Izina ry’Imana—Ubusobanuro Bwaryo n’Uko Rivugwa

UMWE mu Banditsi ba Bibiliya yigeze kubaza ati “Ni nde wateranij’ umuyaga mu bipfunsi bye? Ni nde wapfunyits’ amazi mu mwambaro we? Ni nde washinz’ impera zose z’isi? Izina rye ni nde, kand’ izina ry’ umwana we ni nde, nib’ uyazi” (Imigani 30:4)? Ni gute twe dushobora kumenya izina ry’Imana iryo ari ryo? Icyo ni ikibazo cy’ingenzi. Ibyaremwe ni igihamya ikomeye y’uko Imana ibaho, ariko ntibiduhishurira izina ryayo (Abaroma 1:20). Koko rero, ntitwashoboraga kumenya izina ry’Imana iyo umuremyi we ubwe ataritubwira. Ibyo kandi yabikoze mu Gitabo cye bwite ari cyo Bibiliya Yera.

Igihe kimwe kitazibagirana, Imana yavuze iryo zina incuro nyinshi iribwira Mose. Mose yagize icyo yandika kuri iyo nkuru y’icyo gikorwa ku buryo na n’ubu dushobora kuyibona muri Bibiliya (Kuva 34:5). Ndetse Imana ubwayo yanditse iryo zina ryayo n’“urutoke” rwayo. Mu gihe yari imaze guha Mose amabwiriza twita ubu Amategeko Cumi, Imana yayanditse mu buryo bw’igitangaza. Dusoma ngo “[Imana] [i]maze kuvuganira na Mose ku musozi Sinai, . . . [i]muh’ ibisate by’amabuye bibiri, birihw ibihamya, byandikishijweh’ urutoke rw’Imana” (Kuva 31:18). Izina ry’Imana rigaragara incuro umunani zose mu Mategeko Cumi y’umwimerere (Kuva 20:1-17). Bityo, Imana ubwayo yahishuriye umuntu izina ryayo, mu magambo no mu nyandiko. Ariko se, iryo zina ni irihe?

Mu Giheburayo, ryandikwa ritya יהוה. Izo nyuguti enye zitwa Tetaragaramu, bazisoma bahereye iburyo berekeza ibumoso mu Giheburayo kandi zishobora kwandikwa mu ndimi nyinshi zo muri iki gihe cyacu gutya ngo YHWH cyangwa JHVH. Izina ry’Imana muri izo ngombajwi enye rigaruka hafi incuro 7.000 mu “Isezerano rya Kera” ry’umwimerere ari ryo Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo.

Iryo zina ni uburyo bw’inshinga y’igiheburayo ha·wah’ (הוה), isobanura “Kuba,” rikaba rishaka kuvuga ngo “Utuma Bibaho.”a Bityo rero, izina ry’Imana rirayiranga ko isohoza amasezerano kandi ko nta gishobora kuyikoma mu nkokora mu bihereranye no gusohoza imigambi yayo. Imana y’ukuri ni yo yonyine ishobora kugira izina rifite ubusobanuro bukungahaye butyo.

Mbese muribuka uburyo bunyuranye izina ry’Imana ryahinduwemo muri Zaburi 83:18, dukurikije ibyo twasomye mu gice twamaze kubona (ku ipaji ya 5)? Bubiri muri ubwo buhinduzi twabonye bwasimbuzaga izina ry’icyubahiro (“UMWAMI,” cyangwa “Uwiteka”) iryo zina ry’Imana. Ariko muri ubwo buhinduzi bubiri bundi, Yahweh cyangwa Yehova, ushobora kubonamo za nyuguti enye zigize izina ry’Imana. Icyakora, usanga risomwa mu buryo butandukanye. Kubera iki?

Izina ry’Imana Risomwa Rite?

Nta muntu uzi rwose ukuntu iryo zina ryavugwaga mu mizo ya mbere. Ni ukubera ki? Ni uko ururimi rwa kera rwakoreshejwe mu kwandika Bibiliya rwari Igiheburayo, kandi mu myandikire y’ururimi rw’Igiheburayo, abanditsi bakoreshaga gusa ingombajwi—nta nyajwi. Bityo rero, iyo abanditsi bahumekewemo n’Imana bandikaga izina ry’Imana, birumvikana ko na bo ari ko babigenzaga maze bagakoresha ingombajwi gusa.

Mu gihe Igiheburayo cya kera cyari kikiri ururimi ruvugwa cyane na bose, nta kibazo na gito cyari gihari. Abisirayeli bari bafite akamenyero ko gukoresha iryo Zina ku buryo nk’iyo bahuraga na ryo mu nyandiko, bahitaga basa n’abongeragamo inyajwi zari ngombwa mu gusomwa kwaryo batiriwe banabitekerezaho, (mbese kimwe n’uko uvuga Ikinyarwanda iyo abonye amagambo ahinnye “cg” ahita yumva ko ari “cyangwa”).

Ariko muri iki gihe ibintu byarahindutse kubera impamvu ebyiri. Iya mbere, ni ubwoba bw’ibintu by’imiziririzo bwateye Abayahudi gutekereza ko byaba ari bibi kuvuga izina ry’Imana n’ijwi riranguruye. Bityo, iyo baribonaga basoma Bibiliya, barisimbuzaga irindi zina ry’Igiheburayo, ’Adho·nai’ (Umwami w’Ikirenga). Dore indi mpamvu: uko igihe cyahitaga ari na ko n’abantu bokomeje kugenda bareka gukoresha Igiheburayo cya kera mu biganiro byabo bya buri munsi, ku buryo mbese uko Izina ry’Imana ryasomwaga mu Giheburayo cy’umwimerere byageze aho bikibagirana.

Kugira ngo uburyo bwo gusoma ururimi rw’Igiheburayo muri rusange butazimangatana burundu, Abayahudi b’intiti bo mu gice cya kabiri cy’imyaka igihumbi yabimburiraga iki gihe cyacu bashyizeho uburyo bwo kujya bakoresha utudomo mu kugaragaza aho inyajwi zibura, maze bakajya bashyira utwo tudomo iruhande rw’ingombajwi muri Bibiliya y’Igiheburayo. Bityo rero, inyajwi hamwe n’ingombajwi bikajya bikoreshwa mu kwandika, bituma uburyo byasomagwamo icyo gihe buhamaho.

Iyo babaga bageze ku izina ry’Imana rero, aho kongeraho bene ibyo bimenyetso by’izo nyajwi zakoreshwaga mbere, ahubwo incuro nyinshi bagiye bashyiraho ibindi bimenyetso by’inyajwi basa n’abashaka kwibutsa umusomyi ko yagombaga kuvuga ngo ’Adho.‏nai’. Ibyo ni byo byaje kuvamo imvugo ngo Iehoua, n’uko Yehova buza kuba uburyo bwemewe bwo kuvuga izina ry’Imana mu Kinyarwanda. Ubwo buryo buvugitse neza cyane kubera ko nta cyo bwonona ku magambo y’ingenzi agize izina ry’Imana nk’uko bigaragara mu Giheburayo cy’umwimerere.

Wowe Se Wahitamo Ubuhe Buryo bwo Kurivuga?

Ariko se ubundi, ubwo buryo bwo kuvuga ngo Yahweh bwaturutse hehe? Ubwo ni uburyo bwashyizweho n’intiti zo muri iki gihe zashakaga kugerageza kubihuza n’uko izina ry’Imana ryavugwaga kera. Bamwe muri bo—si bose nanone—batekereza ko Abisirayeli bo hambere y’igihe cya Yesu bashobora kuba baravugaga izina ry’Imana gutya ngo Yahweh. Uretse ko nta wabyemeza neza. Bashobora wenda kuba ari ko barivugaga cyangwa se atari ko barivugaga.

Uko biri kose, abenshi ni abahitamo gukoresha imvugo Yehova. Kubera iki? Kuko ryasakaye kandi rigakoreshwa cyane kurusha iryo rya Yahweh. Ariko se ibyiza si ugukoresha uburyo bufitanye isano ya bugufi n’imvugo ya kera y’umwimerere? Si ngombwa, kuko ubusanzwe atari ko byagiye bigenda ku mazina yo muri Bibiliya.

Twafata nk’urugero rukomeye kurusha izindi, rw’izina rya Yesu. Mbese wowe waba uzi uko abo mu muryango we n’incuti ze bamuhamagaraga mu biganiro byabo bya buri munsi, igihe yari i Nazareti mu buto bwe? Mu by’ukuri, nta n’umwe wakwiha kugira icyo ahamya kuri iyo ngingo, uretse wenda ko bashobora kuba baramwitaga Yeshua (cyangwa Yehoshua). Ibyo ari byose ntabwo bamwitaga Yesu.

Nyamara, igihe bandikaga mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki inkuru zihereranye n’imibereho ye, abanditsi bahumekewe n’Imana ntibakomeje gukurikiza uburyo Igiheburayo cya kera cyavugwagamo. Ahubwo iryo zina baje kurishyira mu Kigiriki riba I·e·sous’. Muri iki gihe, rivugwa mu buryo butandukanye hakurikijwe ururimi rw’umusomyi wa Bibiliya. Abasomyi ba Bibiliya b’Abahisipaniya basanga muri Bibiliya harakoreshejwe izina Jesús (risomwa gutya ngo Hes·soos’). Abataliyani baryandika gutya ngo Gesù (bakarisoma ngo Djay·zoo’). Abadage bo baryandika gutya ngo Jesus (bakarisoma ngo Yay’soos).

Mbese tuzareke gukoresha izina rya Yesu twitwaje ko benshi muri twe, cyangwa se twese uko tungana, tutazi neza uko ryavugwaga kera? Kugeza ubu nta muhinduzi n’umwe wigeze abivuga atyo. Mu by’ukuri, dukunda gukoresha iryo zina kubera ko ari iry’Umwana ukundwa w’Imana wamennye amaraso ye ku bwacu. Mbese, kwaba ari uguha Yesu icyubahiro turamutse dukuye burundu izina rye muri Bibiliya maze tukarisimbuza utwitiriro nka “Umwigisha,” cyangwa “Umuhuza”? Oya rwose! Dushobora gushyikirana na Yesu turamutse dukoresheje izina rye bwite mu buryo abantu benshi barivuga mu rurimi rwacu.

Ibyo ni ko bimeze no ku yandi mazina yo muri Bibiliya. Tuyasoma dukurikije uko ururimi rwacu ruteye, ntabwo tugerageza kwigana uburyo yavugwagamo kera. Bityo rero, tuvuga ngo “Yeremia,” aho kuvuga ngo Yir·meya’hu. Byongeye kandi, tuvuga ngo Yesaya, n’ubwo mu gihe cy’uwo muhanuzi bashobora kuba baramwitaga Yesha‛·ya’hu. Ndetse n’intiti zizi neza uko agomba kuba yaravugwaga kera, zihitiramo kuyakoresha nk’uko avugwa muri iki gihe batitaye ku buryo yavugwagamo kera.

Ni na ko biri no ku bihereranye n’izina Yehova. N’ubwo iyo mvugo idahuza neza n’imvugo y’ibanze y’izina ry’Imana, ibyo ntacyo bigabanya ku gaciro karyo. Koko, iryo jambo riranga neza

Umuremyi, Imana nzima, Isumba Byose Yesu yabwiye ati “Data uri mu ijuru, izina ryawe ryezwe!”—Matayo 6:9, MN.

‘Ntirishobora Gusimburwa’

N’ubwo abahinduzi benshi bashyigikira imvugo ya Yahweh, Traduction du monde nouveau yo ndetse n’ubundi buhinduzi bumwe bukomeza gukoresha imvugo ngo Yehova kubera ko ari yo yakunze gukoreshwa cyane n’abantu benshi mu binyejana byinshi byahise. Byongeye kandi, na ryo rigumana za nyuguti enye za Tetaragaramu, YHWH cyangwa JHVH.b

Mu mizo ya mbere, umwarimu wo muri kaminuza w’Umudage witwaga Gustav Friedrich Oehler na we yaje gushyigikira iyo mvugo kubera iyo mpamvu rwose. Yagize icyo avuga ku mvugo nyinshi zitandukanye ni uko aza gufata uyu mwanzuro ngo “Uhereye ubu kugeza n’ikindi gihe cyose jye mpisemo imvugo ngo Yehova, kubera ko iryo zina rimenyerewe cyane ndetse risa n’aho ryabaye rimwe mu magambo twari dusanzwe dukoresha buri munsi ku buryo nta rindi umuntu yarisimbuza.”—Theologie des Alten Testaments (Tewolojiya y’Isezerano rya Kera), icapwa rya kabiri, cyacapwe mu wa 1882, ku ipaji ya 143.

Nanone kandi, mu gitabo cye cyitwa Grammaire de l’hébreu biblique icapwa ryo mu wa 1923, ubusobanuro buri hasi ku ipaji ya 49, intiti y’umuyezuwiti yitwa Paul Joüon yagize iti “Mu buhinduzi bwacu, aho gukoresha Yahweh, twakoresheje Jéhovah . . . bwo buryo bwahurijweho na bose kandi buhuje n’imyandikire y’ururimi rw’Igifaransa.” No mu zindi ndimi, abahinduzi ba Bibiliya bagiye bakoresha bene ubwo buryo, nk’uko bigaragara mu gasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 8.

Noneho se byaba ari bibi gukoresha imvugo ngo Yahwehw? Oya rwose. Gusa icyiza cy’ijambo Yehova ni uko umusomyi ashobora guhita asobanukirwa neza ibyaryo kurushaho kubera ko iryo zina rimenyerewe cyane mu ndimi nyinshi. Ikintu cy’ingenzi ni uko twakoresha iryo zina kandi tukarimenyesha n’abandi. “Nimushim’ Uwiteka [Yehova, MN], mwambaz’ izina rye, mwamamaz’ imirimo ye mu mahanga, muvuge yukw izina rye rishyizwe hejuru.”—Yesaya 12:4.

Nimucyo turebere hamwe uko abakozi b’Imana babyifashemo ku bihereranye n’iryo tegeko mu binyejana byahise.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 7]

Intiti nyinshi ntizivuga rumwe ku bihereranye n’uko izina YHWH ryavugwaga kera mu ikubitiro.

Mu gitabo The Mysterious Name of Y.H.W.H., ku ipaji ya 74, Dr. M. Reisel yavuze ko “Kera, Tetaragaramu igomba kuba yaravugwaga gutya ngo YeHūàH cyangwa YaHūàH.”

Umusenyeri witwa D. D. Williams wo muri Cambridge yashyigikiye igitekerezo cy’uko “ibihamya byerekana cyangwa bisa n’ibigaragaza ko Jahweh atari bwo buryo nyabwo bwo kuvuga Tetaragaramu . . . Iryo zina ubwaryo rishobora kuba ryari JĀHÔH.”—Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (Ikinyamakuru Gihereranye n’Ubumenyi bw’Isezerano rya Kera), 1936, Ubumbe wa 54, ku ipaji ya 269.

Mu busobanuro bw’amagambo bw’igitabo cy’igifaransa Revised Segond Version, ku ipaji ya 9, havugwa ibi bikurira: “Iyi mvugo ngo Yahvé ikoreshwa mu buhinduzi bumwe bwa vuba aha, ishingiye ku bihamya bimwe bya kera ariko nta bwo ari ibihamya simusiga. Umuntu atekereje nko ku mazina ya bwite akubiyemo izina ry’Imana, twavuga nk’izina ry’Igiheburayo ry’umuhanuzi Eliya (Eliyahou) rishobora kuba ryaravugwaga ngo Yaho cyangwa se Yahou.”

Mu wa 1749 intiti imwe mu bya Bibiliya y’Umudage yitwaga Teller yagize icyo ivuga ku mivugire itandukanye y’izina ry’Imana yari yarasomye: “Diodorus wo muri Sicili, Macrobius, Clemens Alexandrinus, mutagatifu Jerome na Origenes bo baryanditse gutya ngo Yao; Abasamariya, Epiphanius, Theodoretus, banditse ngo Yahe, cyangwa Yave; Ludwing Cappel arisoma ngo Yavo; Drusius, Yahve; Hottinger, Yehva; Marcerus, Yehova; Castellio, Yova; na le Clerc, Yawo, cyangwa Yavo.”

Biragaragara rero ko imivugire y’izina ry’Imana yakoreshwaga kera, ubu yibagiranye. Icyakora nanone ibyo nta cyo byari bitwaye. Iyo biza kuba hari icyo bitwaye, Imana ubwayo yari gukora ku buryo iyo mivugire ikomezwa, kugira ngo tubone uko tuyikoresha. Icya ngombwa ni uko dukoresha izina ry’Imana dukurikije wenda imivugire twamaze kumenyera mu rurimi rwacu.

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 8]

Imivugire y’izina ry’Imana mu ndimi zitandukanye, igaragaza ko amahanga yose yemeranya ku mvugo ya Yehova

Bari - Yekowa

Chichewa - Yehova

Ciwemba - Yehoba

Icyongereza - Jehovah

Igifaransa - Jéhovah

Igifiji - Jiova

Igihisipaniya - Jeová

Igiholandi - Jehovah

Igikalenjini - Jehovah

Igikamba - Yeova

Igikuyu - Jehova

Igipisigisi - Jehoba

Igipolonye - Jehowa

Igiporutugali - Jeová

Igisoto - Jehova

Igisukuma - Yehova

Igisuwedi - Jehova

Igiswayire - Yehova

Igitaliyani - Geova

Igitonga - Jihova

Ikidage - Jehova

Ikiluo - Jehova

Ikimaasai - Jehova

Ikimambwe - Yeova

Ikimaori - Ihowa

Ikimaragoli - Yahova

Ikimeru - Jehova

Ikinyamwanga - Yeova

Ikinyankyusa - Jihōba

Ikinyarwanda - Yehova

Ikinyore - Yehowah

Ikiyapani - Ehoba

Ikiyoruba - Jehofah

Ikizande - Yekova

Ikizosa - uYehova

Ikizulu - uJehova

Ilingala - Jéhovah

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 11]

Izina “Yehova” ryaje kumenyekana ahantu hose ko ari ryo zina ry’Imana ndetse no mu magambo adafite aho ahuriye na Bibiliya.

Franz Schubert yahimbye umuzika ushingiye ku muvugo ufite umutwe uvuga ngo “Ubushobozi bwa Byose,” wanditswe n’uwitwa Johann Ladislav Pyrker, kandi ukaba ubonekamo izina rya Yehova incuro ebyiri zose. Iryo zina riboneka nanone mu gice cya nyuma cy’inyandiko y’ikinamico yumvikanamo umuzika wa Verdi witwa “Nabucco.”

Byongeye kandi, umuhimbyi w’Umufaransa witwa Arthur Honegger, yahaye iryo zina rya Yehova umwanya ukomeye cyane mu muvugo we yise “Umwami Dawidi,” kandi n’umwanditsi w’ikirangirire witwa Victor Hugo na we yarikoresheje mu bitabo bisaga 30 mu byo yanditse. Afatanyije na Lamartine, banditse imivugo ifite umutwe uvuga ngo “Yehova.”

Mu gitabo Deutsche Taler (Igiceri cy’Abadage), cyasohowe mu wa 1967 na Banki yo mu Budage yitwa Federal Bank, harimo ishusho ya kimwe mu biceri bya kera kiriho izina rya Yehova. Ni igiceri cyo mu wa 1634 cyakorewe mu ntara ya Silesiya. Ku bihereranye n’ishusho iri ku rundi ruhande rw’iyo shusho, icyo gitabo kiragira kiti “Munsi y’izina ribengerana YEHOVA, risa n’iriri mu bicu kandi ritamirije ikamba n’ibirangantego bya Silesiya.”

Mu nzu ndangamurage y’i Rudolstadt, mu Budage, izina YEHOVA riboneka mu nyuguti nkuru ku ikora ry’ikoti ry’ingabo ryigeze kwambarwa igihe kimwe na Gustave wa 2 Adolphe, umwami wa Suwede, mu kinyejana cya 17.

Bityo rero, kuva mu binyejana bya kera imivugire ya Yehova ni yo yakunze gukoreshwa cyane mu mahanga menshi ku bihereranye n’izina bwite ry’Imana, kandi abaryumva bagahita bamenya uvugwa uwo ari we. Nk’uko umwarimu umwe wo muri kaminuza witwa Oehler yabivuze, “Iryo zina riramenyerewe cyane mu rutonde rw’amagambo yacu asanzwe, ku buryo ridashobora kugira ikirisimbura.”—Theologie des Alten Testaments (Tewolojiya y’Isezerano rya Kera).

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 6]

Ibihereranye na marayika ufite izina ry’Imana, ku mva ya Papa Clement wa 13, muri Bazilika ya Mutagatifu Petero, i Vatikani.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 7]

Hari ibiceri byinshi byagiye bicapwaho izina ry’Imana. Iki ngiki, cyo mu wa 1661, cyavuye i Nuremberg, mu Budage. Ibyanditsweho mu Kilatini bisobanura ngo ”Mu gicucu cy’amababa yawe.”

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

Uko ibinyejana byagiye bihita, izina ry’Imana mu buryo bwa Tetaragaramu (inyuguti enye z’Igiheburayo) ryabaye kimwe mu bigize imitako y’inzu nyinshi za kidini.

Bazilika Gatolika ya Notre-Dame de Fourvière, i Liyo (Rhône), mu Bufaransa

Katederali y’i Bourges (Cher), mu Bufaransa

Kiliziya ya La Celle-Dunoise (Creuse), mu Bufaransa

Kiliziya ya Digne (Alpes de Haute-Provence), mu Bufaransa

Kiliziya ya Sâo Paulo, muri Brezili

Katederali ya Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin), mu Bufaransa)

Katederali ya Mutagatifu Mariko, i Venice, mu Butaliyani

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Izina rya Yehova uko riboneka mu nzu y’abapadiri iri i Bordesholm, mu Budage;

ku giceri cyo mu Budage cyo mu wa 1635;

hejuru y’urugi rwa Kiliziya y’i Fehmarn, mu Budage;

no ku ibiye riri ku mva yo mu wa 1945 i Harmannschlag, muri Otirishiya y’Epfo.