Amavanjiri​—Mbese, ni inkuru y’ibyabayeho koko cyangwa ni inkuru z’impimbano?

HIRYA no hino ku isi inkuru ya Yesu w’i Nazareti—umusore wahinduye amateka y’abantu—usanga yaracengeye umuryango w’abantu. Ni kimwe mu bigize uburere abantu bahabwa mu buryo bwateguwe n’ubutateguwe. Hari benshi babona ko Amavanjiri ari isoko y’ibintu bihora ari ukuri hamwe n’imvugo zidasaza, urugero nk’iyi ngo “Yego yanyu ijye iba Yego, Oya yanyu ibe Oya” (Matayo 5:37, NW ). Koko rero, inkuru z’Amavanjiri zishobora kuba zarabaye urufatiro rw’amasomo ababyeyi bawe bakwigishije, baba ari Abakristo cyangwa atari bo.

Ku bigishwa ba Kristo bataryarya babarirwa muri za miriyoni, Amavanjiri yabahaye ibisobanuro ku birebana n’umuntu babaga biteguye kubabarizwa no gupfa ari we bazira. Nanone kandi, Amavanjiri yababereye urufatiro rwo kugira ubutwari, kwihangana, ukwizera n’ibyiringiro, kandi abatera ishyaka ryo kugaragaza iyo mico. None se, ntiwakwemera ko bigomba kuba bisaba ko umuntu atanga igihamya kidakuka gituma yirengagiza izo nkuru avuga ko ari ibihimbano bisa? Iyo urebye ukuntu inkuru z’Amavanjiri zagize ingaruka ku mitekerereze y’abantu no ku myifatire yabo mu rugero rwagutse cyane, mbese, ntiwasaba ibihamya byemeza haramutse hagize umuntu ushaka gushidikanya ku manyakuri yazo?

Turagutumirira gusuzuma ibibazo runaka bikangura ibitekerezo byerekeranye n’Amavanjiri. Wirebere nawe ibyo abantu bamwe na bamwe bize Amavanjiri batekereza kuri ibyo bibazo, n’ubwo bamwe muri bo atari Abakristo. Hanyuma, ushobora kwifatira imyanzuro ishingiye ku bintu bifatika wamenye.

IBIBAZO UGOMBA GUTEKEREZAHO

◆ Mbese, Amavanjiri ashobora kuba ari ibintu byahimbanywe ubuhanga?

Uwitwa Robert Funk, akaba ari na we washinze ya nama nyunguranabitekerezo yibanda kuri Yesu yitwa Jesus Seminar yagize ati “Matayo, Mariko, Luka na Yohana ‘bagaragaje Mesiya’ ku buryo ahuza n’inyigisho za Gikristo zatangiye kubaho nyuma y’urupfu rwa Yesu.” Nyamara kandi, igihe Amavanjiri yari arimo yandikwa, abantu benshi bari barumvise amagambo ya Yesu, bari barabonye ibikorwa bye kandi bakaba bari baramubonye nyuma yo kuzuka kwe bari bakiriho. Ntibigeze bashinja abanditsi b’Amavanjiri igikorwa cy’uburiganya mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose.

Reka dusuzume inkuru y’urupfu rwa Kristo n’izuka rye. Amavanjiri si yo yonyine akubiyemo inkuru ziringirwa zihereranye n’urupfu rwa Yesu n’izuka rye, ahubwo ni na ko bimeze ku rwandiko rwa mbere rwemewe ku rutonde rw’Ibyanditswe Byera intumwa Pawulo yandikiye Abakristo bari bari mu mujyi wa kera wa Korinto. Yaranditse iti “nabanje kubaha ibyo nanjye nahawe kumenya, yuko Kristo yapfiriye ibyaha byacu, nk’uko byari byaranditswe, agahambwa, akazuka ku munsi wa gatatu, nk’uko byari byaranditswe na none; akabonekera Kefa, maze akabonekera abo cumi na babiri, hanyuma akabonekera bene Data basāga magana atanu: muri abo benshi baracyariho n’ubu, ariko bamwe barasinziriye: yongeye kubonekera Yakobo, abonekera n’izindi ntumwa zose. Kandi nyuma ya bose nanjye arambonekera, ndi nk’umwana w’icyenda” (1 Abakorinto 15:3-8). Abo bantu babyiboneye n’amaso yabo barindaga ibihamya bishingiye ku mateka birebana n’imibereho ya Yesu.

Igitekerezo cy’uko hari ibintu byahimbwe kivugwa n’abantu bajora bo muri iki gihe ntikiboneka mu Byanditswe bya Gikristo bya Kigiriki. Ahubwo ugisanga mu nyandiko zo mu kinyejana cya kabiri I.C. Bityo rero, inkuru zimwe na zimwe zidashingiye ku Byanditswe zihereranye na Kristo zatangiye kubaho mu gihe ubuhakanyi bwari burimo busagamba mu miryango y’abantu bari baritandukanyije n’itorero ry’intumwa.—Ibyakozwe 20:28-30.

◆ Mbese, Amavanjiri ashobora kuba ari imigani ya rubanda?

Umwanditsi witwa C. S. Lewis, akaba ari n’umuntu ujora, yasanze ibyo gufata Amavanjiri mu rwego rw’imigani ya rubanda gusa ari ibintu bigoye. Yaranditse ati “kubera ko ndi umuhanga mu by’amateka y’ubwanditsi, nemera ntashidikanya na gato ko uko Amavanjiri yaba ari kose, atari imigani ya rubanda. Ntagaragaramo ubuhanga bw’ubugeni buhagije ku buryo yaba imigani ya rubanda. . . . Ibyinshi mu bigize imibereho ya Yesu ntitubizi, kandi nta bantu bari kuba bashaka guhimba umugani uzakwira muri rubanda bari kwemera ko bigenda bityo.” Nanone kandi, n’ubwo umuhanga mu by’amateka uzwi cyane witwa H. G. Wells atigeze yihandagaza avuga ko ari Umukristo, birashishikaje kuba yaragize ati “[abanditsi b’Amavanjiri] bose uko ari bane bahuriza ku kintu kimwe mu gihe baduha isura y’umuntu isobanutse neza; batuma . . . twemera tudashidikanya ko ari ukuri.”

Reka dufate urugero rw’igihe Yesu wazutse yabonekeraga abigishwa be. Umuntu ushoboye guhimba imigani ya rubanda, birashoboka cyane ko yari kugaragaza Yesu agarutse mu buryo buhambaye cyane, agatanga disikuru ikomeye cyane cyangwa akaza agoswe n’umucyo n’ubwiza burabagirana. Ibinyuranye n’ibyo, abanditsi b’Amavanjiri bavuga ko yaje agahagarara imbere y’abigishwa be gusa. Yarabaretse bamukoraho, maze abona kubabaza ati “yemwe bana banjye, mufite icyo kurya?” (Yohana 21:5). Intiti yitwa Gregg Easterbrook yanzuye igira iti “ibyo ni ibintu bito bito byumvikanisha ko ari inkuru nyakuri, aho kuba inkuru y’impimbano.”

Nanone kandi, ikirego cy’uko Amavanjiri ari imigani ya rubanda gihura n’inzitizi iyo urebye uburyo butagoragozwa bwa ba rabi bwo kwigisha bwari bwogeye muri icyo gihe Amavanjiri yandikwaga. Ubwo buryo bukaba bwaribandaga cyane kuri gahunda yo kwiga hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufata mu mutwe amagambo yagiye avugwa kenshi cyangwa ubwo kuyasubiramo. Ibyo byatumaga amagambo ya Yesu hamwe n’ibikorwa bye byandikwa mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri kandi bwitondewe buhabanye n’uburyo bwo kugira ibyo bongera ku nkuru bagamije kuyiryoshya.

◆ Iyo Amavanjiri aza kuba ari imigani ya rubanda, mbese, yari kwandikwa mu buryo bwihuse kariya kageni nyuma y’urupfu rwa Yesu?

Dukurikije ibihamya biriho ubu, Amavanjiri yanditswe hagati y’umwaka wa 41 na 98 I.C. Yesu yapfuye mu mwaka wa 33 I.C. Ibyo bisobanura ko inkuru zivuga iby’imibereho ye zegeranyijwe mu gihe gito ugereranyije nyuma y’aho arangirije umurimo we. Ibyo bishyira inzitizi zikomeye ku gitekerezo cy’uko ngo inkuru z’Amavanjiri ari imigani ya rubanda itereye aho. Kugira ngo imigani ya rubanda ihimbwe bisaba igihe. Reka dufate urugero rw’umugani witwa Iliade n’uwitwa Odyssée yanditswe n’umusizi w’Umugiriki wa kera witwaga Homère. Hari bamwe batekereza ko amagambo yo muri iyo migani ibiri ya rubanda ivugwamo ibintu by’ubutwari buhambaye yagiye ahindagurika akaza gufata isura ya nyuma hashize imyaka ibarirwa mu magana. Bite se ku bihereranye n’Amavanjiri?

Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Will Durant yanditse mu gitabo cye yise Caesar and Christ agira ati “kuvuga ko abantu bake kandi boroheje baba barahimbye mu gihe kimwe umuntu ukomeye kandi ukunzwe, ufite imyifatire yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane mu birebana n’umuco hamwe no kwiyumvisha ukuntu abantu bagira ubumwe bwa kivandimwe bubashishikaza, byaba ari igitangaza gikomeye cyane kuruta ibindi bitangaza ibyo ari byo byose byanditswe mu Mavanjiri. Nyuma y’Ijora Rihanitse Cyane ry’Ubuvanganzo bwa Bibiliya ryakozwe mu binyejana bibiri, inkuru zirambuye zivuga iby’imibereho ya Kristo, kamere ye n’inyigisho ze, na n’ubu zirumvikana neza mu buryo buhuje n’ubwenge, kandi ni zimwe mu bintu bishishikaje cyane kuruta ibindi byose biboneka mu mateka y’abantu b’i Burengerazuba.”

◆ Mbese, Amavanjiri yaba yaragize ibyo ahindurwaho nyuma y’aho kugira ngo ahuze n’ibyo Abakristo ba mbere bari bakeneye?

Abantu bamwe na bamwe bajora, baharira bavuga ko amatwara y’Abakristo ba mbere yatumye abanditsi b’Amavanjiri bagira ibyo bahindura ku nkuru ya Yesu cyangwa bakagira ibyo bayongeraho. Ariko kandi, isuzuma ryitondewe ry’Amavanjiri rigaragaza ko nta bintu nk’ibyo byo guhindura inkuru byabayeho. None se niba inkuru zo mu Mavanjiri zihereranye na Yesu zarahinduwe biturutse ku buriganya bw’Abakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere, kuki amagambo avuga nabi Abayahudi ndetse n’Abanyamahanga yose akiboneka mu mwandiko?

Urugero rumwe ni uruboneka muri Matayo 6:5-7, aho Yesu avugwaho kuba yaravuze ati “nimusenga, ntimukamere nk’indyarya, kuko bakunda gusenga bahagaze mu masinagogi no mu nzira, ngo abantu babarebe; ndabawira ukuri yuko bamaze kugororerwa ingororano zabo.” Uko bigaragara, ibyo yabivuze aciraho iteka abayobozi ba kidini b’Abayahudi. Yesu yakomeje agira ati “nimusenga, ntimukavuge amagambo muyasubiramo hato na hato, nk’uko abapagani [Abanyamahanga] bagira: bibwira ko kuvuga amagambo menshi ari byo bituma bumvirwa.” Mu kwandika amagambo yavuzwe na Yesu muri ubwo buryo, abanditsi b’Amavanjiri ntibari barimo bagerageza gukurura abayoboke. Bari barimo bandika gusa amagambo mu by’ukuri yavuzwe na Yesu Kristo.

Nanone kandi, reba urugero rw’inkuru z’Amavanjiri zerekeranye n’umugore wagiye gusura imva ya Yesu maze agasanga irimo ubusa (Mariko 16:1-8). Dukurikije uko Gregg Easterbrook yabivuze, “mu mico y’abantu bo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati bwa kera, ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’abagore bwabonwaga ko budakwiriye kwiringirwa uko byamera kose: urugero, ubuhamya bw’abagabo babiri bwabaga buhagije kugira ngo umugore ahamywe icyaha cy’ubusambanyi, mu gihe nta buhamya bw’umugore bwashoboraga guhamya umugabo icyaha.” Koko rero, n’abigishwa ba Yesu ubwe ntibemeye ibyo uwo mugore yababwiye (Luka 24:11)! Ku bw’ibyo rero, ntibishoboka rwose ko inkuru nk’iyo yaba yarahimbwe ku bwende.

Kuba mu mabaruwa no mu gitabo cy’Ibyakozwe hatarimo imigani, ni igihamya gikomeye kigaragaza ko imigani iri mu Mavanjiri itapfuye guhagikwamo n’Abakristo ba mbere, ahubwo ko yaciwe na Yesu ubwe. Byongeye kandi, igereranya ryitondewe ry’Amavanjiri n’amabaruwa, rigaragaza ko yaba amagambo ya Pawulo, cyangwa se yaba ay’abandi banditsi b’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki, atari amagambo yasubiwemo mu buryo burangwa n’ubwenge gusa maze akitirirwa Yesu. Niba Abakristo ba mbere barakoze ibintu nk’ibyo, twagombye kwitega nibura kubona ibintu runaka byo mu mabaruwa biri mu nkuru z’Amavanjiri. Kubera ko nta bintu nk’ibyo tubonamo, dushobora gufata umwanzuro tudashidikanya ko ibintu biri mu Mavanjiri ari umwimerere kandi ko ari iby’ukuri.

◆ Bite se ku birebana n’ibintu bisa n’aho bivuguruzanya biri mu Mavanjiri?

Kuva kera abantu bajora bajyaga bihandagaza bavuga ko Amavanjiri yuzuyemo ibintu bivuguruzanya. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Durant yashatse gusuzuma inkuru z’Amavanjiri agamije kugera ku ntego imwe gusa—kureba niba ari inyandiko z’ibintu byabayeho mu mateka. N’ubwo yavuze ko zirimo ibintu bijya gusa n’aho bivuguruzanya, yanzuye agira ati “usanga utuntu duto duto [utuntu tudafashije] ari two tuvuguruzanya, si igitekerezo gikubiyemo; mu buryo bw’ibanze, ibitekerezo rusange byo mu Mavanjiri birahuza mu buryo bwiza cyane, kandi bigatanga isura idahindagurika ya Kristo.”

Ibintu bisa n’aho bivuguruzanya mu nkuru z’Amavanjiri akenshi bikemurwa mu buryo bworoshye. Reka dufate urugero. Muri Matayo 8:5 havuga ko ‘haje umutware utwara umutwe w’abasirikare akinginga [Yesu] ngo amukirize umugaragu.’ Muri Luka 7:3 dusoma ko uwo mutware w’abasirikare ‘yatumye [kuri Yesu] abakuru b’Abayuda kumwinginga, ngo aze gukiza umugaragu we.’ Uwo mutware w’abasirikare yatumye abakuru mu cyimbo cye. Matayo avuga ko uwo mutware w’abasirikare ubwe yinginze Yesu kubera ko ibyo uwo mugabo yasabye yabinyujije ku bakuru bari bamubereye abavugizi. Urwo rwari urugero rumwe gusa rugaragaza ko ibintu dusanga mu Mavanjiri byitwa ko bivuguruzanya bishobora gukemurwa.

Bite se ku birebana n’ibyo abantu bajora inyandiko za Bibiliya mu buryo buhanitse bihandagaza bavuga ko Amavanjiri adahuza n’imiterere iranga inkuru zivuga ibintu byabayeho koko? Durant akomeza agira ati “kubera ko Ijora Rihanitse Cyane ry’Ubuvanganzo bwa Bibiliya ryari rishishikajwe cyane n’ibintu ryagezeho, ryakoze igerageza ku Isezerano Rishya rigamije kureba niba ari iry’ukuri koko, igerageza rikomeye cyane ku buryo ryatumye abantu benshi bo mu bihe bya kera bari ibikomerezwa—urugero nka Hammurabi, Dawidi, Socrate—bagaragara nk’aho ari abantu batabayeho bavugwa mu migani ya rubanda. N’ubwo abanditsi b’Amavanjiri usanga bari bafite urwikekwe hamwe n’ibitekerezo bishingiye kuri tewolojiya, banditse ibintu byinshi abantu bahimba gusa bagombye kuba barahishe—urugero nk’ukuntu intumwa zahataniraga imyanya yo hejuru mu Bwami, ukuntu zahunze Yesu amaze gufatwa, ukuntu Petero yamwihakanye . . . Nta muntu wasoma izo nkuru ngo ashidikanye ko umuntu uzivugwamo atabayeho koko.”

◆ Mbese, Ubukristo bwo muri iki gihe buhagarariye Yesu uvugwa mu Mavanjiri?

Ya nama nyunguranabitekerezo yitwa Jesus Seminar yavuze ko ubushakashatsi ikora ku Mavanjiri “butagengwa n’amabwiriza atangwa n’inama z’amadini.” Ariko kandi, umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Wells yabonye ko hari itandukaniro rinini cyane hagati y’inyigisho za Yesu nk’uko zigaragazwa mu Mavanjiri n’inyigisho za Kristendomu. Yaranditse ati “nta gihamya na kimwe wabona kigaragaza ko intumwa za Yesu zigeze zumva inyigisho y’Ubutatu—mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose ngo ziyimwumvane. . . . Kandi nta jambo na rimwe [Yesu] yigeze avuga ku birebana no kwambaza nyina Mariya, mu buryo bwa Isis, Umwamikazi w’ijuru. Ibintu byose biranga inyigisho za Kristendomu mu misengere n’ibyo ikora hafi ya byose, nta na kimwe yakozwaga.” Ku bw’ibyo rero, umuntu ntashobora kugena agaciro k’Amavanjiri ashingiye ku nyigisho za Kristendomu.

UMWANZURO WAWE NI UWUHE?

Umaze guzuma izo ngingo zavuzwe haruguru, wowe ubitekerezaho iki? Mbese, haba hari ibihamya nyakuri kandi byemeza bigaragaza ko Amavanjiri ari imigani y’imihimbano gusa? Hari benshi basanga ibibazo n’ugushidikanya bizamurwa ku birebana n’amanyakuri y’Amavanjiri bidafashije kandi bitemeza rwose. Kugira ngo ugire igitekerezo cya bwite, ugomba gusoma Amavanjiri udafite urwikekwe (Ibyakozwe 17:11). Mu gihe uri bube usuzuma ukuntu Amavanjiri agaragaza kamere ya Yesu mu buryo buhuje, buzira umugayo kandi buhuje n’ukuri, uri bwibonere rwose ko izo nkuru atari imigani y’imihimbano yakorakoranyijwe.a

Nuramuka usuzumye Bibiliya ubigiranye ubwitonzi kandi ugashyira mu bikorwa inama zayo, uzibonera ukuntu ishobora guhindura imibereho yawe ikarushaho kuba myiza (Yohana 6:68). Ibyo ni ukuri mu buryo bwihariye ku birebana n’amagambo ya Yesu yanditswe mu Mavanjiri. Icy’ingenzi kurushaho, ni uko muri ayo Mavanjiri ushobora kumenyeramo ibihereranye n’imibereho ihebuje y’igihe kizaza ihishiwe abantu bumvira.—Yohana 3:16; 17:3, 17.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 7]

Ibihamya bigaragaza ko inkuru zavuzwe uko ziri

MU MYAKA runaka ishize, umuntu wo muri Ositaraliya wandika inkuru zo mu itangazamakuru kandi akaba yarahoze ajora Bibiliya yagize ati “ku ncuro ya mbere mu buzima bwanjye nakoze ibyo ubusanzwe umunyamakuru wese agomba gukora: nasuzumye ibihamya nari mfite. . . . Kandi naguye mu kantu, bitewe n’uko ibyo nasomaga [mu nkuru z’Amavanjiri] bitari imigani kandi nta bwo byari ibihangano by’ubuvanganzo. Byari inkuru z’ibintu byabayeho. Ni inkuru zivuga iby’ibintu bihambaye zibarwa n’abantu bazihagarariyeho hamwe n’izo babwiwe n’abaziboneye . . . Kubara inkuru bifite ikimenyetso kibiranga, kandi icyo kimenyetso ugisanga mu Mavanjiri.”

Mu buryo nk’ubwo, E. M. Blaiklock, akaba ari umwarimu wigisha iby’ubuvanganzo bwo mu Bugiriki bwa kera muri Kaminuza ya Auckland yagize ati “ndi umuhanga mu by’amateka. Niga ubuvanganzo bwo mu Bugiriki bwa kera nshingiye ku byabayeho mu mateka. Kandi nshobora kubizeza rwose ko ibihamya bigaragaza ko Kristo yabayeho, agapfa kandi akazuka, byagaragajwe mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri kurusha ibindi bintu hafi ya byose byabayeho mu mateka ya kera.”

[Ikarita/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 8 n’iya 9]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

FOENIKE

GALILAYA

Uruzi rwa Yorodani

YUDAYA

[Amafoto]

“Ibihamya bigaragaza ko Kristo yabayeho, mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri kurusha ibintu agapfa kandi akazuka, byagaragajwe hafi ya byose byo mu mateka ya kera.”​—BYAVUZWE NA PROFESSOR E. M. BLAIKLOCK

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Amakarita ahakikije: Ashingiye ku ikarita yakozwe na Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est. and Survey of Israel.