Izina ry’Imana n’“Isezerano Rishya”

UMWANYA w’izina ry’Imana ntujegajega mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo, “Isezerano rya kera.” N’ubwo koko Abayahudi barekeye aho kurivuga, imyizerere yabo ya kidini yababuzaga kuvanamo iryo zina iyo babaga bandukura inyandiko za kera za Bibiliya. Ngiyo impamvu rero ituma Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo birimo izina ry’Imana incuro nyinshi cyane kurusha irindi zina iryo ari ryo ryose.

Ku bihereranye n’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki, “Isezerano Rishya,” ibintu biratandukanye. Za kopi z’igitabo cy’Ibyahishuwe (igitabo cya nyuma cya Bibiliya) zirimo izina ry’Imana mu buryo bwaryo buhinnye, “Yah,” (mu ijambo “Haleluya”). Ariko uretse aho, nta kopi n’imwe ya kera dufite mu Kigiriki muri iki gihe y’ibitabo, kuva muri Matayo kugeza mu Byahishuwe, yaba irimo izina ry’Imana mu buryo bwuzuye. Mbese ibyo bishaka kuvuga ko iryo zina ritagombaga kubamo? Ibyo byaba bitangaje cyane kubera ko abigishwa ba Yesu bari bazi agaciro k’izina ry’Imana, kandi na Yesu yatwigishije kujya dusenga dusaba ko izina ry’Imana ryezwa. None se byagenze bite?

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza iby’ibyo bintu, twibuke ko za kopi z’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki dufite ubu atari umwimerere. Ibitabo biriho ubu byanditswe na Matayo, na Luka n’abandi banditsi ba Bibiliya byarakoreshejwe cyane maze bisaza vuba. Kubw’ibyo, byabaye ngombwa ko handukurwa za kopi, maze na zo zishaje, hakorwa izindi kopi z’izo kopi nanone. Ibyo kandi ni na ko byagombaga kumera koko kubera ko izo kopi ubusanzwe zandikirwaga gukoreshwa, ntizari izo kubikwa.

Hari za kopi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi z’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki muri iki gihe, ariko inyinshi muri zo zakozwe nko mu kinyejana cya kane cy’igihe cyacu cyangwa nyuma yacyo. Ibyo biradutera kwibaza iki kiba: Mbese haba hari ikintu cyaba cyarabaye kuri iyo nyandiko y’Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki mbere y’ikinyejana cya kane cyaba cyaratumye izina ry’Imana rikurwamo? Ibimenyetso bihamya ko hari icyabaye.

Iryo Zina Ryari Ririmo

Dushobora kwemera ko intumwa Matayo yashyize izina ry’Imana mu Ivanjiri yayo. Kubera iki? Kubera ko mu ikubitiro yayanditse mu Giheburayo. Mu kinyejana cya kane, Jerome, wahinduye Vulgate yo mu Kilatini, yaje kugira ati “Matayo, ari we Lewi, kandi wabaye intumwa yari umukoresha w’ikoro, yanditse Ivanjiri ya Kristo ari Yudaya, mbere na mbere mu rurimi rw’Igiheburayo . . . Nyuma uwaje kuyihindura mu Kigiriki nta bwo azwi bihagije. Byongeye kandi, iyo nyandiko mu Giheburayo ubwayo yabitswe kugeza ubu mu nzu y’ibitabo y’i Kaisaria.”

Kubera ko Matayo yanditse mu Giheburayo, ntibishoboka ko yaba atarakoresheje izina ry’Imana, cyane cyane nk’igihe yabaga arimo yandukura ibice bimwe by’“Isezerano rya Kera” byarimo iryo zina. Nyamara, abandi banditsi b’igice cya kabiri cya Bibiliya bandikiye abantu bo mu isi yose mu rurimi mpuzamahanga rw’icyo gihe, Ikigiriki. Ku bw’ibyo, ntibandukuraga ibintu babivana mu nzandiko z’Igiheburayo ahubwo babivanaga mu buhinduzi bwa Kigiriki bwa Septante. Ndetse n’Ivanjili ya Matayo yaje guhindurwa mu Kigiriki. Mbese, izina ry’Imana ryaje kuboneka muri izo nyandiko z’Ikigiriki?

Igishimishije ni uko hari ibice bishaje cyane by’ubuhinduzi Septante byariho mu gihe cya Yesu bikiriho kugeza ubu, kandi icy’ingenzi ni uko izina bwite ry’Imana ryabibonekagamo. Igitabo The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Umubumbe wa 2, ku ipaji ya 512) kiragira kiti “Inyandiko zavumbuwe vuba aha zitera gushidikanya ku gitekerezo cy’uko abakusanyije ubuhinduzi LXX [Septante] barebye tetaragaramu YHWH bakayihindura Kyrios. (Ibice) bya kera by’[igitabo] LXX MSS biriho ubu bifite tetaragaramu yanditswe mu nyuguti z’Igiheburayo ziri mu nyandiko y’Ikigiriki. Uwo muco waje gukomezwa mu binyejana bya mbere by’igihe cyacu n’abahinduzi b’Abayahudi b’Isezerano rya kera ba nyuma y’igihe cya Yesu.” Bityo rero, iyo Yesu n’abigishwa be babaga basoma Ibyanditswe mu Giheburayo cyangwa mu Kigiriki, bagombaga guhura n’izina ry’Imana.

Ku bw’ibyo, uwitwa George Howard, umwarimu wo muri Kaminuza ya Georgia, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, yagize ati “Mu gihe [ubuhinduzi] Septante bwakoreshwaga kandi bukandukurwa na Kiliziya y’Isezerano Rishya bwarimo uburyo bw’izina ry’Imana mu Giheburayo, nta gushidikanya ko abanditsi b’Isezerano Rishya bashyiraga Tetaragaramu mu byo bandukuraga” (Biblical Archaelogy Review, Werurwe 1978, ku ipaji ya 14). Ariko se ubundi, ni ubuhe burenganzira bari kuba bafite kugira ngo bakore ibinyuranye n’ibyo?

Izina ry’Imana ryagumye mu buhinduzi bwa Kigiriki bw’“Isezerano rya Kera” igihe kirekire. Mu gice cya mbere cy’ikinyejana cya kabiri mbere y’igihe cyacu, uwitwa Akwila wari warayobotse idini ya Kiyahudi yahinduye bundi bushya Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo mu Kigiriki, maze muri ubwo buhinduzi yerekanisha izina ry’Imana Tetaragramu mu nyuguti za kera z’Igiheburayo. Mu kinyejana cya gatatu, uwitwa Origeni yanditse ati “Kandi mu nyandiko zikwiriye rwose, IRYO ZINA riboneka mu nyuguti z’Igiheburayo, atari mu [nyuguti] z’Igiheburayo zo muri iki gihe, ahubwo mu za kera cyane.”

Ndetse no mu kinyejana cya kane, Jerome yanditse ibi mu ijambo rye ribanziriza ibitabo bya Samweli n’Abami ngo “Kandi dusanga izina ry’Imana, Tetaragaramu [יהוה], ryanditse mu nyuguti za kera mu mibumbe runaka y’Ikigiriki kugeza ndetse no muri iki gihe.”

Gukurwamo kw’Iryo Zina

Icyakora muri icyo gihe, ubuhakanyi bwari bwarahanuwe na Yesu bwari bumaze gukara cyane, kandi n’ubwo iryo zina ryagaragaraga mu nyandiko, imikoreshereze yaryo yagendaga isa n’aho ikendera (Matayo 13:24-30; Ibyakozwe 20:29, 30). Nyuma, abasomyi benshi ndetse baje no kutarimenya, bityo Jerome avuga ko mu gihe cye “kubera ko inyuguti zasaga, intamenya zimwe, iyo zahuraga na [Tetaragaramu] mu bitabo by’Ikigiriki, zagiraga akamenyero ko gusoma ngo ΠΙΠΙ.”

Muri kopi za nyuma y’aho za Septante, izina ry’Imana ryaje gukurwamo maze risimbuzwa amagambo nka “Imana” (The·os’) n’“Umwami” (Ky’ri·os). Ikitubwira ko ibyo byabayeho ni uko dufite ibice bya kera by’ubuhinduzi Septante byabonekagamo izina ry’Imana n’izindi kopi za nyuma y’aho z’ibyo bice bya Septante byari byarakuwemo iryo zina ry’Imana.

Ibintu nk’ibyo byabaye no ku “Isezerano Rishya,” cyangwa Ibyanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki. Wa mwarimu wo muri kaminuza George Howard akomeza agira ati “Ubwo uburyo bwa Giheburayo bw’izina ry’Imana bwakuweho bugasimbuzwa amagambo y’Ikigiriki muri Septante, bwahanaguwe nanone ahantu hose Isezerano Rishya ryabaga ryarandukuye ibyo muri Septante. . . . Ntibyatinze, mu itorero ry’abatari Abayahudi izina ry’Imana rirazimangatana uretse gusa nk’aho ryagaragaraga mu buryo buhinnye nk’uko bajyaga babigenza na mbere cyangwa rikibukwa n’intiti.”

Bityo, ubwo Abayahudi bangaga kuvuga izina ry’Imana, itorero rya Gikristo ry’abahakanyi ryaboneyeho ririvana burundu mu nyandiko zo mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki, mu bice byombi bya Bibiliya, ndetse no mu buhinduzi bwo mu zindi ndimi.

Iryo Zina Rirakenewe

Nk’uko twabibonye, amaherezo izina ry’Imana ryaje kugarurwa mu buhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo. Ariko se bimeze bite ku byerekeye Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki? Abahinduzi n’abigishwa ba Bibiliya baje gusanga ko izina ry’Imana riramutse ribuze mu bice bimwe by’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo, byaba biruhije cyane kubyumva uko bikwiriye. Gusubiza iryo zina mu mwanya waryo ni umusanzu ukomeye cyane ushobora gutuma icyo gice cya Bibiliya yahumetswe kirushaho kongera kumvikana no gusobanuka neza.

Urugero, reba nk’aya magambo Paulo yandikiye Abaroma: “Kuk’ umuntu wes’ uzāmbaz’ izina ry’Umwami, azakizwa” (Abaroma 10:13). Ni irihe zina tugomba kwambaza kugira ngo dukizwe? None se ko Yesu akenshi yitwa “Umwami,” ndetse hakaba hari n’umurongo w’Ibyanditswe ugira uti “Izer’ Umwami Yesu [Kristo], urakir’ ubgawe,” mbese ubwo twavuga ko aha Paulo yashakaga kuvuga Yesu?—Ibyakozwe 16:31.

Ashwi da. Amagambo ahakikije asobanura Abaroma 10:13 aratwerekeza muri Yoeli 2:32 mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo. Urebye uwo murongo wasanga koko Paulo yarimo yandukura amagambo ya Yoeli muri urwo rwandiko yandikiye Abaroma; kandi dore ibyo Yoeli yavuze mu Giheburayo cya kera cy’umwimerere: “Umuntu wese uzambaza izina rya Yehova azakizwa” (Traduction du monde nouveau). Ni byo koko, aha Paulo yashakaga kuvuga ko twagombye kwambaza izina rya Yehova. Kubw’ibyo, n’ubwo tugomba kwizera Yesu, agakiza kacu gafitanye isano ya bugufi n’uburyo dufatana uburemere izina ry’Imana.

Uru rugero rurerekana ukuntu gukura izina ry’Imana mu Byanditswe bya Kigiriki byateye abantu benshi kwitiranya Yesu na Yehova. Nta gushidikanya ko byagize uruhare rukomeye mu guha intebe inyigisho y’Ubutatu!

Mbese, Izina ry’Imana Ryagombye Gusubizwa mu Mwanya Waryo?

Mbese ubwo izina ry’Imana ritari muri za kopi ziriho ubu, umuhinduzi afite uburenganzira bwo kurisubiza mu mwanya waryo? Rwose, ashobora kugira ubwo burenganzira. Inkoranyamagambo nyinshi z’Ikigiriki zemeza ko akenshi ijambo “Umwami” muri Bibiliya riba rishaka kuvuga Yehova. Urugero, dufashe nk’igice kimwe cy’inkoranyamagambo ya Robinson yitwa A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament (yacapwe mu wa 1859), munsi y’iryo jambo ry’Ikigiriki Ky’ri·os (“Umwami”), havuga ko risobanura “Imana ari yo Umwami Usumba Byose n’Umutware w’ikirenga w’ibiriho byose, akenshi muri Sept[ante] rikaba rikoreshwa mu mwanya w’Igiheburayo יהוָֹה Yehova.” Ngiyo impamvu ituma aho abanditsi b’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo bandukuye amagambo yo mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo yari asanzwe ariho, umuhinduzi afite uburenganzira bwo kureba ijambo ky’ri·os akarihindura “Yehova” aho izina ry’Imana ryabonekaga mu Giheburayo cya kera cy’umwimerere hose.

Abahinduzi benshi babigenje batyo. Kuva nibura nko mu kinyejana cya 14, hakozwe ubuhinduzi bwinshi bw’Igiheburayo bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo. Abahinduzi babyifatagamo bate iyo bahuraga n’amagambo yandukuwe mu “Isezerano rya Kera” arimo izina ry’Imana? Akenshi hari ubwo bumvaga bagomba gusubiza izina ry’Imana mu mwanya waryo. Ibice byinshi cyangwa Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo byose byahinduwe bivanywe mu Giheburayo, birimo izina ry’Imana.

Ubuhinduzi mu ndimi zo muri iki gihe cyacu, cyane cyane ubukoreshwa n’abamisiyonari, bwakurikije urwo rugero. Bityo, ubuhinduzi bwinshi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki mu ndimi zo muri Afurika, Aziya, Amerika no mu birwa bya Pasifika bukoresha cyane izina Yehova mu buryo busesuye, ku buryo abasomyi bashobora kubona neza itandukaniro hagati y’Imana y’ukuri n’iz’ibinyoma. Iryo zina nanone riboneka mu buhinduzi bwo mu ndimi z’i Burayi.

Ubuhinduzi bumwe bugira ubushizi bw’amanga bwo gusubiza izina ry’Imana mu mwanya waryo kandi bukaba bubifitiye uburenganzira koko, ni Ecritures grecques chrétiennes—Traduction du monde nouveau. Ubwo buhinduzi, ubu buboneka mu ndimi 11 zo muri iki gihe, ushyizemo Icyongereza [n’Igifaransa], bwasubije izina ry’Imana mu mwanya waryo buri gihe uko igice runaka cy’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo kirimo iryo zina cyagiye cyandukurwa mu Byanditswe bya Kigiriki. Hose hamwe, iryo zina riboneka incuro 237 muri ubwo buhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki.

Iryo Zina Ryararwanyijwe

N’ubwo abahinduzi benshi bagize imihati yo kongera gusubiza izina ry’Imana mu mwanya waryo muri Bibiliya, buri gihe hagiye habaho ibikorwa byo mu rwego rw’idini bigamije kuritsembaho. Abayahudi bo, n’ubwo barirekeye muri Bibiliya zabo, banze kurikoresha. Abakristo b’abahakanyi bo mu kinyejana cya kabiri n’icya gatatu barikuragamo iyo bandukuraga kopi za Bibiliya mu Kigiriki n’iyo bakoraga ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya. Abahinduzi bo muri iki gihe barikuyemo, ndetse n’iyo ubuhinduzi bwabo bwabaga bushingiye ku Giheburayo cya kera cy’umwimerere, aho riboneka hafi incuro 7.000. (Riboneka incuro 6.973 mu nyandiko y’Igiheburayo ya Saintes Ecritures—Traduction du monde nouveau).

Ariko se ubwo, Yehova abona ate abakura izina rye muri Bibiliya? Wowe se nk’ubwo uri umuhanzi, wabona ute umuntu wakoresheje uburyo bwose kugira ngo akure izina ryawe mu gitabo wiyandikiye? Abahinduzi barwanya iryo zina, bitwaza ibibazo by’imivugire yaryo cyangwa imigenzo ya Kiyahudi, bagomba gufatwa nka bamwe Yesu yavuzeho ko “[ba]mimin’ umubu, arikw ingamiya [ba]kayimira bunguri” (Matayo 23:24). Basitara ku tubazo duto ariko amaherezo bagakora ishyano rikomeye cyane—ryo gukura izina ry’ukomeye kurusha bose ku isi yose, mu gitabo yahumetse.

Umwanditsi wa Zaburi yaranditse ati “Mana, umubish’ azageza he kudutuka? Umwanz’ azatuk’ izina ryaw’ iteka?”​—Zaburi 74:10.

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 25]

Ijambo “UMWAMI”—Mbese Rihwanye na “Yehova”?

Kuvana izina bwite ry’Imana ryihariye muri Bibiliya maze rigasimbuzwa ijambo “Umwami” cyangwa “Imana” bipfobya inyandiko kandi bigatuma isa n’aho itaye agaciro mu buryo bwose. Urugero, rishobora kubyara ikomatanywa ry’amagambo ritagira icyo rivuze. Mu ijambo ry’ibanze rya Bible de Jérusalem haragira hati “Kuvuga ngo ‘Umwami ni Imana’ rwose ni ugusubira mu magambo bitari ngombwa kandi ntacyo bivuze, ariko kuvuga ngo ‘Yahweh ni Imana’ byo birumvikana neza.”

Amagambo asimbura nk’ayo ashobora no kuvamo interuro zikocamye. Bityo, muri Authorized Version, Zaburi 8:9 igira iti “O MWAMI mwami wacu, mbega ngo izina ryawe riraba agahebuzo ku isi hose!” Mbega ukuntu byari kurushaho kumvikana neza iyo izina Yehova riza gusubizwa mu mwanya waryo muri uwo murongo! Bityo rero, dore uko uwo murongo ugaragara muri Young’s Literal Translation of the Holy Bible: “Yehova, mwami wacu, mbega ukuntu izina Ryawe ari iry’icyubahiro ku isi hose!”

Gukuramo iryo zina bishobora no gutera urujijo. Muri Zaburi 110:1 havuga ngo “UMWAMI yabwiye Umwami wanjye ati Icara iburyo bwanjye kugeza ubwo nzashyira abanzi bawe mu nsi y’ibirenge byawe” (Authorized Version). Ni nde urimo avuga, kandi se arabwira nde? Dore ahubwo ubuhinduzi bwiza kurushaho: “Dore ibyo Yehova yabwiye Umwami wanjye: ‘Icara iburyo bwanjye kugeza ubwo Nzashyira abanzi bawe munsi y’ibirenge byawe.’”—Traduction du monde nouveau.

Byongeye kandi, gusimbuza “Umwami” “Yehova” bigira icyo bigabanya kuri Bibiliya kandi cy’ingenzi cyane: izina bwite ry’Imana. Igitabo The Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Umubumbe wa mbere, ku ipaji ya 572) kigira kiti “Mu by’ukuri, Yahweh ni ryo ‘zina’ ryonyine ry’Imana.”

Igitabo The Imperial Bible-Dictionary (Umubumbe wa 1, ku ipaji ya 856) kirasobanura itandukaniro riri hagati y’“Imana” (Elohim) na “Yehova” muri aya magambo ngo “Ahantu hose [Yehova] ni izina rya bwite, ryerekana Imana bwite kandi yo yonyine; na ho Elohim yo ifitanye isano n’izina rusange, akenshi ikaba yerekana Usumba Byose, uretse ko atari ko bigenda byanze bikunze, yewe si n’igihe cyose.”

J.A. Motyer, umuyobozi wa Trinity College, mu Bwongereza, yungamo ati “Hari byinshi dutakaza mu gusoma Bibiliya, iyo dufashe amagambo [Umwami cyangwa Imana] asimbura izina ry’imana, uko yakabaye aho kwita ku izina bwite ry’Imana ubwayo. Imana mu kubwira ubwoko bwayo izina ryayo, yari ifite intego yo kubuhishurira kamere yayo mu buryo bwimbitse cyane.”—Eerdmans’ Handbook to the Bible, ku ipaji ya 157.

Ashwi, ntawashobora gufata izina bwite ryihariye ngo arihinduremo icyitiriro gusa. Icyitiriro nticyakwigera gitanga ubusobanuro bwuzuye, bukungahaye, bw’izina ry’umwimerere ry’Imana.

[Agasanduku/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Iki gice cya Septante (iburyo) cyo mu kinyejana cya mbere cy’igihe cyacu, kirimo Zekaria 8:19-21 na 8:23—9:4 kiboneka mu Nzu Ndangamurage y’i Yerusalemu muri Isirayeli. Kirimo izina ry’Imana incuro enye, eshatu muri zo zikaba ari izi zerekanwa hano. Mu nyandiko ya Alexandrinus (ibumoso), kopi ya Septante yakozwe y’imyaka 400 yakurikiyeho, izina ry’Imana ryakuwe muri iyo mirongo rigaragaramo risimbuzwa KY na KC, uburyo buhinnye bw’ijambo ry’Ikigiriki Kyʹri·os (“Umwami”).

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 27]

John W. Davis, wari misiyonari mu Bushinwa mu kinyejana cya 19, yasobanuye impamvu yemera ko izina ry’Imana ryagombye kuba muri Bibiliya: “Niba hari aho Umwuka Wera uvuga Yehova mu Giheburayo, ni ukubera iki umuhinduzi atavuga Yehova mu Cyongereza cyangwa mu Gishinwa? Ni ubuhe burenganzira afite bwo kuvuga ati nzakoresha Yehova aha n’aha na ho hariya ho mpakoreshe ijambo ririsimbura? . . . Niba hari uvuga ko hari ibihe gukoresha izina rya Yehova byaba bidakwiriye, niyerekane impamvu; onus probandi [inshingano yo gutanga ibihamya] ni we ireba. Azasanga ari umurimo ukomeye, kuko agomba kuzakubitana n’aka kabazo koroshye,—Niba hari igihe runaka byaba bidakwiriye gukoresha Yehova mu buhinduzi se, ni kuki umwanditsi wahumekewe yarikoresheje mu gitabo cya kera cy’umwimerere?”—The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, umubumbe wa 7, Shanghai, 1876.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Traduction du monde nouveau des Ecritures grecques chrétiennes ikoresha mu buryo bukwiriye izina ry’Imana incuro 237.

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 24]

Izina ry’Imana ryanditse kuri Kiliziya y’i Minorca, muri Hisipaniya;

Ku ishusho hafi y’i Paris, mu Bufaransa;

no kuri Kiliziya yitwa Chiesa di San Lorenzo y’i Parme, mu Butaliyani.