Cuneiform i Tuai mo e Tohi Tapu
HE MOLE e fakakehekehe e vagahau he tau tagata i Papelu, ne tamata ai e tau fakatokaaga tohitohi kehekehe. Ko e tau tagata ne nonofo i Mesopotamia, tuga e tau Sumer mo e tau Papelonia, ne fakaaoga e puhala tohitohi (cuneiform). Ne moua mai e kupu ia he vagahau Latini ma e “wedge-shaped” mo e hagaao ke he pite paka tolu ne taute he fakaaoga he peni lapatoa ke tofi aki e lapa maka ne pala agaia.
Kua keli hake he tau tagata keli kelekele e tau tohi cuneiform ne tutala hagaao ke he tau tagata mo e tau mena tutupu ne totoku i loto he tau Tohiaga Tapu. Ko e heigoa ha tautolu ne iloa ke he puhala tohitohi tuai nei? Ti ko e heigoa e fakamooliaga he tau tohi pihia ke he moolioli he Tohi Tapu?
Tau Fakamauaga ne Mau Agaia
Ne talitonu e tau tagata pulotu ko e puhala tohitohi he kamataaga ne fakaaoga i Mesopotamia ko e tā fakatino, ne ha ha ai e fakamailoga po ke fakataiaga ne fakakite e kupu po ke manatu. Ma e fakatai, ko e fakamailoga ma e povi he magaaho fakamua ne tatai mo e ulu he povi. He tupu ki mua e lata ke fai fakamauaga, ne fakatū e puhala cuneiform. “Kua maeke e tau fakamailoga he mogonei ke nakai ni fakakite he tau kupu ka ko e tau fakaleoaga foki, ne loga e matatohi ka lafi fakalataha ke moua e tau fakaleoaga he kupu,” he fakamaama he NIV Archaeological Study Bible. Fakahiku ai, ne kavi ke he 200 e fakamailoga kehekehe he cuneiform “ke fakakite mooli e vagahau, mo e tau puhala he tau kupu uka mo e tau kalama oti.”
He hoko ke he vahā a Aperahamo, kavi ke he 2,000 F.V.N., kua fitā e tupu lahi e cuneiform. Ke he 20 e senetenari i mua, ne kavi ke he 15 e vagahau ne talia e puhala tohitohi ia. Ne molea e 99 e pasene he tau tohi cuneiform ne kua moua ke tohia he tau lapa maka. He molea e 150 e tau kua mole, ne loga e lapa maka pehēnei ne moua i Uro, Uruk, Papelonia, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Nineva, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, mo Amarna. Ne talahau he Archaeology Odyssey: “Kua fuafua he tau pulotu ne kavi ke he taha mo e ua e miliona lapa cuneiform ne fitā he keli hake, ti kavi ke 25,000 ne moua foki he tau tau takitaha.”
Kua lahi mahaki e gahua he tau pulotu cuneiform he lalolagi katoa ke fakaliliu ai. Hagaao ke he taha fuafuaaga, “kavi ke he 1/10 ni e tohi cuneiform ne kua moua ne lagataha laia e totou he tau vahā foou nei.”
Ha kua moua e tau kupu cuneiform ke he ua mo e tolu e vagahau, ko e kakano a ia ati fakaliliu e cuneiform. Ne mailoga he tau pulotu kua tatai e tau kupu he tau vagahau kehekehe i loto he tau tokumene nei, ne tohi oti ke he tau tohi cuneiform. Ne lagomatai ke he puhala fakaliliu ha kua mailoga ne fa liu fatiaki e tau higoa, tau mataulu, tau matohiaga he tau pule, pihia foki e tau talahauaga ke he fakaheke fakatagata.
He tau atu tau 1850, ne maeke e tau pulotu ke totou e tau vagahau lafilafi he Lotouho he Fahi Uta i tuai ke he vagahau Akkad, po ke he Asuria-Papelonia, he cuneiform. Ne fakamaama he Encyclopædia Britannica: “He oti e fakaliliu ke he vagahau Akkad, ne maama lahi ai e matapatu ati fakatokatoka pihia ai, mo e fakatū e puhala ke fakaliliu aki e falu vagahau he cuneiform. Matutaki fēfē e tau tohi nei ke he tau Tohiaga Tapu?
Ko e Fakamauaga ne Felauaki mo e Tohi Tapu
Ne talahau he Tohi Tapu na pule e tau patuiki Kanana ki Ierusalema ato kautū a Tavita ki ai he kavi ke 1070 F.V.N. (Iosua 10:1; 2 Samu. 5:4-9) Ka kua fakauaua e falu pulotu ke he mena nei. Pete ia, he 1887 ne moua he fifine nofogati e lapa maka i Amarna, Aikupito. Ne fakahiku ke kavi ke he 380 e tohi ne moua i ai ne mailoga ko e tau tohi fakapolitika he vahāloto he tau pule ha Aikupito (Amenhotep III mo Akhenaton) mo e tau kautu Kanana. Ono e tohi mai ia ‘Abdi-Heba, ko e pule ha Ierusalema.
Ne talahau he Biblical Archaeology Review: “Ko e tau lapa maka Amarna ne hagaao maaliali atu ki a Ierusalema ko e maaga ka e nakai ko e motu, mo e ke he tuaga ha ‘Abdi-Heba . . . ko e kovana ne fai kaina mo e 50 e kautau Aikupito ne fakatutū viko fakamatakau i Ierusalema, ne talahau ko Ierusalema ko e kautu tote he motu matiketike.” Ne talahau foki he senolo taha ia he magaaho fakamui: “Kua liga mauokafua a mautolu, he fakavē ke he tau tohi Amarna, ne fai maaga talahaua pihia ne ha ha he magahala ia.”
Tau Higoa i Loto he Tau Fakamauaga Asuria mo e Papelonia
Ko e tau Asuria, mo e tau Papelonia he magaaho fakamui, ne tohia e fakamauaga tuai ha lautolu he tau lapa maka, ti pihia foki he tau cylinder, tau prism, mo e tau monument. Ti he magaaho ne fakaliliu he tau pulotu e cuneiform Akkad, ne moua e lautolu e tau matatohi ne totoku e tau tagata ne moua foki he Tohi Tapu.
Ne talahau he tohi The Bible in the British Museum: “He talahauaga haana he 1870 ke he Society of Biblical Archaeology ne fakatū foou, ne maeke e Ekekafo ko Samuel Birch ke kitia [he tau matatohi cuneiform e tau higoa] he tau patuiki Heperu ko Omeri, Ahapo, Iehu, Asaria . . . , Manahema, Peka, Hosea, Hesekia mo Manase, ko e tau patuiki Asuria ko Tikelata-Pilesa . . . [III], Sarekona, Sanerivi, Esarata mo Asenapa, . . . mo e he tau Suria ko Penihata, Hasaelu mo Resina.”
Ne fakatatai he tohi The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating e fakamauaga tuai he Tohi Tapu hagaao ki a Isaraela mo Iuta ke he tau tohi cuneiform i tuai. Ko e fua? “Ne 15 po ke 16 e katoa he tau patuiki ha Iuta mo Isaraela ne tohi he tau fakamauaga he tau motu kehe, ko e tau higoa ha lautolu mo e tau vahā ne felauaki katoa mo e [tohi he Tohi Tapu he] Tau Patuiki. Ko e tau patuiki ne talahau he tau fakamauaga he tau motu kehe kua fitā he totoku i loto he tohi he Tau Patuiki he Tohi Tapu.”
Taha e tohi cuneiform talahaua ne moua he 1879, ko e Cyrus Cylinder, ne fakamau he mole e kautū ki a Papelonia he 539 F.V.N., ne fakagahua e Kuresa e maveheaga haana ke liuaki a lautolu ne fakapaea ke he tau motu ha lautolu. Ko e falu foki ka aoga mai ai, ko e tau Iutaia. (Esera 1:1-4) Tokologa e pulotu he senetenari ke 19 aki ne fakauaua ke he tonutika he poakiaga ne fatiaki i loto he Tohi Tapu. Pete ia, ko e tau tokumene cuneiform mai he magahala ha Peresia, putoia e Cyrus Cylinder, ne foaki e fakamooliaga mauokafua ke he hakotika he fakamauaga he Tohi Tapu.
He 1883, ko e fakaputuaga tuai ne molea e 700 e tohi cuneiform ne moua i Nippur, tata ki Papelonia. Mai he 2,500 e higoa ne totoku, kavi ke he 70 ne maeke ke kitia ko e tau Iutaia. Ne kitia ai, he talahau he tagata fakamauaga tala tuai ko Edwin Yamauchi, “ko e tau matakau konotuleke, tau eiseni, tau tagata fakamooli, tau tagata oko tukuhau, mo e tau tagata gahua he patuiki.” Ko e fakamooliaga kua fakatumau e tau Iutaia ke taute e tau gahua pihia tata ki Papelonia he vahā nei kua aoga lahi. Ne fakamooli e talahauaga fakaperofeta he Tohi Tapu he liliu e tau Isaraela “ne toe” ki Iutaia mai he fakapaea ki Asuria mo Papelonia, ne tokologa ne nakai liliu.—Isaia 10:21, 22.
He meleniamu fakamua aki F.V.N., ne haia ua e cuneiform mo e tau matatohi alafapete. Ka e fakahiku e tau Asuria mo e tau Papelonia ke tiaki e cuneiform he fiafia ke fakaaoga e tau matatohi alafapete.
Totou teau afe e tau lapa maka ne fakaputu agaia he tau museamu ne nakaila kumikumi ki ai. Ko e tau lapa maka ne fitā he fakaliliu he tau pulotu ne foaki e fakamooliaga malolō ke he hakotika he Tohi Tapu. Ko hai ne iloa ko e heigoa e falu mena ka moua mai foki he tau tohi ne nakaila kumikumi ki ai?
[Picture Credit Line he lau 21]
Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum