yi itaala kutya oyindji yomiikulunima, mbyoka tayi faathanithwa nomathano 95 gofilima, otayi ulike kutya iinamwenyo oya kala nokulunduluka kashona nakashona momukokomoko gwomimvo. Uuyelele mbono owa simana, ihe omolwashike itaaya popi oshindji kombinga yoshinima shoka? Omunyoli gwomambo gwedhina Richard Morris okwa ti: “Anuwa aakonakoni yiikulunima oya taamba ko edhiladhilo ndyoka lya taambiwa ko apuhe kutya iinamwenyo oya kala nokulunduluka kashona nakashona. Oya kala ye li itaala, nonando opu na uumbangi wa yela mboka tawu ulike kutya ka li shi lyoshili. Oya kambadhala okuyelitha uumbangi mboka ya mona po okuza kiikulunima, taya ti kutya otawu yambidhidha elongo lyoevolusi ndyoka li li po.”37
Embo In Search of Deep Time — Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, lya nyolwa kuHenry Gee, epandja 116-117, olya ti: “Itatu vulu okukutha iikulunima yomamanya e tatu ti kutya otayi ulike nkene iinima yi na omwenyo ye ya po, oshoka kapu na uumbangi wa konakonwa kaanongononi tawu shi koleke. Okupopya kwa tya ngaaka okwa fa owala omahokololo gongano ngoka aanona haya lombwelwa manga inaaya ka lala ngoka tashi vulika ge ya longe sha, ihe kage shi goshili.”
Mbela mboka yi itaala moevolusi kunena nayo otaya tsu kumwe noshinima shono? Mbela nayo otaya tsikile okuunganeka iikulunima melandulathano lyontumba? Mbela otaye shi ningi molwaashoka ye wete tali tsu kumwe niikulunima iikwawo nosho wo nuumbangi mboka wu li muuthigululwakwatya washa? Nenge pamwe otaye shi ningi owala molwaashoka tawu tsu kumwe nomadhiladhilo goevolusi ngoka ga taambiwa ko pethimbo lyetu.e
Ngoye oto ti ngiini? Edhiladhilo lini tali tsu kumwe nuumbangi mboka wu li po? Natu tale shoka twa konakona sigo oompaka.
Kapu na oshinima shi na omwenyo she ya po owala kusho shene.
Osele inayi ya po kuyo yene ohaluka.
O-DNA, ndjoka tayi yelekanithwa nopolohalama yi li mokompiuta nenge nokwoode, oyo hayi longo iilonga mbyoka hayi longwa mosele. Oya kitakana noonkondo notayi gandja uumbangi tawu ulike kutya oya shitwa komuntu omunandunge ngoka e vule kokule aantu kombanda yevi, mboka haya nduluka po oopolohalama dhontumba nenge iikwamashina mbyoka hayi pungula uuyelele.
Uuyelele mboka wa konakonwa kombinga yuuthigululwakwatya otawu ulike kutya omwenyo inagu za moshinima shimwe. Shimwe ishewe, iikulunima yomamanya yoongundu oonene dhiinamwenyo oya monika unene meni lyethimbo efupi.
Konima yokutala kuuyelele awuhe mboka, mbela owu wete shi li mondjila tu thike pehulithodhiladhilo kutya uumbangi otawu tsu kumwe naashoka Ombiimbeli ya popya kombinga yaampoka pwa za iinima yi na omwenyo? Aantu oyendji ohaya ti kutya uunongononi itawu tsu kumwe naashoka Ombiimbeli ya popya kombinga yeshito. Mbela shoka oshoshili ngaa? Ombiimbeli otayi ti ngiini?
a Oshitya phyla (paushimwe, phylum) otashi ulike kongundu onene yiinamwenyo mbyoka yi na omaukwatya gopalutu ga faathana, nonando oya yoolokathana. Omukalo gumwe moka aanongononi haya tula moongundu iinima ayihe yi na omwenyo, omokulongitha oongundu heyali, nongundu kehe ohayi ulike sha yela kutya oshinamwenyo oshi li mongundu yini. Ongundu yotango ohayi ithanwa uukwaniilwa (kingdom), yo oyo onene kwaadhihe. Taku landula oongundu ndhoka hadhi ithanwa phylum, class, order, family, genus nosho wo species. Pashiholelwa, onkambe oya tulwa mongundu yo-kingdom, hayi ithanwa Animalia; mongundu yo-phylum, hayi ithanwa Chordata; mongundu yo-class, hayi ithanwa Mammalia; mongundu yo-order, hayi ithanwa Perissodactyla; mongundu yo-family, hayi ithanwa Equidae; mongundu yo-genus, hayi ithanwa Equus; mongundu yo-species, hayi ithanwa Caballus.
b Ngele tatu tala kwaashoka sha popiwa moshifo sho-New Scientist, kuBapteste nenge kuRose, kapu na shoka tashi ulike kutya elongo lyoevolusi olya puka. Pehala lyaashono, oya ti owala kutya shoka Darwin a popya kombinga yomuti gwomwenyo, itashi kolekwa kuumbangi mboka wu li po. Aanongononi ya tya ngaaka otaya tsikile ngaa natango okukonga uuyelele wulwe mboka wa kwatela mo elongo lyoevolusi.
c Ye mwene Henry Gee ka li ta ti kutya elongo lyoevolusi olya puka. Okwa li owala ta ulike kutya iikulunima inayi tu pa uuyelele awuhe.
d Malcolm S. Gordon ota tsu kumwe nelongo lyoevolusi.
e Pashiholelwa, tala oshimpungu “Mbela aantu oya za koondjima?”
f Ndhindhilika: Aakonakoni yiinima mboka ya popiwa moshimpungu shika inaya itaala shoka Ombiimbeli tayi ti kombinga yeshito. Ayehe oyi itaala melongo lyoevolusi.
g Aakonakoni yiinima yi na ko nasha noevolusi ohaya longitha oshitya “hominid,” shono pataloko lyawo taya dhiladhila kutya osha kwatela mo aantu nosho wo iinamwenyo mbyoka aniwa ya li ya fa aantu.